Images at war: Illustrated periodicals and constructed nations

Images at War: Illustrated Periodicals and Constructed Nations

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 1-302

  Martin, Michéle ^a  

^a CARLETON UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84966801133     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (240)

1. Joshua Brown, ‘Reconstructing Representation: Social Types, Readers, and the Pictorial Press, 1865-1877,’ Radical History Review 66 (1996): 5-38.
2. K.G. Barnhurst and John Nerone, The Form of News (New York: Guilford, 2001).
3. Patricia Anderson, The Printed Image and the Transformation of Popular Culture: 1790-1860 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1991);
4. Keith Williams, The English Newspaper: An Illustrated History to 1900 (London: Springwood, 1977);
5. Virginia McKendry, '"Wife, Mother, and Queen …": Images of Queen Victoria in the Illustrated Press, 1841-1861' (MA thesis, Simon Fraser University, 1993).
6. Janet Gabler-Hoover, ‘The North-South Reconstruction Theme and the "Shadow of the Negro" in Century Illustrated Magazine/in Periodical Literature in 19th-century America, ed. K.M. Price and S.B. Smith (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1995), 239-56;
7. Francis John Martin, Jr, The Image of Black People in American Illustration from 1825 to 1925' (PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1986).
8. Joop Toebes, ‘A Country Too Far Away: Images of the United States in the Dutch Illustrated Press in the 1920s,’ European Contributions to American Studies (Netherlands) 30 (1996): 24-42.
9. Peter W. Sinnema, Dynamics of the Pictured Page: Representing the Nation in the Illustrated London News (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998).
10. André Beaulieu and Jean Hamelin, La presse quebecoise des origines à nos jours, vols 2-5 (Sainte Foy, QC: Presses de 1‘universite Laval, 1975-82);
11. Marc Martin, Médias et journalistes de la République (Paris: Odile Jacob, 1997);
12. Madeleine Rebérioux, La République radicale? 1898-1914: Nouvelle histoire de la France contemporaine, vol. 2 (Paris: Seuil/Points, 1979).
13. Jean-Pierre Bacot, ‘Le rôle des magazines illustrés dans la construction du nationalisme au XIXe siècle et au début du XXe siècle/Reseaux 107 (2001): 265-94.
14. Peter C. Sinnema, ‘Reading Nation and Class in the First Decade of the Illustrated London News,’ Victorian Periodical Review 28.2 (1995): 137-52;
15. Virginia McKendry, "The Illustrated London News and the Invention of Tradition,' Victorian Periodicals Review 27.1 (1994): 1-24.
16. L. Peterson, ‘Pullman Strike Pictures: Molding Public Perceptions of the 1890s by New Visual Communication,’ Labour’s Heritage 8.4 (1997): 14-33, 48-57;
17. K. Stanworth, ‘Rhetoric, Ritual, and the Fashioning of Public Memory in Washington’s America/Histoire sociale/Social History 29.58 (1996):311-31;
18. Toebes, ‘A Country Too Far Away’; and to some extent Brown, ‘Reconstructing Representation.'
19. Paul Ricoeur, La mémoire, I’histoire, I’oubli (Paris: La découverte, 2000).
20. Jean-Pierre Bacot, line histoire oubliée: Quatre générations de presse illustrée au XIXe siècle (Limoges: Presses universitaires de Limoges, 2005).
21. Mason Jackson, (1885) The Pictorial Press: Its Origin and Progress (London:Hurst and Blacknett, 1885), 279.
22. Marie-Laure Aurenche, Edouard Charton et Vinvention du Magasin Pittoresque (1833-1870) (Paris: Honoré Champion, 2002);
23. Gebhardt Hartwig, ‘Die Pfenning-Magazine und ihre Bilder. Zur Geschichte und Funktion eines illustrierten Massenmediums in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts/in Populäre Bildmedien, ed. Rolf Wilhelm Brenich and Andreas Hartman, Vorträge des 2. Symposiums für Ethnologische Bildforschung (Reinhausen bei Göttinger, 1986).
