The Current State of Performance Appraisal Research and Practice: Concerns, Directions, and Implications

Journal of Management

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 1992, Pages 321-352

  Bretz, Robert D ^a   Milkovich, George T ^a   Read, Walter ^b  

^a Cornell University ^*  (United States)

^b Empire Blue Cross and Blue Shield ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84965402060     PISSN: 01492063     EISSN: 15571211     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/014920639201800206     Document Type: Article

References (247)

1. Alexander, E. R., Helms, M. M., & Wilkins, R. D. 1989. The relationship between supervisory communication and subordinate performance and satisfaction among professionals. Public Personnel Management, 18: 415-429.
2. Angel, N. E. 1989. Evaluating employees by computer. Personnel Administrator, November: 67-72.
3. Athey, T. R., & McIntyre, R. M. 1987. Effect of rater training on rater accuracy: Levels-of-processing theory and social facilitation theory perspectives. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72: 567-572.
4. Balzer, W. K. 1986. Biases in the recording of performance-related information: The effects of initial impression and centrality of the appraisal task. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 37: 329-347.
5. Banks, C. G., & Murphy, K. R. 1985. Toward narrowing the research-practice gap in performance appraisal. Personnel Psychology, 38: 335-345.
6. Banks, C. G., & Roberson, L. 1985. Performance appraisers as test developers. Academy of Management Review, 10: 128-142.
7. Bannister, B. D. 1986. Performance outcome feedback and attributional feedback: Interactive effects on recipient responses. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71: 203-210.
8. Barrett, G. V., & Kernan, M. C. 1987. Performance appraisal and terminations: A review of court decisions since Brito v. Zia with implications for personnel practices. Personnel Psychology, 40: 489-503.
9. Becker, B. E., & Cardy, R. L. 1986. Influence of halo error on appraisal effectiveness: A conceptual and empirical reconsideration. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71: 662-671.
10. Becker, B. E., & Klimoski, R. J. 1989. A field study of the relationship between the organizational feedback environment and performance. Personnel Psychology, 42: 343-358.
11. Bedeian, A. G. 1989. Totems and taboos: Undercurrents in the management discipline. The Academy of Management News, 19 (4): 2-6.
12. Benedict, M. E., & Levine, E. L. 1988. Delay and distortion: Tacit influences on performance appraisal effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73: 507-514.
13. Bernardin, H. J. 1986. Subordinate appraisal: A valuable source of information about managers. Human Resource Management, 25: 421-439.
14. Bernardin, H. J., & Abbott, J. 1985. Predicting (and preventing) differences between self and supervisory appraisals. Personnel Administrator, June: 151-157.
15. Bemardin, H. J., & Beatty, R. W. 1984. Performance appraisal: Assessing human behavior at work. Boston: Kent.
16. Bernardin, H. J., & Beatty, R. W. 1987. Can subordinate appraisals enhance managerial productivity? Sloan Management Review, 28 (Summer): 63-73.
17. Bemardin, H. J., & Villanova, P. 1986. Performance appraisal. In E. A. Locke (Ed.), Generalizing from laboratory tofield settings: 43-62. Lexington, MA: Lexington.
18. Brannick, M. T., & Brannick, J. P. 1989. Nonlinear and noncompensatory processes in performance evaluation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 44: 97-122.
19. Brown, D. G. 1987. Development of performance standards: A practical guide. Public Personnel Management, 16: 93-114.
20. Brumback, B. G. 1988. Some ideas, issues and predictions about performance management. Public Personnel Management, 17: 387-402.
21. Buford, J. A., Burkhalter, B. B., & Jacobs, G. T. 1988. Link job descriptions to performance appraisals. Personnel Journal, June: 132-140.
22. Campbell, D. J., & Lee, C. 1988. Self-appraisal in performance evaluation: Development versus evaluation. Academy of Management Journal, 13: 302-314.
23. Cardy, R. L., & Dobbins, G. H. 1986. Affect and appraisal accuracy: Liking as an integral dimension in evaluating performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71: 672-678.
24. Cayer, M., DiMattia, D. J., & Wingrove, J. 1988. Conquering evaluation fear. Personnel Administrator, June: 97-107.
25. Clement, R. W., & Stevens, G. E. 1989. Performance appraisal in higher education: Comparing departments of management with other business units. Public Personnel Management, 18: 263-278.
26. Cleveland, J. N., Murphy, K. R., & Williams, R. E. 1989. Multiple uses of performance appraisal: Prevalence and correlate. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74: 130-135.
27. Cocheu, T. 1986. Performance appraisal: A case in points. Personnel Journal, September: 48-55.
28. Cozzetto, D. 1990. The officer fitness report as a performance appraisal tool. Public Personnel Management, 19: 235-244.
