메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 163, Issue , 2016, Pages 126-133

Nationwide increase in hospitalizations for heroin-related soft tissue infections: Associations with structural market conditions

Author keywords

Black tar heroin; Drug markets; Heroin; Injection drug use; Soft tissue infection; Structural risk environment

Indexed keywords

DIAMORPHINE; NARCOTIC AGENT;

EID: 84964863204     PISSN: 03768716     EISSN: 18790046     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.04.009     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (106)

References (66)
  • 1
    • 63049104099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (from Rockville, MD)
    • Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Introduction to the HCUP Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) 2008, (from Rockville, MD). http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/db/nation/nis/NIS_2008_INTRODUCTION.pdf.
    • (2008) Introduction to the HCUP Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS)
  • 3
    • 0036184074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clostridial myonecrosis cluster among injection drug users: a molecular epidemiology investigation
    • Bangsberg D.R., Rosen J.I., Aragon T., Campbell A., Weir L., Perdreau-Remington F. Clostridial myonecrosis cluster among injection drug users: a molecular epidemiology investigation. Arch. Intern. Med. 2002, 162:517-522. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve%26db=PubMed%26dopt=Citation%26list_uids=11871919.
    • (2002) Arch. Intern. Med. , vol.162 , pp. 517-522
    • Bangsberg, D.R.1    Rosen, J.I.2    Aragon, T.3    Campbell, A.4    Weir, L.5    Perdreau-Remington, F.6
  • 5
    • 84893708081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population Denominator Data for Use with the HCUP Databases (Updated with 2013 Population Data)
    • HCUP Methods Series Report # 2014-02 ONLINE. August 18, 2014. U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
    • Barrett, M., Lopez Gonzalez, L., Coffey, R., Levit, K., 2014. Population Denominator Data for Use with the HCUP Databases (Updated with 2013 Population Data). HCUP Methods Series Report # 2014-02 ONLINE. August 18, 2014. U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Available: . http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/methods/methods.jsp.
    • (2014)
    • Barrett, M.1    Lopez Gonzalez, L.2    Coffey, R.3    Levit, K.4
  • 6
    • 0034115981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High prevalence of abscesses and cellulitis among community-recruited injection drug users in San Francisco
    • Binswanger I.A., Kral A.H., Bluthenthal R.N., Rybold D.J., Edlin B.R. High prevalence of abscesses and cellulitis among community-recruited injection drug users in San Francisco. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2000, 30:579-581. 10.1086/313703.
    • (2000) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.30 , pp. 579-581
    • Binswanger, I.A.1    Kral, A.H.2    Bluthenthal, R.N.3    Rybold, D.J.4    Edlin, B.R.5
  • 7
    • 57549103366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug users seeking emergency care for soft tissue infection at high risk for subsequent hospitalization and death
    • Binswanger I.A., Takahashi T.A., Bradley K., Dellit T.H., Benton K.L., Merrill J.O. Drug users seeking emergency care for soft tissue infection at high risk for subsequent hospitalization and death. J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs 2008, 69:924-932. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18925351.
    • (2008) J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs , vol.69 , pp. 924-932
    • Binswanger, I.A.1    Takahashi, T.A.2    Bradley, K.3    Dellit, T.H.4    Benton, K.L.5    Merrill, J.O.6
  • 8
    • 0034119211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of syringe exchange use on high-risk injection drug users: a cohort study
    • Bluthenthal R.N., Kral A.H., Gee L., Erringer E.A., Edlin B.R. The effect of syringe exchange use on high-risk injection drug users: a cohort study. AIDS 2000, 14:605-611. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10780722.
    • (2000) AIDS , vol.14 , pp. 605-611
    • Bluthenthal, R.N.1    Kral, A.H.2    Gee, L.3    Erringer, E.A.4    Edlin, B.R.5
  • 9
    • 77954515029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling the effect of high dead-space syringes on the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic among injecting drug users
    • Bobashev G.V., Zule W.A. Modeling the effect of high dead-space syringes on the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic among injecting drug users. Addiction 2010, 105:1439-1447. 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02976.x.
    • (2010) Addiction , vol.105 , pp. 1439-1447
    • Bobashev, G.V.1    Zule, W.A.2
  • 11
    • 84969247454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Price and purity analysis for illicit drug: data and conceptual issues
    • Caulkins J.P. Price and purity analysis for illicit drug: data and conceptual issues. Health Serv. Res. 2005, 25.