24. Scott Bennet, ‘The Editorial Character and Readership of the Penny Magazine: An Analysis/Victorian Periodicals Review 17.4 (1984): 127-41.
25. Jean-Noel Marchandiau, L’Illustration, 1843-1944 (Toulouse: Bibliothèque historique privat, 1987);
26. Wolfgang Weber, Johan Jakob Weber: Der beginner der illustrierten Presse in Deutschland (Leipzig: Lehmsedt, 2003).
27. Joan Hemels and Renée Vegt, Het Geïllustreerde Tijdschrift in Nederland Bibliografien, Dell 1,1840-1945 (Amsterdam: Otto Gramwinckel Uitgever, 1993);
28. Michele Giordano, La stampa illustrata in Italia, dalle origine alia grandeguerra (1834-1915) (Milan: Guarda, 1983).
29. Günther Cworjdrak, ed., Die Gartenlaube, Blätter und Blütten (Berlin:Eulen Spiegel, 1988), 5.
30. Pierre Albert and Fernand Terrou, Histoire de la presse (Paris: Que sais-je? 1970).
31. Antonio Checa Godoy, Historia de la prensa en iberoamerica (Seville: Azifar, 1993).
32. Laurent Leprévost, ‘Le Plébiscite du 8 mai 1870 à travers I’historiographie,’ Etudes Napoléoniennes 39.4 (2000):871-80.
33. Heinrich Wuttke, Die deutschen Zeitschrifften und die Enstehung der o’ffentlischen Meinung. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Zeitungswesens (Leipzig: von Joh-Wilh-Krüger, 1875).
34. Geoffrey Wawro, The Franco-Prussian War: The German Conquest of France in 1870-1871 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), chapter 3;
35. Michael Howard, The Franco-Prussian War (London:Rupert Hart-Davis, 1961), 349-50;
36. Longdale Hale, The ‘People War’ in France, 1870-1871 (London: Hugh Rees, 1904), 6-7.
37. Georges Weill, Le journal: Origines, évolution et le rôle de la presse périodique (Paris: La renaissance du livre, 1934), 240.
38. Jean K. Chalaby, The Invention of Journalism (New York: St Martin’s Press; London: Macmillan, 1998).
39. ‘Conflictual Imaginaries: Victorian Illustrated Periodicals and the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71),’ Victorian Periodical Review 36.1 (spring 2003): 41-53;
40. ‘Imaginaires conflictuels: La guerre de 1870 dans les périodiques illustrés anglais et français,’ in Espaces temps pluriels, ed. Karine Taveaux-Grandpierre, Série Communication, Histoire et Etudes Européennes (Paris:Université Paris III et Université Paris VII, 2002), 55-65.
41. Alice Krieg, ‘Analyser le discours de presse: Mises au point sur le discours de presse comme objet de recherche,’ Communication 20.1 (2000): 75-97.
42. Isabel Bailey, Herbert Ingram Esq. MP. of Boston: Founder of the Illustrated London News, 1842, History of Boston Project (Boston, UK: Richard Kay, 1996).
43. Paul Hogart, The Artist as a Reporter (New York: Studio Vista/Reinhold, 1967), 15.
44. Jackson, The Pictorial Press, 302.
45. Jackson, The Pictorial Press, 325.
46. C.D. Collet, History of the Taxes on Knowledge (London: Watts, 1836; The Thinker’s Library, 1933), chapter 8.
47. Louis Guéry, Visages de la presse: La présentaton des journaux des origines à nos jours (Paris: CFPJ, 1997).
48. Jean Watelet, La presse illustree en France, 1818-1914 (Villeneuve d’Asq: Septentrion/Presses universitaires, 1998), 1: 290-1.
