Mindfulness-Related Traits Partially Mediate the Association Between Lifetime and Childhood Trauma Exposure and PTSD and Dissociative Symptoms in a Community Sample Assessed Online

Mindfulness

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 672-679

  Boughner, Emily ^a   Thornley, Elizabeth ^a   Kharlas, Daniel ^a   Frewen, Paul ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Dissociation; Meditation; Mindfulness; Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Indexed keywords

EID: 84965103049     PISSN: 18688527     EISSN: 18688535     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12671-016-0502-3     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
2. Arditte, K. A., Çek, D., Shaw, A. M., & Timpano, K. R. (2015). The importance of assessing clinical phenomena in Mechanical Turk Research. Psychological Assessment. doi:10.1037/pas0000217.
3. Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13, 27–45. doi:10.1177/1073191105283504.
4. Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., Sauer, S., Walsh, E., Duggan, D., & Williams, J. M. G. (2008). Construct validity of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire in meditating and nonmeditating samples. Assessment, 15(3), 329–342. doi:10.1177/1073191107313003.
5. Banks, K., Newman, E., & Saleem, J. (2015). An overview of the research on mindfulness-based interventions for treating symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71(10), 935–963. doi:10.1002/jclp.22200.
6. Baslet, G., & Hill, J. (2011). Case report: brief mindfulness-based psychotherapeutic intervention during inpatient hospitalization in a patient with conversion and dissociation. Clinical Case Studies, 10(2), 95–109. doi:10.1177/1534650110396359.
7. Blevins, C. A., Weathers, F. W., Davis, M. T., Witte, T. K., & Domino, J. L. (2015). The posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): development and initial psychometric evaluation. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28, 489–498. doi:10.1002/jts/22059.
8. Bohlmeijer, E., ten Klooster, P. M., Fledderus, M., Veehof, M., & Baer, R. (2011). Psychometric properties of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire in depressed adults and development of a short form. Assessment, 18(3), 308–320. doi:10.1177/1073191111408231.
9. Boon, S., Steele, K., & van der Hart, O. (2011). Coping with trauma- related dissociation: skills training for patients and therapists. New York: Norton.
10. Corrigan, F. M. (2002). Mindfulness, dissociation, EMDR and the anterior cingulate cortex: a hypothesis. Contemporary Hypnosis, 19, 8–17. doi:10.1002/ch.235.
11. de Bruin, E. I., Topper, M., Muskens, J. G. A. M., Bogels, S. M., & Kamphuis, J. H. (2012). Psychometric properties of the five facets mindfulness questionnaire (FFMQ) in a meditating and a non-meditating sample. Assessment, 19(2), 187–197. doi:10.1177/1073191112446654.
12. Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 14(4), 245–258.
13. Follette, V. M., Briere, J., Rozelle, D., Hopper, J. W., & Rome, D. I. (2015). Mindfulness-oriented interventions for trauma: integrating contemplative practices. New York: The Guilford Press.
14. Frewen, P., & Lanius, R. A. (2015). Healing the traumatized self: consciousness, neuroscience, treatment. New York: W. W Norton & Company.
15. Frewen, P. A., Dozois, D. J. A., Neufeld, R. W. J., & Lanius, R. A. (2012). Disturbances of emotional awareness and expression in posttraumatic stress disorder: meta-mood, emotion regulation, mindfulness, and interference of emotional expressiveness. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 4(2), 152–161. doi:10.1037/a0023114.
16. Frewen, P. A., Brown, M. F. D., Steuwe, C., & Lanius, R. A. (2015a). Latent profile analysis and principal axis factoring of the DSM-5 dissociative subtype. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6, 26406. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v6.26406.
17. Frewen, P., Rogers, N., Flodrowski, L., & Lanius, R. (2015b). Mindfulness and metta-based therapy (MMTT): initial development and proof-of-concept of an internet resource. Mindfulness, 6, 1322–1334. doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0402-y.
18. Frewen, P. A., Brown, M. F., D., & Lanius, R. A. (in press). Trauma-related dissociation and subtyping PTSD: altered states of consciousness and the 4-D model. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica.
19. Friedman, M. J., Resick, P. A., Bryant, R. A., & Brewin, C. R. (2010). Considering PTSD for DSM-5. Depression and Anxiety, 28, 750–769. doi:10.1002/da.20767.
20. Gold, S. N., & Seibel, S. L. (2009). Treating dissociation: a contextual approach. In P. F. Dell & J. A. O’Neil (Eds.), Dissociation and the dissociative disorders: DSM-V and beyond (pp. 625–636). New York: Routledge.
21. Grossman, P. (2008). On measuring mindfulness in psychosomatic and psychological research. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 64(4), 405–408. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.02.001.
22. Grossman, P. (2011). Defining mindfulness by how poorly I think I pay attention during everyday awareness and other intractable problems for psychology’s (re)invention of mindfulness, comment on Brown et al (2011). Psychological Assessment, 23(4), 1034–1040. doi:10.1037/a0022713.
23. Grossman, P., & Van Dam, N. T. (2011). Mindfulness, by any other name…: trials and tribulations of sati in western psychology and science. Contemporary Buddhism, 12(1), 219–239. doi:10.1080/14639947.2011.564841.
24. Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: a regression-based approach. New York: Guildford Press.
25. Kalill, K. S., Treanor, M., & Roemer, L. (2014). The importance of non-reactivity to posttraumatic stress symptoms: a case for mindfulness. Mindfulness, 5, 314–321. doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0182-6.
26. Karam, E. G., Friedman, M. J., Hill, E. D., Kessler, R. C., McLaughlin, K. A., & Koenen, K. C. (2014). Cumulative traumas and risk thresholds: 12-month PTSD in the World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. Depression and Anxiety, 31, 130–142. doi:10.1002/da.22169.