29. Czajka, J. M., & DeNisi, A. S. 1988. Effects of emotional disability and clear performance standards on performance ratings. Academy of Management Journal, 31: 394-404.
30. Daley, D. M. 1990. The Civil Service Reform Act and performance appraisal: A research note on federal employee perceptions. Public Personnel Management, 19: 245-251.
31. Day, D. 1989. Performance management year-round. Personnel, August: 43-45.
32. Dearden, J. 1987. Measuring profit center managers. Harvard Business Review, September-October: 84-88.
33. Deets, N. R., & Tyler, D. T. 1986. How Xerox improved its performance appraisals. Personnel Journal, April: 50-52.
34. DeGregorio, M., & Fisher, C. D. 1988. Providing performance feedback: Reactions to alternate methods. Journal of Management, 14: 605-615.
35. Deming, E. 1986. Out of the crisis. Cambirdge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Center for Advanced Engineering.
36. DeNisi, A. S., Cafferty, T. P., & Meglino, B. M. 1984. A cognitive model of the performance appraisal process: A model and research propositions. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 33: 360-396.
37. DeNisi, A. S., Robbins, T., & Cafferty, T. P. 1989. Organization of information used for performance appraisals: Role of diary-keeping. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74: 124-129.
38. DeNisi, A. S., & William, K. J. 1988. Cognitive approaches to performance appraisal. In K. M. Rowland & G. R. Ferris (Eds.), Research in personnel and human resources management, 6: 109-155. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
39. Derven, M. G. 1990. The paradox of performance appraisals. Personnel Journal, February: 107-111.
40. Dickinson, T. L. 1987. Designs for evaluating the validity and accuracy of performance ratings. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 40: 1-21.
41. Dipboye, R. L. 1985. Some neglected variables in research on discrimination in appraisals. Academy of Management Review, 10: 116-127.
42. Dobbins, G. H., Cardy, R. L., & Platz-Vieno, S. J. 1990. A contingency approach to appraisal satisfaction: An initial investigation of the joint effects of organizational variables and appraisal characteristics. Journal of Management, 16: 619-632.
43. Dobbins, G. H., Cardy, R. L., & Truxillo, D. M. 1988. The effects of purpose of appraisal and individual differences in stereotypes of women on sex differences in performance ratings: A laboratory and field study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73: 551-558.
44. Dorfman, P. W., Stephan, W. G., & Loveland, J. 1986. Performance appraisal behaviors: Supervisor perceptions and subordinate reactions. Personnel Psychology, 39: 579-597.
45. Drazin, R., & Auster, E. R. 1987. Wage differences between men and women: Performance appraisal ratings vs. salary allocation as the locus of bias. Human Resource Management, 26: 157-168.
46. Dugan, B. 1988. Effects of assessor training on information use. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73: 743-748.
47. Dugan, K. W. 1989. Ability and effort attributions: Do they affect how managers communicate performance feedback information? Academy of Management Journal, 32: 87-114.
48. Earley, P. C. 1988. Computer-generated performance feedback in the magazine-subscription industry. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 41: 50-64.
49. Eder, R. W., & Fedor, D. B. 1989. Priming performance self-evaluations: Moderating effects of rating purpose and judgment confidence. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 44: 474-493.
50. Edwards, M. R. 1990a. A joint effort leads to accurate appraisals. Personnel Journal, June: 122-128.
51. Edwards, M. R. 1990b. Implementation strategies for multiple rater systems. Personnel Journal, September: 130-138.
52. Edwards, M. R., & Sproull, J. R. 1985. Making performance appraisals perform: The use of team evaluation. Personnel, March: 28-32.
53. Eyres, P. S. 1989. Legally defensible performance appraisal systems. Personnel Journal, July: 58-62.
54. Farh, J. L., & Dobbins, G. H. 1989. Effects of comparative performance information on the accuracy of self-ratings and agreement between self and supervisor ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74: 606-610.
55. Farh, J. L., & Werbel, J. D. 1986. Effects of purpose of the appraisal and expectation of validation on self-appraisal leniency. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71: 527-529.
56. Farh, J. L., Werbel, J. D., & Bedeian, A. G. 1988. An empirical investigation of self-appraisal-based performance evaluation. Personnel Psychology, 41: 141-156.
57. Fedor, D. B., & Buckley, M. R. 1988. Issues surrounding the need for more frequent monitoring of individual performance in organizations. Public Personnel Management, 17: 435-442.
58. Fedor, D. B., Eder, R. W., & Buckley, M. R. 1989. The contributory effects of supervisor intentions on subordinate feedback responses. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 44: 396-414.