49. Hélène Puiseux, Les figures de la guerre (Paris: Gallimard, 1997);
50. Thierry Gervais, ‘D’après photographic: Premiers usages de la photographie dans le journal L’lllustration (1843-1859),’ Etudes photographiques 13 (July 2003): 56-87.
51. ‘French Illustrated Papers,’ in the Graphic, 6 December 1890.
52. Aimé Dupuy, 1870-1871, La Guerre, la Commune et la presse (Paris:Armand Colin, Collection Kiosque 1959), 77.
53. Anne-Marie Durand and Francis Labes, ‘Le supplément illustre du Petit journal 1890-1914’ (MA thesis, Institut Francois de Presse, 1974), 12;
54. Bacot, line histoire oubliee. 46
55. Cworjdrak, Die Gartenlaube. 48
56. Fraser Sutherland, The Monthly Epic: A History of Canadian Magazines, 1789-1989 (Markham, ON: Fitzhenry and Whiteside, 1989).
57. Sutherland, The Monthly Epic, 50.
58. Alistair Home, The Fall of Paris: The Siege and the Commune, 1870-1871 (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1965);
59. Wolfgang Schivelbusch, The Culture of Defeat: On National Trauma, Mourning and Recovering (New York:Henry Holt, 2003);
60. Francois Roth, La guerre de 70 (Paris: Pluriel, 1990);
61. Thomas Nipperdey, Deutsche Geschichte 1866-1918: Machtstaatvorder Demokratie, vol 2 (Berlin: CH. Beck, 1986).
62. Jean-François Lecaillon, Été 1870: La guerre racontée par les soldats (Paris: Bernard Giovanangeli, 2002).
63. Nipperdey, Deutsche Geschichte, 63
64. Roth, La guerre, 146-8.
65. Dora Neill Raymond, British Policy and Opinion during the Franco-Prussian War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1921).
66. ‘Le prince Leopold de Hohenzollern/Illustration, 16 July 1870.
67. Nipperdey, Deutsche Geschichte, 58-75.
68. Dupuy, La guerre, 9;
69. Victor Hugo, L’année terrible (Paris: Michel Levy, 1874).
70. Home, The Fall of Paris, 37-8;
71. Dupuy, La guerre, 9-10;
72. Nipperdey, Deutsche Geschichte, 58;
73. Howard, The Franco-Prussian War, 40-1.
74. Roth, La guerre, 25 and 146.
75. Nipperdey (Deutsche Geschichte, 58)
76. Jean-Jacques Becker and Stephane Audouin-Rouzeau, La France, la nation, la guerre: 1850-1920 (Paris: Sedes, 1995).
77. ‘The Unification of Italy and of Germany/in Atlas of World History, ed. P.K. O’Brien (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 177.
78. Benoît Pellistrandi, Les relations Internationales de 1800 à 1871 (Paris: Armand Colin, 2000), 180.
79. Nipperdey, Deutsche Geschichte, 75-84.
80. Schivelbusch, The Culture of Defeat, 21.
81. Raymond, British Policy, 29.
82. Pellistrandi, Les relations, 107.
83. Schivelbusch, The Culture of Defeat;
84. Home, The Fall of Paris;
85. Dupuy, La guerre;
86. Howard, The Franco-Prussian War. 82
87. Pellistrandi, Les relations, 180.
88. Eric Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1780 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990);
89. Anne-Marie Thiesse, La création des identités nationales:Europe XVIIIe-XXe siècles (Paris: Seuil, 1984; Paris: Chemin vert, 1999).
90. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, 2nd ed. (London: Verso, 1996).
91. ‘Le rôle des magazines illustrés dans la construction du nationalisme au XIXe siècle et au début du XXe siècle,’ Réseaux 107 (2001): 265-94.
92. Thiesse, La creation, 14.
93. Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Pantheon, 1978).
