Military Institutions and Citizenship in Western Societies

Armed Forces & Society

Volumn 2, Issue 2, 1976, Pages 185-204

  Janowitz, Morris ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84965931875     PISSN: 0095327X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X7600200202     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Morris Janowitz, The Military in the Political Development of New Nations (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964).
2. Ernest Gellner, Thought and Change (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1964). See Ch. 7 for an analysis of the transformation of nationalism.
3. T.H. Marshall, Citizenship and Social Class (Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 1950).
4. Edward A. Shils, “The Theory of the Mass Society”, Diogenes 39 (1962).
5. Morris Janowitz, “The Decline of the Mass Army”, Military Review (February 1972): 10-17.
6. Harold D. Lasswell, Politics: Who Gets What, When, How (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1936).
7. Morris Janowitz and Jacques Van Doom, eds., On Military Intervention, Vol. 2 (Rotterdam: Rotterdam University Press, 1971).
8. Herbert Spencer in Herbert Spencer on Social Evolution, J.D.Y. Peel, ed., “Heritage of Sociology” Series (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972).
9. Max Weber, “The Discipline of Large-Scale Economic Organizations”, in Gunther Roth and Claus Wittich, eds., Economy and Society, Vol. 3 (New York: Bedminster Press, 1968), p. 1155.
10. Weber's essay entitled “The Origins of Discipline in War” constituted one of the most profound and penetrating portions of his writings. He probes the emergence of modern forms of military discipline and is concerned with the impact of technology on modern military organization. His analysis rejects a technological determinism. Modern technology is an essential perquisite for bureaucratic military discipline, which was absent in the feudal armies. However, it was charismatic leadership and ideological content that established the basis of effective organized military discipline associated with the professional armies of the Western nation state. See Max Weber, “The Origins of Discipline in War”, in Roth and Wittich, eds., Economy and Society, pp. 1150-1155.
11. It is striking, by contrast, that Emile Durkheim revealed a complete absence of interest in the analysis of armed forces as part of the “social division of labor” and the processes of societal change.
12. Karl Marx, The 18th Century Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (New York: International Publishers, 1969); Friedrich Engels, Anti-Duhring: Herr Eugen Duhring's Revolution in Science (Moscow: Foreign Language Publishing House, 1954), pp. 219-256.
13. Gaetano Mosca, The Ruling Class (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1939).
14. Seymour M. Lipset and Reinhard Bendix, Social Mobility in Industrial Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960).
15. Peter Blau, “Sociology”, in Bert F. Hoselitz, ed., A Reader's Guide to the Social Sciences (Glencoe: Free Press, 1959), p. 164.
16. Ralf Dahrendorf, Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1959).
17. Raymond Aron, The Century of Total War (Boston: Beacon Press, 1955).
18. Stanislav Andreski, Military Organization and Society (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1968).
19. Marion Levy, Modernization and the Structure of Societies: A Setting for International Affairs (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1966), see Ch. 4, “Armed Force Organization.”
20. Alfred Vagts, A History of Militarism: Civilian and Military (New York: W.W. Norton, 1937).
21. Reinhard Bendix, Nation-Building and Gtizenship: Studies of Our Changing Social Order (New York: Wiley, 1964); Bendix has a single sentence in this study on military institutions as part of his analysis of opposition to elementary education and the franchise: “Similar questions were raised with regard to universal conscription, since arms in the hands of the common people were considered a revolutionary threat.”
22. Stein Rokkan, “Mass Suffrage, Secret Voting and Political Participation”, European Journal of Sociology 2 (1961): 132-152. See also, “The Comparative Study of Political Participation”, in A. Ranney, ed., Recent Developments in the Behavioral Study of Politics (Urbana: University of Illinois Press).
23. Theodore Ropp, War in the Modern World (New York: Collier-Macmillan, 1962).
24. It is interesting to note that social anthropologists concerned with political institutions have turned their attention to the analogies of the presence or absence of the idea of “citizenship” as a central approach of the politico-jural structure of tribal and peasant societies. See, for example, Meyer Fortes, Kinship and the Social Order: The Legacy of Lewis Henry Morgan (Chicago: Aldine, 1969).
25. Hans Speier, Social Order and the Risks of War (New York: Stewart, 1952).
26. Morris Janowitz, “Toward a Redefinition of Military Strategy in International Relations”, World Politics (Summer, 1974).
27. Karl Demeter, The German Officer-Corps in Society.and State 1650-1945 (New York: Praeger, 1965); Morris Janowitz, The Professional Soldier, A Social and Political Portrait (Glencoe, 111.: Free Press, 1960, 1971), pp. 79-103; Bengt Abrahamsson, Military Professionalization and Political Power (Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1972), pp. 22-58.
28. Katherine Chorley has sought to investigate the conditions under which “armed forces” either support or do not oppose revolutionary movements, using the historical materials of Western Europe, Russia, and the United States. Katherine Chorley, Armies and the Art of Revolution (London: Faber, 1943).
29. Samuel F. Scott, “The French Revolution and the Professionalization of the French Officer Corps, 1789-1793”, in Morris Janowitz and Jacques Van Doom, eds., On Military Ideology (Rotterdam: University of Rotterdam Press, 1971), pp. 5-56.
30. Jacques Van Doom, “Political Change and the Control of the Military: Some General Remarks”, in Jacques Van Doom, ed., Military Profession and Military Regimes: Commitments and Conflicts (The Hague: Mouton, 1969), pp. 11-35.
31. Morris Janowitz, “The Comparative Analysis of Middle Eastern Military Institutions”, in Morris Janowitz and Jacques Van Doom, eds., On Military Intervention.
32. Alexis de Tocqueville, The Ancien Regime and the French Revolution (Paris, 1856); T.B. Veblen, Imperial Germany and the Industrial Revolution (New York, 1939); Barrington Moore, Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modem World (Boston: Beacon, 1966).
33. Lyford P. Edwards, The Natural History of Revolution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970); Crane Brinton, The Anatomy of Revolution (New York: Random, 1957).
34. Robert E. Park, Massen und Publikum (The Crowd and the Public and Other Essays), Henry Eisner, ed., Charlotte Eisner, trans., in “Heritage of Sociology” Series (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972). Park was strongly influenced by W.I. Thomas who presented a penetrating sociological analysis of the nationalist movements in subjugated Poland at the end of the nineteenth century. William I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki, The Polish Peasant in Europe and America, 5 vols. (Boston: Richard G. Badger, 1918-1920); Vols. 1 and 2 were originally published by the University of Chicago Press in 1918.
35. Philip Abrams, “Restoring Order: Some Early European Cases”, in Morris Janowitz and Jacques Van Doom, eds., On Military Intervention, Vol. 2, pp. 37-61.
36. Seymour M. Lipset, “The Changing Class Structure and Contemporary European Politics”, Daedalus 93 (Winter, 1964): 271-303; Robert E. Lane, “The Politics of Consensus in an Age of Affluence,”American Political Science Review 59 (December, 1965): 874-895.
37. Morris Janowitz, Political Conflict (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1970), pp. 5-35.