59. Fedor, D. B., & Rowland, K. M. 1989. Investigating supervisor attributions of subordinate performance. Journal of Management, 15: 405-416.
60. Feldman, J. M. 1981. Beyond attribution theory: Cognitive processes in performance appraisal. Journal of Applied Psychology, 66: 127-148.
61. Feldman, J. M. 1986. A note on the statistical correction of halo error. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71: 173-176.
62. Feldman, J. M., Camburn, A., & Gatti, G. M. 1986. Shared distinctiveness as a source of illusory correlation in performance appraisal. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 37: 34-59.
63. Ferris, G. R., & Judge, T. A. 1991. Personnel/human resources management: A political influence perspective. Journal of Management, 17: 447-488.
64. Ferris, G. R., Yates, V. L., Gilmore, D. C., & Rowland, K. M. 1985. The influence of subordinate age on performance ratings and causal attributions. Personnel Psychology, 38: 545-557.
65. Fisicaro, S. A. 1988. A reexamination of the relation between halo error and accuracy. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73: 239-244.
66. Fox, S., Ben-Nahum, Z., & Yinon, Y. 1989. Perceived similarity and accuracy of peer ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74: 781-786.
67. Fox, S., & Dinur, Y. 1988. Validity of self-assessment: A field evaluation. Personnel Psychology, 41: 581-592.
68. Friedman, M. G. 1986. 10 steps to objective appraisals. Personnel Journal, June: 66-71.
69. Fulk, J., Brief, A. P., & Barr, S. H. 1985. Trust-in-supervisor and perceived fairness and accuracy of performance evaluations. Journal of Business Research, 13: 299-313.
70. Galin, A., & Benoliel, B. 1990. Does the way you dress affect your performance rating? Personnel, August: 49-52.
71. Gellerman, S. W., & Hodgson, W. G. 1988. Cyanamid's new take on performance appraisal. Harvard Business Review, May-June: 36-41.
72. George, D. I., & Smith, M. C. 1990. An empirical comparison of self-assessment and organizational assessment in personnel selection. Public Personnel Management, 19: 175-190.
73. Gibb, P. 1985. Appraisal goals and controls. Personnel Journal, August: 89-93.
74. Giffin, M. E. 1989. Personnel research on testing, selection, and performance appraisal. Public Personnel Management, 18: 127-137.
75. Gilbert, G. R., & Nelson, A. E. 1989. The Pacer Share demonstration project: Implications for organizational management and performance evaluation. Public Personnel Management, 18: 209-225.
76. Giles, W. F., & Mossholder, K. W. 1990. Employee reactions to contextual and session components of performance appraisal. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75: 371-377.
77. Girard, R. 1988. Is there a need for performance appraisals? Personnel Journal, August: 89-90.
78. Glen, R. M. 1990. Performance appraisal: An unnerving yet useful process. Public Personnel Management, 19: 1-10.
79. Goddard, R. W. 1989. Is your appraisal system headed for court? Personnel Journal, January: 114-118.
80. Gomez-Mejia, L. R., Page, R. C., & Tornow, W. W. 1985. Improving the effectiveness of performance appraisal. Personnel Administrator, January: 74-81.
81. Goodell, R. 1988. Room for improvement. Personnel Administrator, June: 132-142.
82. Greenberg, J. 1986. Determinants of perceived fairness of performance evaluations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71: 340-342.
83. Greenberg, J. 1988. Using explanations to manage impressions of performance appraisal fairness. In J. Greenberg & R. Bies (Chairs), Communicating fairness in organizations. Symposium presented at the meeting of the Academy of Management, Anaheim, CA.
84. Greenberg, J. 1990. Looking fair vs. being fair: Managing impressions of organizational justice. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, 12: 111-157. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
85. Greenhaus, J. H., Parasuraman, S., & Wormley, W. M. 1990. Effects of race on organizational experiences, job performance evaluations, and career outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 33: 64-86.
86. Hall, T. C. 1987. Starting over. Training and Development Journal, December: 60-62.
87. Harper, S. C. 1986. Adding purpose to performance reviews. Training and Development Journal, September: 53-55.
88. Harris, C. 1988. A comparison of employee attitudes toward two performance appraisal systems. Public Personnel Management, 17: 443-456.
89. Harris, M. M., & Schaubroeck, J. 1988. A meta-analysis of self-supervisor, self-peer, and peersupervisor ratings. Personnel Psychology, 41: 43-62.
90. Hedge, J. W., & Kavanagh, M. J. 1988. Improving the accuracy of performance evaluations: Comparison of three methods of performance appraiser training. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73: 68-73.