94. Roth, La guerre, chapter 3;
95. Howard, The Franco-Prussian War, chapters 1 and 2.
96. Home, The Fall of Paris, 41.
97. Home, The Fall of Paris, 40-1.
98. Wawro, The Franco-Prussian War, 224.
99. Joan B. Lander, Visualizing the Nation (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001), 31.
100. Gordon Fyfe and John Law, eds, Picturing Power: Visual Depiction and Social Relations (London: Routledge, 1988), 179.
101. Elisabeth Chaplin, in Sociology and Visual Representation (New York: Routledge, 1994), 177
102. Thierry Gervais, ‘D’après photographic: Premiers usages de la photographic dans le journal L’Illustration (1843-1859),’ Etudes photographiques 13 (July 2003): 56-87.
103. Paula Rabinowitz, They Must Be Represented: The Politics of Documentary (London: Verso, 1994), 21.
104. Jean K. Chalaby, The Invention of Journalism (New York: St Martin’s Press; London: Macmillan, 1998).
105. John C. Nerone, ‘The Mythology of the Penny Press,’ Critical Studies in Mass Communication 4.4 (1987): 376-404.
106. Peter W. Sinnema, ‘Reading Nation and Class in the First Decade of the Illustrated London News,’ Victorian Periodical Review 28.2 (1995): 137-52;
107. Peter W. Sinnema, Dynamics of the Pictured Page: Representing the Nation in the Illustrated London News (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998);
108. Margaret Beetham, Towards a Theory of the Periodical as a Publishing Genre/in Investigating Victorian Journalism, eel. Laurel Brake, Aled Jones, and Lionel Madden (London: Macmillan, 1990), 19-31;
109. Mason Jackson, The Pictorial Press: Its Origin and Progress (London: Hurst and Blackett, 1885).
110. Jackson, The Pictorial Press. 12
111. Jean-Pierre Bacot, Une histoire oubliée: Quatre générations de presse illustrée au XIXe siècle (Limoges: Presses universitaires de Limoges, 2005).
112. Jackson, The Pictorial Press, 276.
113. Sinnema, ‘Reading Nation and Class/140.
114. B.E. Maidment, ‘Victorian Periodicals and Academic Discourse,’ in Investigating Victorian Journalism, 143.
115. Maidment, ‘Victorian Periodicals/146.
116. Lucette Valensi, ‘L’exercice de la comparaison au plus proche, á distance: Le cas des sociétés plurielles/Les Annales 57.11 (2002): 27-30.
117. Beetham, Towards a Theory/22.
118. Beetham, Towards a Theory/26.
119. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, 2nd ed. (London: Verso, 1996)
120. Sinnema, ‘Reading Nation and Class/137.
121. Sinnema, Dynamics, 2.
122. Sinnema, ‘Reading Nation and Class/145.
123. Sinnema, Dynamics, 8.
124. Anderson, Imagined Communities.
125. William Wyckoff and Chantelle Nash, ‘Geographical Images of the American West: The View from Harper’s Monthly, 1850-1900,’ Journal of the West 33.3 (1994): 19.
126. Virginia McKendry, The Illustrated London News and the Invention of Tradition/Victorian Periodicals Review 27.1 (1994): 17.
127. Frankie Morris, The Illustrated Press and the Republican Crisis of 1871-1872,' Victorian Periodicals Review 25.3 (1992): 114.
128. Aled Jones, ‘Local Journalism in Victorian Political Culture/in Investigating Victorian Journalism, 63-70.
129. Georges Weill, Le journal: Origines, évolution et le rôle de la présse periodique (Paris: La renaissance du livre, 1934), 243.
130. Aimé Dupuy, 1870-1871, la Guerre, la Commune et la presse (Paris: Armand Colin, Collection Kiosque, 1959);
131. Frangois Roth, Laguerre de 70 (Paris: Pluriel, 1990).
132. Anne-Claude Ambroise-Rendu, ‘Les images de la guerre du Transvaal/in Communication, ed. Philippe Breton, Actes du colloque ‘La guerre imaginee/Association pour la recherche sur la guerre et la paix (Reims: Centre Arpege, Universite de Reims, 2000).