27. Kearney, D. J., McDermott, K., Malte, C., Martinez, M., & Simpson, T. L. (2012). Association of participation in a mindfulness program with measures of PTSD, depression, and quality of life in a veteran sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68(1), 101–116. doi:10.1002/jclp.20853.
28. Kharlas, D. A., & Frewen, P. (2016). Trait mindfulness correlates with individual differences in multisensory imagery vividness. Personality and Individual Differences, 93, 44–50. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.027.
29. Kilpatrick, D., Resnick, H., Milanak, M., Miller, M., & Friedman, M. (2013). National estimates of exposure to potentially traumatic events and PTSD prevalence using DSM-IV and proposed DSM-5 criteria. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26, 537–547. doi:10.1002/jts.21848.
30. Lang, A., Strauss, J., Bomyea, J., Bormann, J., Hickman, S., Good, R., & Essex, M. (2012). The theoretical and empirical basis for meditation as an intervention for PTSD. Behavior Modification, 36(6), 759–786. doi:10.1177/0145445512441200.
31. Lanius, R. A., Vermetten, E., Loewenstein, R. J., Brand, B., Schmahl, C., Bremner, J. D., & Spiegel, D. (2010). Emotion modulation in PTSD: clinical and neurobiological evidence for a dissociative subtype. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(6), 640–647. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09081168.
32. Lanius, R. A., Brand, B., Vermetten, E., Frewen, P. A., & Spiegel, D. (2012). The dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder: rationale, clinical and neurobiological evidence, and implications. Depression and Anxiety, 29(8), 701–708. doi:10.1002/da.21889.
33. McDonald, S. D., & Calhoun, P. S. (2010). The diagnostic accuracy of the PTSD Checklist: a critical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 976–987. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.06.012.
34. McLaughlin, K. A., Koenen, K. C., Friedman, M. J., Ruscio, A. M., Karam, E. G., Shahly, V., & Kessler, R. D. (2014). Subthreshold posttraumatic stress disorder in the World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. Biological Psychiatry, 77(4), 375–384. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.03.028.
35. Michal, M., Beutel, M. E., Jordan, J., Zimmerman, M., Wolters, S., & Heidenreich, T. (2007). Depersonalization, mindfulness, and childhood trauma. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195(8), 693–696. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e31811f4492.
36. Neziroglu, F., & Donnelly, K. (2013). Dissociation from an acceptance- oriented standpoint. In F. Kennedy, H. Kennerley, & D. Pearson (Eds.), Cognitive behavioural approaches to the understanding and treatment of dissociation (pp. 236–250). New York: Routledge.
37. Norris, F. H., & Sloan, L. B. (2014). Epidemiology or trauma and PTSD. In M. J. Friedman, T. M. Keane, & P. A. Resick (Eds.), Handbook of PTSD: science and practice (2nd ed., pp. 100–120). New York: Guilford.
38. Paolacci, G., & Chandler, J. (2014). Inside the Turk: understanding Mechanical Turk as a participant pool. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(3), 184–188. doi:10.1177/0963721414531598.
39. Schoorl, M., Van Mil-Klinkenberg, L., & Van Der Does, W. (2015). Mindfulness skills, anxiety sensitivity, and cognitive reactivity in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. Mindfulness, 6(5), 1004–1011. doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0346-7.
40. Shapiro, D. N., Chandler, J., & Mueller, P. A. (2013). Using Mechanical Turk to study clinical populations. Clinical Psychological Science, 1, 213–220. doi:10.1177/2167702612469015.
41. Sledjeski, E. M., Speisman, B., & Dierker, L. C. (2008). Does number of lifetime traumas explain the relationship between PTSD and chronic medical conditions? Answers from the national comorbidity survey-replication (NCS-R). Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 31(4), 341–349. doi:10.1007/s10865-008-9158-3.
42. Stein, D. J., McLaughlin, K. A., Koenen, K. C., Atwoli, L., Friedman, M. J., Hill, E. D., & Kessler, R. C. (2014). DSM-5 and ICD-11 definitions of posttraumatic stress disorder: investigating “narrow” and “broad” definitions. Depression and Anxiety, 31, 494–505. doi:10.1002/da.22279.
43. Thompson, R. W., Arnkoff, D. B., & Glass, C. R. (2011). Conceptualizing mindfulness and acceptance as components of psychological resilience to trauma. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 12(4), 220–235. doi:10.1177/1524838011416375.
44. Walach, H., Buchheld, N., Buttenmüller, V., Kleinknecht, N., & Schmidt, S. (2006). Measuring mindfulness-the Freiberg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI). Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 1543–1555. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.025.
45. Weathers, F. W., Blake, D. D., Schnurr, P. P., Kaloupek, D. G., Marx, B. P., & Keane, T. M. (2013a). The Life Events Checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5). Instrument available from the National Center for PTSD at www.ptsd.va.gov.
46. Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Keane, T. M., Palmieri, P. A., Marx, B. P., & Schnurr, P. P. (2013b). The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 Scale available from the National Center for PTSD (PCL-5). Scale available from the National Center for PTSD at www.ptsd.va.gov.
47. Zerubavel, N., & Messman-Moore, T. L. (2013). Staying present: incorporating mindfulness into therapy for dissociation. Mindfulness, 6(2), 303–314. doi:10.1007/s12671-013-0261-3.
48. Zimering, R., Gulliver, S. B., Knight, J., Munroe, J., & Keane, T. M. (2006). Posttraumatic stress disorder in disaster relief workers following direct and indirect trauma exposure to ground zero. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19(4), 553–557. doi:10.1002/jts.20143.