    • (2005) Health Serv. Res. , vol.25
    • Caulkins, J.P.1
  • 12
    • 0029639818 scopus 로고
    • Wound botulism-California, 1995
    • Center for Disease Control and Prevention Wound botulism-California, 1995. MMWR 1995, 44:889-892.
    • (1995) MMWR , vol.44 , pp. 889-892
  • 13
    • 0345060328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explaining the geographical variation of HIV among injection drug users in the United States
    • Ciccarone D., Bourgois P. Explaining the geographical variation of HIV among injection drug users in the United States. Subst. Use Misuse 2003, 38:2049-2063.
    • (2003) Subst. Use Misuse , vol.38 , pp. 2049-2063
    • Ciccarone, D.1    Bourgois, P.2
  • 14
    • 84942195895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire in the vein: heroin acidity and its proximal effect on users' health
    • Epub 2015 Apr 17
    • Ciccarone D., Harris M. Fire in the vein: heroin acidity and its proximal effect on users' health. Int. J. Drug Policy 2015, 26(11):1103-1110. Epub 2015 Apr 17. 10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.04.009.
    • (2015) Int. J. Drug Policy , vol.26 , Issue.11 , pp. 1103-1110
    • Ciccarone, D.1    Harris, M.2
  • 16
    • 0035816028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soft tissue infections among injection drug users-San Francisco, California, 1996-2000
    • Ciccarone D., Bamberger J., Kral A., Hobart C.J., Moon A., Edlin B.R., et al. Soft tissue infections among injection drug users-San Francisco, California, 1996-2000. JAMA 2001, 285:2707-2709.
    • (2001) JAMA , vol.285 , pp. 2707-2709
    • Ciccarone, D.1    Bamberger, J.2    Kral, A.3    Hobart, C.J.4    Moon, A.5    Edlin, B.R.6
  • 17
    • 67651111684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of South American heroin on the US heroin market 1993-2004
    • Ciccarone D., Unick G.J., Kraus A. Impact of South American heroin on the US heroin market 1993-2004. Int. J. Drug Policy 2009, 20:392-401. 10.1016/j.drugpo.2008.12.001.
    • (2009) Int. J. Drug Policy , vol.20 , pp. 392-401
    • Ciccarone, D.1    Unick, G.J.2    Kraus, A.3
  • 18
    • 59749098109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heroin in brown, black and white: structural factors and medical consequences in the US heroin market
    • Ciccarone D. Heroin in brown, black and white: structural factors and medical consequences in the US heroin market. Int. J. Drug Policy 2009, 20:277-282. 10.1016/j.drugpo.2008.08.003.
    • (2009) Int. J. Drug Policy , vol.20 , pp. 277-282
    • Ciccarone, D.1
  • 19
    • 84929377866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abuse-deterrent formulations and the prescription opioid abuse epidemic in the United States: lessons learned from oxycontin
    • Cicero T.J., Ellis M.S. Abuse-deterrent formulations and the prescription opioid abuse epidemic in the United States: lessons learned from oxycontin. JAMA Psychiatry 2015, 72:424-430. 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.3043.
    • (2015) JAMA Psychiatry , vol.72 , pp. 424-430
    • Cicero, T.J.1    Ellis, M.S.2
  • 20
    • 84863677170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of abuse-deterrent formulation of oxycontin
    • Cicero T.J., Ellis M.S., Surratt H.L. Effect of abuse-deterrent formulation of oxycontin. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012, 367:187-189. 10.1056/NEJMc1204141.
    • (2012) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.367 , pp. 187-189
    • Cicero, T.J.1    Ellis, M.S.2    Surratt, H.L.3
  • 21
    • 0022709050 scopus 로고
    • Bacteremia in narcotic addicts at the Detroit Medical Center I. Microbiology, epidemiology, risk factors, and empiric therapy
    • Crane L.R., Levine D.P., Zervos M.J., Cummings G. Bacteremia in narcotic addicts at the Detroit Medical Center I. Microbiology, epidemiology, risk factors, and empiric therapy. Rev. Infect. Dis. 1986, 8:364-373. (Retrieved from). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve%26db=PubMed%26dopt=Citation%26list_uids=3636987.