133. L. Peterson, ‘Pullman Strike Pictures: Molding Public Perceptions of the 1890s by New Visual Communication/Labour’s Heritage 8.4 (1997): 14-33,48-57.
134. Christian Delporte and Fabrice d’Almeida, Histoire des média en France (Paris: Flammarion, 2003), 14.
135. Michael Howard, The Franco-Prussian War (London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1961)
136. Alistair Home, The Fall of Paris: The Siege and the Commune, 1870-1871 (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1965)
137. Geoffrey Wawro, The Franco-Prussian War: The German Conquest of France in 1870-1871 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003)
138. Joshua Brown, ‘Reconstructing Representation: Social Types, Readers, and the Pictorial Press, 1865-1877,’ Radical History Review 66 (1996): 5-38.
139. Rémi Blachon, La gravure sur bois au XIXe siècle: L’aˆge du bois debout (Paris: Éditions de l’Amateur, 2001), 22.
140. Jackson, The Pictorial Press, chapter 9.
141. Paul Hogart, The Artist as a Reporter (New York:Studio Vista/Reinhold, 1967), 26.
142. ‘The Illustrated Press and the Republican Crisis, 1871-1872,’ Victorian Periodicals Review 25.3 (1992): 118.
143. Blachon, La gravure sur bois, 99.
144. Weill, Le journal, 195-200 and 292-8.
145. Brown, ‘Reconstructing Representation,’ 7-8.
146. Virginia McKendry, The Illustrated London News and the Invention of Tradition/Victorian Periodicals Review 27.1 (1994): 1-24.
147. R. Dyer, The Matter of Images: Essays on Representation (New York: Routledge, 1993), particularly chapter 3.
148. Anne-Claude Ambroise-Rendu, ‘Images anonymes dans la presse de la Belle Epoque: Entre objectivité et communauté,’ Media Morphoses 5 (June 2002): 36-42.
149. Anne-Marie Thiesse, La création des identitiésʼnationales: Europe XVIIIe-XXe siècles (Paris: Chemin vert, 1999).
150. François Jost, ‘Le feint du monde/Reseaux 72-3 (1995): 163-75.
151. Les dessinateurs de I’édition Fume de La Comedie humaine: Glossaire technique, http: //www.i-net. fr /marcophilie /timbres-classiques /tsag.html 72
152. Marie-Louise Aurenche, Edouard Charton et I’invention du Magasin Pittoresque (Paris: Champion, 2002).
153. Angela E. Davis, ‘Art and Work: Frederick Brigden and the History of the Canadian Illustrated Press/Journal of Canadian Studies 27.2 (1992): 22-36
154. Art and Work: A Social History of Labour in the Canadian Graphic Arts Industry to the 1940s (Montreal:McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1996).
155. Aurenche, Edouard Charton, 280-4.
156. Hogart, The Artist as a Reporter, 17.
157. Jackson, The Pictorial Press, 356.
158. Pierre Gusman, La gravure sur bois en France au XIXe siècle (Paris: Albert Morance, 1929).
159. Blachon, La gravure sur bois, 96.
160. Blachon, La gravure sur bois, 13.
161. Blachon, La gravure sur bois, 201.
162. Paul Hogart, The Artist as a Reporter (New York: Studio Vista/Reinhold, 1967), 12.
163. ‘An Introduction to the Illustrated London News,’ in Victorian Britain: An Encyclopedia, ed. Sally Mitchell (London: Garland, 1988) (www.spartacus.choolnet.co.uk/jillustrated.html).
164. Georges Weill, Le journal: Origines, évolution et le rôle de la presse périodique (Paris: La renaissance du livre, 1934), 238-13.
165. John S. North, The Rationale - Why Read Victorian Periodicals?' in Victorian Periodicals, ed. J.D. Varen and R.T. Von Arsdel (New York: Modern Language Association of America, 1978) 1:1-9,170-3.