91. Heilman, M. E., & Stopeck, M. H. 1985. Being attractive, advantage or disadvantage? Performance-based evaluations and recommended personnel actions as a function of appearance, sex, and job type. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 35: 202-215.
92. Heneman, R. L. 1986. The relationship between supervisory ratings and results-oriented measures of performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 39: 811-826.
93. Heneman, R. L., Greenberger, D. B., & Anonyuo, C. 1989. Attributions and exchanges: The effects of interpersonal factors on the diagnosis of employee performance. Academy of Management Journal, 32: 466-476.
94. Heneman, R. L., Wexley, K. N., & Moore, M. L. 1987. Performance-rating accuracy: A critical review. Journal of Business Research, 15: 431-448.
95. Herbert, G. R., & Doverspike, D. 1990. Performance appraisal in the training needs analysis process: A review and critique. Public Personnel Management, 19: 253-270.
96. Hogan, E. A. 1987. Effects of prior expectations on performance ratings: A longitudinal study. Academy of Management Journal, 30: 354-368.
97. Howard, C. G. 1987. Out of sight-not out of mind. Personnel Administrator, June: 82-90.
98. Huber, V. L., Neale, M. A., & Northcraft, G. B. 1987. Judgment by heuristics: Effects of ratee and rater characteristics and performance standards on performance-related judgments. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 40: 149-169.
99. Huber, V. L., Podsakoff, P. M., & Todor, W. D. 1986. An investigation of biasing factors in the attributions of subordinates and their supervisors. Journal of Business Research, 14: 83-98.
100. Hughes, G. L., & Prien, E. P. 1986. An evaluation of alternate scoring methods for the mixed standard scale. Personnel Psychology, 39: 839-847.
101. Hyde, A. C. 1988. The new environment for compensation and performance evaluation in the public sector. Public Personnel Management, 17: 351-358.
102. Ilgen, D. R., & Moore, C. F. 1987. Types and choices of performance feedback. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72: 401-406.
103. Jacobs, R., & Kozlowski, S. W. 1985. A closer look at halo error in performance ratings. Academy of Management Journal, 28: 201-212.
104. Jolly, J. P., Reynolds, T. J., & Slocum, J. W. 1988. Application of the means-end theoretic for understanding the cognitive bases of performance appraisal. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 41: 153-179.
105. Kamouri, A. L., & Balzer, W. K. 1990. The effects of performance sampling methods on frequency estimation, probability estimation, and evaluation of performance information. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 45: 285-316.
106. Kane, J. S., & Freeman, K. A. 1986. MBO and performance appraisal: A mixture that's not a solution, part 1. Personnel, December: 26-36.
107. Kane, J. S., & Freeman, K. A. 1987. MBO and performance appraisal: A mixture that's not a solution, part 2. Personnel, February: 26-32.
108. Karl, K. A., & Wexley, K. N. 1989. Patterns of performance and rating frequency: Influence on the assessment of performance. Journal of Management, 15: 5-20.
109. Kaufman, R. 1988. Preparing useful performance indicators. Training and Development Journal, September: 80-83.
110. Kerr, J. L. 1988. Strategic control through performance appraisal and rewards. Human Resource Planning, 2: 215-223.
111. Kingstrom, P. O., & Mainstone, L. E. 1985. An investigation of the rater-ratee acquaintance and rater bias. Academy of Management Journal, 28: 641-653.
112. Kinicki, A. J., & Griffeth, R. W. 1985. The impact of sex-role stereotypes on performance ratings and causal attributions of performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 27: 155-170.
113. Kipnis, D., & Schmidt, S. M. 1988. Upward influence styles: Relationship with performance evaluations, salary, and stress. Administrative Science Quarterly, 33: 528-542.
114. Kirkpatrick, D. L. 1986. Performance appraisal: Your questions answered. Training and Development Journal, May: 68-71.
115. Klaas, B. S., & DeNisi, A. S. 1989. Managerial reactions to employee dissent: The impact of grievance activity on performance ratings. Academy of Management Journal, 32: 705-717.
116. Klimoski, R., & Inks, L. Accountability forces in performance appraisal. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 45: 194-208.
117. Kozlowski, S. W., & Kirsch, M. P. 1987. The systematic distortion hypothesis, halo, and accuracy: An individual-level analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72: 252-261.
118. Kozlowski, S. W., Kirsch, M. P., & Chao, G. T. 1986. Job knowledge, ratee familiarity, conceptual similarity and halo error: An exploration. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71: 45-49.
119. Kraiger, K., & Ford, J. K. 1985. A meta-analysis of ratee race effects in performance ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70: 56-65.