    • (1986) Rev. Infect. Dis. , vol.8 , pp. 364-373
    • Crane, L.R.1    Levine, D.P.2    Zervos, M.J.3    Cummings, G.4
  • 23
    • 33846188994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Initiation into pharmaceutical opioids and patterns of misuse: preliminary qualitative findings obtained by the Ohio Substance Abuse Monitoring Network
    • Daniulaityte R., Carlson R.G., Kenne D.R. Initiation into pharmaceutical opioids and patterns of misuse: preliminary qualitative findings obtained by the Ohio Substance Abuse Monitoring Network. J. Drug Issues 2006, 36:787-809.
    • (2006) J. Drug Issues , vol.36 , pp. 787-809
    • Daniulaityte, R.1    Carlson, R.G.2    Kenne, D.R.3
  • 25
    • 34250361867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Necrotizing fasciitis: manifestations, microbiology and connection with black tar heroin
    • Dunbar N.M., Harruff R.C. Necrotizing fasciitis: manifestations, microbiology and connection with black tar heroin. J. Forensic Sci. 2007, 52:920-923. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve%26db=PubMed%26dopt=Citation%26list_uids=17524065.
    • (2007) J. Forensic Sci. , vol.52 , pp. 920-923
    • Dunbar, N.M.1    Harruff, R.C.2
  • 26
    • 0036736644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skin and soft tissue infections in injection drug users
    • Ebright J., Pieper B. Skin and soft tissue infections in injection drug users. Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. 2002, 16:697-712. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve%26db=PubMed%26dopt=Citation%26list_uids=12371123.
    • (2002) Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. , vol.16 , pp. 697-712
    • Ebright, J.1    Pieper, B.2
  • 27
    • 84877263363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abscess and self-treatment among injection drug users at four California syringe exchanges and their surrounding communities
    • Fink D.S., Lindsay S.P., Slymen D.J., Kral A.H., Bluthenthal R.N. Abscess and self-treatment among injection drug users at four California syringe exchanges and their surrounding communities. Subst. Use Misuse 2013, 48:523-531. 10.3109/10826084.2013.787094.
    • (2013) Subst. Use Misuse , vol.48 , pp. 523-531
    • Fink, D.S.1    Lindsay, S.P.2    Slymen, D.J.3    Kral, A.H.4    Bluthenthal, R.N.5
  • 28
    • 27644575186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial infections in drug users
    • Gordon R.J., Lowy F.D. Bacterial infections in drug users. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005, 353:1945-1954. 10.1056/NEJMra042823.
    • (2005) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.353 , pp. 1945-1954
    • Gordon, R.J.1    Lowy, F.D.2
  • 29
    • 0036893103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expanding harm reduction services through a wound and abscess clinic
    • Grau L.E., Arevalo S., Catchpool C., Heimer R. Expanding harm reduction services through a wound and abscess clinic. Am. J. Public Health 2002, 92:1915-1917. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve%26db=PubMed%26dopt=Citation%26list_uids=12453808.
    • (2002) Am. J. Public Health , vol.92 , pp. 1915-1917
    • Grau, L.E.1    Arevalo, S.2    Catchpool, C.3    Heimer, R.4
  • 30
    • 84860551989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Venous access and care: harnessing pragmatics in harm reduction for people who inject drugs
    • Harris M., Rhodes T. Venous access and care: harnessing pragmatics in harm reduction for people who inject drugs. Addiction 2012, 107:1090-1096. 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03749.x.
    • (2012) Addiction , vol.107 , pp. 1090-1096
    • Harris, M.1    Rhodes, T.2
  • 31
    • 0036847826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Care of injection drug users with soft tissue infections in San Francisco, California
    • Harris H.W., Young D.M. Care of injection drug users with soft tissue infections in San Francisco, California. Arch. Surg. 2002, 137:1217-1222. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12413304.
    • (2002) Arch. Surg. , vol.137 , pp. 1217-1222
    • Harris, H.W.1    Young, D.M.2
  • 32
    • 84958116119 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Not in the vein: 'missed hits', subcutaneous and intramuscular injections and associated harms among people who inject psychoactive drugs in Bristol, United Kingdom
    • Hope V.D., Parry J.V., Ncube F., Hickman M. Not in the vein: 'missed hits', subcutaneous and intramuscular injections and associated harms among people who inject psychoactive drugs in Bristol, United Kingdom. Int. J. Drug Policy 2016, 28:83-90. 10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.11.003.