166. Hogart, The Artist as a Reporter, 22-3.
167. Simon Houfe, The Dictionary of British Book of Illustrators and Caricaturists, 1800-1914,2nd ed. (London: Thomas Baker, 1981).
168. Aime Dupuy, 1870-1871, La Guerre, la Commune et la presse (Paris: Armand Colin, Collection Kiosque, 1959), 213
169. François Roth, La guerre de 70 (Paris: Pluriel, 1990), 205.
170. Hogart, The Artist as a Reporter, 23.
171. Mason Jackson, The Pictorial Press: Its Origin and Progress (London: Hurst and Blackett, 1885), 330.
172. Hogart, The Artist as a Reporter, 24.
173. Jackson, The Pictorial Press, 338.
174. Remi Blachon, La gravure sur bois au XIXe siècle: L’aˆge du bois debout (Paris:Editions de l’Amateur, 2001).
175. C.P. Doullay, ‘Aspects de Paris: Nos gravures,’ Illustration, 10 September 1870.
176. Charles M. Evans, War of the Aeronauts:A History of Ballooning in the Civil War (Mechanicsburk, PA: Stackpole, 2002).
177. Dupuy, La Guerre, 170.
178. The Franco-Prussian War: The German Conquest of France in 1870-1871 [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003], 206.
179. Dora Neill Raymond, British Policy and Opinion during the Franco-Prussian War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1921), 202.
180. Dupuy, La Guerre, 79.
181. John Law, ‘On the Methods of Long-Distance Control: Vessels, Navigation and the Portuguese Route to India/in Power, Action and Belief: A New Sociology of Knowledge? ed. John Law (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1986), 234-63.
182. ‘Chronicle of the War/Graphic, 8 October 1870.
183. In ‘Courrier de Paris/Monde illustré, 10 and 24 December 1870.
184. Alistair Home, The Fall of Paris: The Siege and the Commune, 1870-1871 (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1965).
185. Dupuy, La guerre, 48-50.
186. Wolfgang Schivelbusch, The Culture of Defeat: On National Trauma, Mourning and Recovering (New York:Henry Holt, 2003);
187. Geoffrey Wawro, The Franco-Prussian War: The German Conquest of France in 1870-1871 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003);
188. Francois Roth, La guerre de 70 (Paris: Pluriel, 1990);
189. Michael Howard, The Franco-Prussian War (London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1961).
190. Alistair Home, The Fall of Paris: The Siege and the Commune, 1870-1871 (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1965);
191. Aimé Dupuy, 1870-1871, la guerre, la Commune et la presse (Paris: Armand Colin, Collection Kiosque, 1959).
192. ‘The Situation in France/Illustrated Times, 10 September 1870.
193. Schivelbusch, The Culture of Defeat. 17
194. Anne-Claude Ambroise-Rendu, ‘Les images de la guerre du Transvaal/Communication, ed. in Philippe Breton, Actes du colloque ‘La guerre imaginée/Association pour la recherche sur la guerre et la paix (Reims:Centre Arpège, Université de Reims, 2000).
195. Pierre Pélissier, Emile de Girardin, prince de la presse (Paris: Denoël, 1985), 341-2.
196. Auguste Marc, Tolitique exterieure: La Prusse/Illustration, 21 August 1871.
197. Schivelbusch, The Culture of Defeat, 19.
198. Monde illustre, 11 February 1871.
199. Monde illustre, 4 March 1871.
200. L.V. Elliot, ‘The Ruins of Bazeilles,’ Illustrirte Zeitung, 8 October 1870.
201. ‘Chronicle/Graphic, 3 September 1870.
202. Unsigned article, ‘Marshall Bazaine/Graphic, 1 October 1870.
203. ‘Chronicle/Graphic, 11 February 1871.
204. Georg Simmel, ‘The Stranger/in The Sociology ofGeorg Simmel, ed. Kurt H. Wolff (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1950), 402-8.