120. Krein, T. J. 1990. Performance reviews that rate an “A”. Personnel, May: 38-40.
121. Kroll, M., & Joyce, G. 1989. What is your most important job function? Personnel Administrator, June: 156-160.
122. Krzystofiak, E, Cardy, R., & Newman, J. 1988. Implicit personality and performance appraisal: The influence of trait inferences on evaluations of behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73: 515-521.
123. Lance, C. E., & Woehr, D. J. 1986. Statistical control of halo: Clarification from two cognitive models of the performance appraisal process. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71: 679-685.
124. Landy, F. S., & Farr, J. L. 1980. Performance rating. Psychological Bulletin, 87: 72-107.
125. Landy, E. S., & Farr, J. L. 1983. The measurement of workperformance. Methods, theory, and applications. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
126. Lanza, P. 1985. Team appraisals. Personnel Journal, March: 47-51.
127. Larson, Jr., J. R. 1989. The dynamic interplay between employees' feedback-seeking strategies and supervisors' delivery of performance feedback. Academy of Management Review, 14: 408-422
128. Laumeyer, J., & Beebe, T. 1988. Employees and their appraisals. Personnel Administrator, December: 76-80.
129. Lawrence, B. S. 1988. New wrinkles in the theory of age: Demography, norms, and performance ratings. Academy of Management Journal, 31: 309-337.
130. Lawrie, J. 1990. Prepare for a performance appraisal. Personnel Journal, April: 132-136.
131. Lawrie, J. W. 1989. Your performance: Appraise it yourself! Personnel, January: 21-23.
132. Lee, C. 1989. Poor performance appraisals do more harm than good. Personnel Journal, September: 91-99.
133. Lee, C. 1990. Smoothing out appraisal systems. HR Magazine, March: 72-76.
134. Levy, M. 1989. Almost-perfect performance appraisals. Personnel Journal, April: 76-83.
135. Locher, A. H., & Teel, K. S. 1988. Appraisal trends. Personnel Journal, September: 139-145.
136. Locke, E. A. 1986. Generalizing from laboratory to field settings. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
137. Longenecker, C. O., & Gioia, D. A. 1988. Neglected at the top - executives talk about executive appraisals. Sloan Management Review, 21 (Winter): 41-47.
138. Longenecker, C. O., Sims, H. P., & Gioia, D. A. 1987. Behind the mask: The politics of employee appraisal. The Academy of Management Executive, 1: 183-193.
139. Lord, R. G. 1985. Accuracy in behavioral measurement: An alternative definition based on raters' cognitive schema and signal detection theory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70: 66-71.
140. Lord, R. G., & Maher, K. J. 1989. Cognitive processes in industrial and organizational psychology. In C. L. Cooper & I. Robertson (Eds.) International review of industrial and organizational psychology: 49-91. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
141. Lowe, T. R. 1986. Eight ways to ruin a performance review. Personnel Journal, January: 60-62.
142. Martin, D. C., & Bartol, K. M. 1986. Training the raters: A key to effective performance appraisal. Public Personnel Management, 15: 101-109.
143. McBriarty, M. A. 1988. Performance appraisal: Some unintended consequences. Public Personnel Management, 17: 421-434.
144. McEvoy, G. M. 1988. Evaluating the boss. Personnel Administrator, September: 115-120.
145. McEvoy, G. M. 1990. Public sector managers' reactions to appraisals by subordinates. Public Personnel Management, 19: 201-212.
146. McEvoy, G. M., & Buller, P. F. 1987. User acceptance of peer appraisals in an industrial setting. Personnel Psychology, 40: 785-797.
147. McEvoy, G. M., & Cascio, W. F. 1989. Cumulative evidence of the relationship between employee age and job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74: 11-17.
148. Metz, E. J. 1988. Designing legally defensible performance appraisal systems. Training and Development Journal, July: 47-51.
149. Meyer, J. P., Paunonen, S. V., Gallatly, I. R., Goffm, R. D., & Jackson, D. N. 1989. Organizational commitment and job performance: It's the nature of the commitment that counts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74: 152-156.
150. Milkovich, G. T., & Newman, J. M. 1991. Compensation. Plano, TX: Business Publications, Inc.
151. Milkovich, G. T., & Wigdor, A. K. 1991. Pay for performance. Evaluating performance appraisal and merit pay. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
152. Miller, C. S., Kaspin, J. A., & Schuster, M. H. 1990. The impact of performance appraisal methods on age discrimination in employment act cases. Personnel Psychology, 43: 555-578.
153. Miller, K. I., & Monge, P. R. 1986. Participation, satisfactions, and productivity: A meta-analytic review. Academy of Management Journal, 29: 727-753.