    • (2016) Int. J. Drug Policy , vol.28 , pp. 83-90
    • Hope, V.D.1    Parry, J.V.2    Ncube, F.3    Hickman, M.4
  • 33
    • 1542469782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Should the DEA's STRIDE data be used for economic analyses of markets for illegal drugs?
    • Horowitz J.L. Should the DEA's STRIDE data be used for economic analyses of markets for illegal drugs?. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 2001, 96:1254-1262. (Retrieved from). http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-1542469782%26partnerID=40%26md5=c1e6b3c4f63fc1ee93dc35f6ea7afd31.
    • (2001) J. Am. Stat. Assoc. , vol.96 , pp. 1254-1262
    • Horowitz, J.L.1
  • 34
    • 0030994136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of needle-exchange programmes for prevention of HIV infection
    • Hurley S.F., Jolley D.J., Kaldor J.M. Effectiveness of needle-exchange programmes for prevention of HIV infection. Lancet 1997, 349:1797-1800. 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)11380-5.
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.349 , pp. 1797-1800
    • Hurley, S.F.1    Jolley, D.J.2    Kaldor, J.M.3
  • 36
    • 58249134529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for developing a cutaneous injection-related infection among injection drug users: a cohort study
    • Lloyd-Smith E., Wood E., Zhang R., Tyndall M.W., Montaner J.S., Kerr T. Risk factors for developing a cutaneous injection-related infection among injection drug users: a cohort study. BMC Public Health 2008, 8:405. 10.1186/1471-2458-8-405.
    • (2008) BMC Public Health , vol.8 , pp. 405
    • Lloyd-Smith, E.1    Wood, E.2    Zhang, R.3    Tyndall, M.W.4    Montaner, J.S.5    Kerr, T.6
  • 37
    • 84896093906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Every 'never' I ever said came true: transitions from opioid pills to heroin injecting
    • Mars S.G., Bourgois P., Karandinos G., Montero F., Ciccarone D. Every 'never' I ever said came true: transitions from opioid pills to heroin injecting. Int. J. Drug Policy 2014, 25:257-266. 10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.10.004.
    • (2014) Int. J. Drug Policy , vol.25 , pp. 257-266
    • Mars, S.G.1    Bourgois, P.2    Karandinos, G.3    Montero, F.4    Ciccarone, D.5
  • 39
    • 84890442721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The good-enough science-and-politics of anthropological collaboration with evidence-based clinical research: four ethnographic case studies
    • Messac L., Ciccarone D., Draine J., Bourgois P. The good-enough science-and-politics of anthropological collaboration with evidence-based clinical research: four ethnographic case studies. Soc. Sci. Med. 2013, 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.04.009.
    • (2013) Soc. Sci. Med.
    • Messac, L.1    Ciccarone, D.2    Draine, J.3    Bourgois, P.4
  • 41
    • 84908024581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug Availability Estimates in the United States, 2001-2006
    • Office of Drug Control Policy, 2012. Drug Availability Estimates in the United States, 2001-2006.
    • (2012)
  • 43
    • 34249005244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of intravenous drug use on quality of life for patients with venous ulcers
    • Palfreyman S.J., Tod A.M., King B., Tomlinson D., Brazier J.E., Michaels J.A. Impact of intravenous drug use on quality of life for patients with venous ulcers. J. Adv. Nurs. 2007, 58:458-467. 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04251.x.
    • (2007) J. Adv. Nurs. , vol.58 , pp. 458-467
    • Palfreyman, S.J.1    Tod, A.M.2    King, B.3    Tomlinson, D.4    Brazier, J.E.5    Michaels, J.A.6
  • 44
    • 0032542698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wound botulism associated with black tar heroin among injecting drug use rs
    • Passaro D.J., Werner S.B., McGee J., Mac Kenzie W.R., Vugia D.J. Wound botulism associated with black tar heroin among injecting drug use rs. JAMA 1998, 279:859-863. (Retrieved from). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9516001.
    • (1998) JAMA , vol.279 , pp. 859-863
    • Passaro, D.J.1    Werner, S.B.2    McGee, J.3    Mac Kenzie, W.R.4    Vugia, D.J.5
  • 45
    • 84868144927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hooked on prescription-type opiates prior to using heroin: results from a survey of syringe exchange clients
    • Peavy K.M., Banta-Green C.J., Kingston S., Hanrahan M., Merrill J.O., Coffin P.O. Hooked on prescription-type opiates prior to using heroin: results from a survey of syringe exchange clients. J. Psychoact. Drugs 2012, 44:259-265. 10.1080/02791072.2012.704591.