205. Henri Cozic, ‘Courrier de Paris/Illustration, 4 March 1871.
206. Shivelbusch, The Culture of Defeat, especially the introduction and chapter 2.
207. Monde illusivé, 21 January 1871.
208. Jean Watelet, La presse illustree en France, 1818-1914 (Paris: Villeneuve d’Asq, 2000), 296.
209. Jean-François Lecaillon, Eté 1870: La guerre racontee par les soldats (Paris:Bernard Giovanangeli, 2002).
210. Jules Claretie, Histoire de la revolution de 1870-1871,2 vols (Paris: Librairie illustree, 1877).
211. Roth, La guerre, 45;
212. Jean-Jacques Becker and Stéphane Audouin-Rouzeau, La France, la nation, la guerre: 1850-1920 (Paris: Sedes, 1965), 63-7.
213. Claretie, Histoire, 1: 207.
214. Becker and Audouin-Rouzeau, La France, 103.
215. Roth, La guerre, 199.
216. Les soirees de Medan (Paris, Charpentier, 1880).
217. Pierre Claudes, Léon Bloy et la guerre de 1870 (autour de Sueur de sang) (Paris: Le Passeur, 2000).
218. Dupuy, La guerre, 214.
219. Georges Weill, Le journal: Origines, évolution et le rôle de la présse periodique (Paris: La renaissance du livre, 1934), 238-43.
220. Francois Roth, La guerre de 70 (Paris: Pluriel, 1990);
221. Eugen Weber, La fin des terroirs (Paris:Fayard, 1983).
222. Fraser Sutherland, The Monthly Epic: A History of Canadian Magazines, 1789-1989 (Markham, ON: Fitzhenry and Whiteside, 1989), 80.
223. Wolfgang Schivelbusch, The Culture of Defeat: On National Trauma, Mourning and Recovering (New York: Henry Holt, 2003);
224. Geoffrey Wawro, The Franco-Prussian War: The German Conquest of France in 1870-1871 (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2003);
225. Michael Howard, The Franco-Prussian War (London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1961);
226. Aime Dupuy, 1870-1871, La guerre, la Commune et la presse (Paris: Armand Colin, Collection Kiosque, 1959).
227. Sean Sullivan, ‘Le Canadian Illustrated News et la guerre franco-allemande (de juillet 1870 a fevrier 1871),’ (2001) http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/cin/hl-207-f.html.
228. Thomas Nipperdey, Deutsche Geschichte, 1866-1918: Machtstaatvorder Demokratie (Berlin: CH. Beck, 1986), 2:63.
229. Wawro, The Franco-Prussian War, 105.
230. Paul Ricoeur, La memoire, I’histoire, I’oubli (Paris: La decouverte, 2000).
231. Eugen Weber, France, fin de siecle (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1986), particularly chapter 7.
232. Jean-Pierre Bacot, line histoire oubliee: Quatre generations de presse illustree au XIXe siecle (Limoges: Presses universitaires de Limoges, 2005).
233. ‘Modulating Popular Culture: Cultural Critics on Tremblay’s Les Belles-Soeurs/Labour/le Travail 52 (fall 2003): 109-35.
234. Jean Watelet, La presse illustree en France, 1818-1914 (Villeneuve d’Asq: Septentrion/Presses universitaires, 2000), 296.
235. Roger Chartier, Forms and Meanings: Texts, Performances, and Audiences from Codex to Computer (Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 1995).
236. Peter W. Sinnema, Dynamics of the Pictured Page: Representing the Nation in the Illustrated London News (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998), 8-9.
237. Wolfgang Schivelbusch, The Culture of Defeat: On National Trauma, Mourning and Recovering (New York: Henry Holt, 2003), 19.
238. Sinnema, Dynamics, 8.
239. Barbara Ehrenreich, Blood Rites: Origins and History of the Passions of War (New York: Holt, 1997).
240. Hogart, The Artist as a Reporter (New York: Studio Vista/Reinhold, 1967), 15.