154. Moen, R. D. 1989. The performance appraisal system: Deming's deadly disease. Quality Progress, November: 62-66.
155. Moss, S. M. 1989. Appraise your performance appraisal process. Quality Progress, November: 58-60.
156. Mount, M. K., & Thompson, D. E. 1987. Cognitive categorization and quality of performance ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72: 240-246.
157. Murphy, K. R. 1991. Criterion issues in performance appraisal research: Behavioral accuracy versus classification accuracy. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50: 45-50.
158. Murphy, K. R., & Balzer, W. K. 1989. Rater errors and rating accuracy. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74: 619-624.
159. Murphy, K. R., & Balzer, W. K. 1986. Systematic distortions in memory-based behavior ratings and performance evaluations: Consequences for rating accuracy. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71: 39-44.
160. Murphy, K. R., Balzer, W. K., Lockhart, M. C., & Eisenman, E. J. 1985. Effects of previous performance on evaluations of present performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70: 72-84.
161. Murphy, K. R., & Constans, J. I. 1987. Behavioral anchors as a source of bias in rating. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72: 573-577.
162. Murphy, K. R., Gannett, B. A., Herr, B. M., & Chen, J. A. 1986. Effects of subsequent performance on evaluations of previous performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71: 427-431.
163. Murphy, K. R., Herr, B. M., Lockhart, M. C., & Maguire, E. 1986. Evaluating the performance of paper people. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71: 654-661.
164. Murphy, K. R., & Pardaffy, V. A. 1989. Bias in behaviorally anchored rating scales: Global or scalespecific? Journal of Applied Psychology, 74: 343-346.
165. Murphy, K. R., Philbin, T. A., & Adams, S. R. 1989. Effect of purpose of observation on accuracy of immediate and delayed performance ratings. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 43: 336-354.
166. Murphy, K. R., & Reynolds, D. H. 1988. Does true halo affect observed halo? Journal of Applied Psychology, 73: 235-238.
167. Naffziger, D. W. 1985. BARS, RJPs and recruiting. Personnel Administrator, August: 85-96.
168. Nanry, C. 1988. Performance linked training. Public Personnel Management, 17: 457-464.
169. Napier, N. K., & Latham, G. P. 1986. Outcome expectancies of people who conduct performance appraisals. Personnel Psychology, 39: 827-837.
170. Nathan, B. R., & Alexander, R. A. 1985. The role of inferential accuracy in performance rating. Academy of Management Review, 10: 109-115.
171. Nathan, B. R., & Tippins, N. 1990. The consequences of halo “error” in performance ratings: A field study of the moderating effect of halo on test validation results. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75: 290-296.
172. Northcraft, G. B., & Ashford, S. J. 1990. The preservation of self in everyday life: The effects of performance expectation and feedback context on feedback inquiry. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 47: 42-64.
173. Olian, J. D., & Rynes, S. L. 1984. Organizational staffing: Integrating practice with strategy. Industrial Relations, 23: 170-183.
174. Oliver, J. E. 1985. Performance appraisals that fit. Personnel Journal, June: 66-71.
175. Padgett, M. Y., & Ilgen, D. R. 1989. The impact of ratee performance characteristics on rater cognitive processes and alternative measures of rater accuracy. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 44: 232-260.
176. Pearce, J. L., & Porter, L. W. 1986. Employee responses to formal performance appraisal feedback. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71: 211-218.
177. Perry, J., & Petrakis, B. A. 1988. Part I - Developments in organizational performance. Can pay for performance succeed in government? Public Personnel Management, 17: 359-368.
178. Podsakoff, P. M., & Farh, J. L. 1989. Effects of feedback sign and credibility on goal setting and task performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 44: 45-67.
179. Pooyan, A., & Eberhardt, B. J. 1989. Correlates of performance appraisal satisfaction among supervisory and nonsupervisory employees. Journal of Business Research, 19: 215-226.
180. Prien, E. P., & Hughes, G. L. 1987. The effect of quality control revisions on mixed standard scale rating errors. Personnel Psychology, 40: 815-823.
181. Prince, J. B., & Lawler, E. E. 1986. Does salary discussion hurt the developmental performance appraisal? Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 37: 357-375.
182. Pulakos, E. D., Schmitt, N., & Ostroff, C. 1986. A warning about the use of a standard deviation across dimensions within ratees to measure halo. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71: 29-32.
183. Pulakos, E. D., White, L. A., Oppler, S. H., & Borman, W. C. 1989. Examination of race and sex effects on performance ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74: 770-780.