    • (2012) J. Psychoact. Drugs , vol.44 , pp. 259-265
    • Peavy, K.M.1    Banta-Green, C.J.2    Kingston, S.3    Hanrahan, M.4    Merrill, J.O.5    Coffin, P.O.6
  • 46
    • 77950279992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk practices associated with bacterial infections among injection drug users in Denver, Colorado
    • Phillips K.T., Stein M.D. Risk practices associated with bacterial infections among injection drug users in Denver, Colorado. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 2010, 36:92-97. 10.3109/00952991003592311.
    • (2010) Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse , vol.36 , pp. 92-97
    • Phillips, K.T.1    Stein, M.D.2
  • 47
    • 35349001131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Injection drug use-an understudied cause of venous disease
    • Pieper B., Kirsner R.S., Templin T.N., Birk T.J. Injection drug use-an understudied cause of venous disease. Arch. Dermatol. 2007, 143:1305-1309. 10.1001/archderm.143.10.1305.
    • (2007) Arch. Dermatol. , vol.143 , pp. 1305-1309
    • Pieper, B.1    Kirsner, R.S.2    Templin, T.N.3    Birk, T.J.4
  • 50
    • 77952482144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An outbreak of infection with Bacillus anthracis in injecting drug users in Scotland
    • Ramsay C.N., Stirling A., Smith J., Hawkins G., Brooks T., Hood J., Penrice G., Browning L.M., Ahmed S., on behalf of the NHS GGC, on behalf of the Scottish National Outbreak Control Teams An outbreak of infection with Bacillus anthracis in injecting drug users in Scotland. Euro Surveill. 2010, 15(2). Available online: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?
    • (2010) Euro Surveill. , vol.15 , Issue.2
    • Ramsay, C.N.1    Stirling, A.2    Smith, J.3    Hawkins, G.4    Brooks, T.5    Hood, J.6    Penrice, G.7    Browning, L.M.8    Ahmed, S.9
  • 51
    • 59649103586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk environments and drug harms: a social science for harm reduction approach
    • Rhodes T. Risk environments and drug harms: a social science for harm reduction approach. Int. J. Drug Policy 2009, 20:193-201. 10.1016/j.drugpo.2008.10.003.
    • (2009) Int. J. Drug Policy , vol.20 , pp. 193-201
    • Rhodes, T.1
  • 52
    • 84907835391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wounds on wheels: implementing a specialized wound clinic within an established syringe exchange program in Baltimore, Maryland
    • Robinowitz N., Smith M.E., Serio-Chapman C., Chaulk P., Johnson K.E. Wounds on wheels: implementing a specialized wound clinic within an established syringe exchange program in Baltimore, Maryland. Am. J. Public Health 2014, 104:2057-2059. 10.2105/Ajph.2014.302111.
    • (2014) Am. J. Public Health , vol.104 , pp. 2057-2059
    • Robinowitz, N.1    Smith, M.E.2    Serio-Chapman, C.3    Chaulk, P.4    Johnson, K.E.5
  • 53
    • 84892986458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The entry of Colombian-sourced heroin into the US market: the relationship between competition, price, and purity
    • Rosenblum D., Unick G.J., Ciccarone D. The entry of Colombian-sourced heroin into the US market: the relationship between competition, price, and purity. Int. J. Drug Policy 2014, 25:88-95. 10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.10.003.
    • (2014) Int. J. Drug Policy , vol.25 , pp. 88-95
    • Rosenblum, D.1    Unick, G.J.2    Ciccarone, D.3
  • 54
    • 0036278617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social influences on the transition to injection drug use among young heroin sniffers: a qualitative analysis
    • Sherman S.G., Smith L., Laney G., Strathdee S.A. Social influences on the transition to injection drug use among young heroin sniffers: a qualitative analysis. Int. J. Drug Policy 2002, 13:113-120. 10.1016/S0955-3959(02)00010-5.
    • (2002) Int. J. Drug Policy , vol.13 , pp. 113-120
    • Sherman, S.G.1    Smith, L.2    Laney, G.3    Strathdee, S.A.4
  • 55
    • 58249133814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessing care for injection-related infections through a medically supervised injecting facility: qualitative study
    • Small W., Wood E., Lloyd-Smith E., Tyndall M., Kerr T. Accessing care for injection-related infections through a medically supervised injecting facility: qualitative study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008, 98:159-162. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.05.014.
