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Colantonio and Dixon [65] divide social sustainability into 10 dimensions: demographic change (ageing, migration, and mobility); education and skills, sense of place, and culture; participation, empowerment, and access; social capital; social mixing and cohesion; and wellbeing, happiness, and quality of life. Together they use these elements to determine the state of social conditions in a community. In this paper we focus on social capital, which also includes sense of place and culture, participation, empowerment, wellbeing, happiness, and quality of life. Other indicators were included in the local context and urban shrinkage indicators, see the conceptual framework in Figure 2.
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We look at population decline, ageing, and economic transformation as a context of this study and explore how people experience this and how it impacts their social capital
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We look at population decline, ageing, and economic transformation as a context of this study and explore how people experience this and how it impacts their social capital.
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74
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In this study we look at history, geographical characteristics, national context, local policies, and regeneration strategies
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Informal networks refer to unregulated exchanges among people
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Formal networks often refer to associations with clearly defined structures, demonstrated by the belonging to or membership of an organization
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Informal participation refers to social participation (without a "written contract"). Informal networks refer to unregulated exchanges among people. Formal networks often refer to associations with clearly defined structures, demonstrated by the belonging to or membership of an organization.
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85
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Also referred to as civic action
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Also referred to as civic action.
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In this paper we refer to Heerlen as a shrinking city. Due to its size, in terms of population (see Table 1) one could argue that the concept of town would fit better to describe the scale of Heerlen. However, we mostly refer to it as a shrinking city to place it more appropriately in the international urban shrinkage debate
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In this paper we refer to Heerlen as a shrinking city. Due to its size, in terms of population (see Table 1) one could argue that the concept of town would fit better to describe the scale of Heerlen. However, we mostly refer to it as a shrinking city to place it more appropriately in the international urban shrinkage debate.
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89
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However, the meaning of "medium-sized" depends on the scale one uses. In the Dutch context [91], as well as in the context of many European shrinking urban areas, cities with population of 50,000 to 100,000 inhabitants can be perceived as medium-sized
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Giffinger, et al. [90] defined "medium-sized" cities on a European scale as city regions of less than 500,000 inhabitants. However, the meaning of "medium-sized" depends on the scale one uses. In the Dutch context [91], as well as in the context of many European shrinking urban areas, cities with population of 50,000 to 100,000 inhabitants can be perceived as medium-sized.
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[90] defined "medium-sized" cities on a European scale as city regions of less than 500,000 inhabitants
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The state is represented by policy-makers, the market by entrepreneurs and civil society by citizens
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The state is represented by policy-makers, the market by entrepreneurs and civil society by citizens.
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104
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Interviews were conducted with 18 citizens with different roles and demographic characteristics (four of whom were entrepreneurs) and six policy-makers (two of whom were citizens of Heerlen)
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Interviews were conducted with 18 citizens with different roles and demographic characteristics (four of whom were entrepreneurs) and six policy-makers (two of whom were citizens of Heerlen).
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105
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According to relevant background indicators as defined in social capital studies
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According to relevant background indicators as defined in social capital studies.
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World Bank Institute: Washington, DC, USA
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With regard to age, gender, and socio economic status (based on income, education, and occupation)
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With regard to age, gender, and socio economic status (based on income, education, and occupation).
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110
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The first author
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The first author.
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Based on the operationalization of concepts from Section 2
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Based on the operationalization of concepts from Section 2.
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In four (out of 23) neighborhoods the population grew
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In four (out of 23) neighborhoods the population grew.
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121
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The quotes in this study are used to illustrate the interviewees' knowledge of everyday life. They are therefore not meant to be generalizable
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The quotes in this study are used to illustrate the interviewees' knowledge of everyday life. They are therefore not meant to be generalizable.
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It deals with transformation in a physical sense but also addresses transition in thinking and entrepreneurship
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while the best ideas are rewarded with financial support
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IBA Parkstad is a project initiated for the transformation of the Parkstad area. It deals with transformation in a physical sense but also addresses transition in thinking and entrepreneurship. Everyone is invited to participate with project ideas (organizations and citizens), while the best ideas are rewarded with financial support.
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Everyone is invited to participate with project ideas (organizations and citizens)
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Radar is an organization that works with people with disabilities
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Radar is an organization that works with people with disabilities.
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In the words of our interviewees: many old people on the street, empty shops in the city center, empty homes in certain neighborhoods, Ntc
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In the words of our interviewees: many old people on the street, empty shops in the city center, empty homes in certain neighborhoods, Ntc.
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