184. Reed, P. R., & Kroll, M. J. 1985. A two-perspective approach to performance appraisal. Personnel, October: 51-57.
185. Regel, R. W., & Hollmann, R. W. 1987. Gauging performance objectively. Personnel Administrator, June: 74-78.
186. Reinhardt, C. 1985. The state of performance appraisal: A literature review. Human Resource Planning, 8: 105-110.
187. Rodgers, T. J. 1990. No excuses management. Harvard Business Review, July-August: 84-98.
188. Romanoff, K. E. 1989. The ten commandments of performance management. Personnel, January: 24-28.
189. Rothstein, H. R. 1990. Interrater reliability of job performance ratings: Growth to asymptote level with increasing opportunity to observe. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75: 322-327.
190. Russell, J. S., & Goode, D. L. 1988. An analysis of managers' reactions to their own performance appraisal feedback. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73: 63-67.
191. Sackett, P. R., Zedeck, S., & Fogli, L. 1988. Relations between measures of typical and maximum job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73: 482-486.
192. Sahl, R. J. 1990. Design effective performance appraisals. Personnel Journal, October: 53-60.
193. Sandler, L. 1990. Two-sided performance reviews. Personnel Journal, January: 75-78.
194. Sankowsky, D. 1989. A psychoanalytic attributional model for subordinate poor performance. Human Resource Management, 28: 125-139.
195. Scherkenbach, W. W. 1985. Performance appraisal and quality: Ford's new philosophy. Quality Progress, April: 40-46.
196. Schmidt, F. L., Hunter, J. E., & Outerbridge, A. N. 1986. Impact of job experience and ability on job knowledge, work sample performance, and supervisory ratings of job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71: 432-439.
197. Schmitt, N., Noe, R. A., & Gottschalk, R. 1986. Using the lens model to magnify raters' consistency, matching, and shared bias. Academy of Management Journal, 29: 130-139.
198. Schneier, C. E. 1989. Capitalizing on performance management, recognition, and reward systems. Compensation and Benefits Review, 21: 20-30.
199. Schneier, C. E., Beatty, R. W., & Baird, L. S. 1986a. Creating a performance management system. Training and Development Journal, May: 74-79.
200. Schneier, C. E., Beatty, R. W., & Baird, L. S. 1986b. How to construct a successful performance appraisal system. Training and Development Journal, April: 38-42.
201. Schneier, C. E., Geis, A., & Wert, J. A. 1987. Performance appraisals: No appointment needed. Personnel Journal, November: 80-87.
202. Scholtes, P. R. 1987. An elaboration on Deming's teachings on performance appraisal. Madison, WI: Joiner Associates, Inc.
203. Schoorman, F. D. 1988. Escalation bias in performance appraisals: An unintended consequence of supervisor participation in hiring decisions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73: 58-62.
204. Schrader, A. W. 1989. MBO makes dollar sense. Personnel Journal, July: 32-37.
205. Schweiger, D. M., & Leana, C. R. 1986. Participation in decision making. In E. A. Locke (Ed.), Generalizingffrom laboratory tofield settings: 147-166. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
206. Shapiro, G. L., & Dessler, G. 1985. Are self appraisals more realistic among professionals or nonprofessionals in health care? Public Personnel Management, 14: 285-290.
207. Shore, L. M., & Thornton, G. C. 1986. Effects of gender on self and supervisory ratings. Academy of Management Journal, 29: 115-129.
208. Sims, R. R., Veres, J. G., & Heninger, S. M. 1987. Training appraisers: An orientation program for improving supervisory performance ratings. Public Personnel Management, 16: 37-46.
209. Slattery, P. D. 1985. Performance appraisal without stress. Personnel Journal, February: 49-52.
210. Smith, D. E. 1986. Training programs for performance appraisal: A review. Academy of Management Review, 11: 22-40.
211. Smither, J. W., Barry, S. R., & Reilly, R. R. 1989. An investigation of the validity of expert true score estimates in appraisal research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74: 143-151.
212. Smither, J. W., Collins, H., & Buda, R. 1989. When ratee satisfaction influences performance evaluations: A case of illusory correlation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74: 599-605.
213. Smither, J. W., & Reilly, R. R. 1987. True intercorrelation among job components, time delay in rating, and rater intelligence as determinants of accuracy in performance ratings. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 40: 369-391.
214. Smither, J. W., Reilly, R. R., & Buda, R. 1988. Effect of prior performance information on ratings of present performance: Contrast versus assimilation revisited. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73: 487-496.
215. Solomon, R. J. 1990. Developing job specific appraisal factors in large organizations. Public Personnel Management, 19: 11-24.
216. Srinivas, S., & Motowidlo, S. J. 1987. Effects of raters' stress on the dispersion and favorability of performance ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72: 247-251.
217. Steel, B. S. 1985. Participative performance appraisal in Washington: An assessment of post-implementation receptivity. Public Personnel Management, 14: 153-171.
218. Steel, R. P., & Mento, A. J. 1986. Impact of situational constraints on subjective and objective criteria of managerial job performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 37: 254-265.
219. Steiner, D. D., & Rain, J. S. 1989. Immediate and delayed primacy and recency effects in performance evaluation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74: 136-142.
220. Sulsky, L. M., & Balzer, W. K. 1988. Meaning and measurement of performance rating accuracy: Some methodological and theoretical concerns. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73: 497-506.
221. Tafti, P. M. 1990. Face to face. Training and Development Journal, November: 66-71.
222. Tenopyr, M. L. 1988. Artifactual reliability of forced-choice scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73: 749-751.
223. Thompson, D. E., & Thompson, T. A. 1985. Task-based performance appraisal for blue-collar jobs: Evaluation of race and sex effects. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70: 747-753.
224. Thorndike, R. L. (1949). Personnel selection: Test and measurement techniques. New York: Wiley.
225. Tsui, A. S., & Barry, B. 1986. Interpersonal affect and rating errors. Academy of Management Journal, 29: 586-599.
226. Vance, R. J., MacCallum, R. C., Coovert, M. D., & Hedge, J. W. 1988. Construct validity of multiple job performance measures using confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73: 74-80.
227. Vines, L. S. 1988. How's the boss doing? Human Resource Executive, May: 36-38.
228. Vinton, K. L. 1990. Documentation that gets results. Personnel, February: 42-46.
229. VonGlinow, M. A. 1985. Reward strategies for attracting, evaluating, and retaining professionals. Human Resource Management, 24: 191-206.
230. Vroom, V. H. 1964. Work and motivation. New York: Wiley and Sons.
231. Wagel, W. H. 1987. Performance appraisal with a difference. Personnel, February: 4-6.
232. Wagner, J. A., & Gooding, R. Z. 1987. Shared influence and organizational behavior: A meta-analysis of situational variables expected to moderate participation-outcome relationships. Academy of Management Journal, 30: 524-541.
233. Waldman, D. A., & Kenett, R. S. 1990. Improve performance by appraisal. HR Magazine, July: 66-69.
234. Waldman, D. A., Yammarino, F. J., & Avolio, B. J. 1990. A multiple level investigation of personnel ratings. Personnel Psychology, 43: 811-835.
235. Warrenfeltz, R. B. 1989. An achievement based approach to evaluating engineering technicians. Public Personnel Management, 18: 243-262.
236. Wayne, S. J., & Ferris, G. R. 1990. Influence tactics, affect, and exchange quality in supervisor-subordinate interactions: A laboratory experiment and field study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75: 487-499.
237. Wehrenberg, S. B. 1988. Train supervisors to measure and evaluate performance. Personnel Journal, February: 77-79.
238. Wexley, K. N., & Klimoski, R. 1984. Performance appraisal: An update. In K. M. Rowland & G. R. Ferris (Eds.), Research in personnel and human resources management, 2: 35-79. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
239. Wexley, K. N., & Snell, S. A. 1987. Managerial power: A neglected aspect of the performance appraisal interview. Journal of Business Research, 15: 45-54.
240. Wherry, R. J. 1983. Wherry's theory of rating. In F.L. Landy & J.L. Farr (Eds.), The measurement of work performance. Methods, theory, and applications: 283-303. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
241. Wight, D. T. 1985. The split role in performance appraisal. Personnel Administrator. May: 83-87.
242. Williams, K. J., Cafferty, T. P., & DeNisi, A. S. 1990. The effect of performance appraisal salience on recall and ratings. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 46: 217-239.
243. Williams, K. J., DeNisi, A. S., Blencoe, A. G., & Cafferty, T. P. 1985. The role of appraisal purpose: Effects of purpose on information acquisition and utilization. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 35: 314-339.
244. Williams, K. J., DeNisi, A. S., Meglino, B. M., & Cafferty, T. P. 1986. Initial decisions and subsequent performance ratings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71: 189-195.
245. Woods, J. G., & Dillion, T. 1985. The performance review approach to improving productivity. Personnel. March: 20-27.
246. Wyatt Company, The. 1989. Results of the 1989 Wyatt survey: Getting your hands around performance management. The Wyatt Communicator. Fourth Quarter: 4-18. Washington, DC: The Wyatt Company, Research and Information Center.
247. Zalesny, M. D. 1990. Rater confidence and social influence in performance appraisal. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75: 274-289.