    • (2008) Drug Alcohol Depend. , vol.98 , pp. 159-162
    • Small, W.1    Wood, E.2    Lloyd-Smith, E.3    Tyndall, M.4    Kerr, T.5
  • 56
    • 84931335405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-care and risk reduction habits in older injection drug users with chronic wounds: a cross-sectional study
    • Smith M.E., Robinowitz N., Chaulk P., Johnson K.E. Self-care and risk reduction habits in older injection drug users with chronic wounds: a cross-sectional study. Harm Reduct. J. 2014, 11:28. 10.1186/1477-7517-11-28.
    • (2014) Harm Reduct. J. , vol.11 , pp. 28
    • Smith, M.E.1    Robinowitz, N.2    Chaulk, P.3    Johnson, K.E.4
  • 57
    • 0030273105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human immunodeficiency virus infection and other risk factors for skin abscesses and endocarditis among injection drug users
    • (PMID: 8826995)
    • Spijkerman I.J., v.A E., Mientjes G.H., Coutinho R.A., van den Hoek A. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and other risk factors for skin abscesses and endocarditis among injection drug users. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 1996, 49:1149-1154. (PMID: 8826995).
    • (1996) J. Clin. Epidemiol. , vol.49 , pp. 1149-1154
    • Spijkerman I.J.V.A, E.1    Mientjes, G.H.2    Coutinho, R.A.3    van den Hoek, A.4
  • 60
    • 34250373761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of hospitalization for injection drug users seeking care for soft tissue infections
    • Takahashi T.A., Baerstein A., Binswanger I., Bradley K., Merrill J.O. Predictors of hospitalization for injection drug users seeking care for soft tissue infections. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 2007, 22:382-388.
    • (2007) J. Gen. Intern. Med. , vol.22 , pp. 382-388
    • Takahashi, T.A.1    Baerstein, A.2    Binswanger, I.3    Bradley, K.4    Merrill, J.O.5
  • 61
    • 78149362514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • US hospitalizations and costs for illicit drug users with soft tissue infections
    • Takahashi T.A., Maciejewski M.L., Bradley K. US hospitalizations and costs for illicit drug users with soft tissue infections. J. Behav. Health Serv. Res. 2010, 37:508-518. 10.1007/s11414-009-9177-z.
    • (2010) J. Behav. Health Serv. Res. , vol.37 , pp. 508-518
    • Takahashi, T.A.1    Maciejewski, M.L.2    Bradley, K.3
  • 62
    • 33644913646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neutral heroin impurities from tetrahydrobenzylisoquinoline alkaloids
    • Toske S.G., Cooper S.D., Morello D.R., Hays P.A., Casale J.F., Casale E. Neutral heroin impurities from tetrahydrobenzylisoquinoline alkaloids. J. Forensic Sci. 2006, 51:308-320. (Retrieved from). http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00057.x/asset/j.1556-4029.2006.00057.x.pdf?v=1%26t=hri4mq70%26s=77a88e6d51e848c6305d4e415ff0e33a99ed5878.
    • (2006) J. Forensic Sci. , vol.51 , pp. 308-320
    • Toske, S.G.1    Cooper, S.D.2    Morello, D.R.3    Hays, P.A.4    Casale, J.F.5    Casale, E.6
  • 63
    • 0345318811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Mexican Heroin Trade
    • (DEA-20014).
    • US Drug Enforcement Administration, 2000. The Mexican Heroin Trade. (DEA-20014).
    • (2000)
  • 64
    • 84873541197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intertwined epidemics: national demographic trends in hospitalizations for heroin- and opioid-related overdoses, 1993-2009
    • Unick G.J., Rosenblum D., Mars S., Ciccarone D. Intertwined epidemics: national demographic trends in hospitalizations for heroin- and opioid-related overdoses, 1993-2009. PLoS One 2013, 8:e54496. 10.1371/journal.pone.0054496.
    • (2013) PLoS One , vol.8 , pp. e54496
    • Unick, G.J.1    Rosenblum, D.2    Mars, S.3    Ciccarone, D.4
  • 65
    • 84908024802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between US heroin market dynamics and heroin-related overdose, 1992-2008
    • Unick G., Rosenblum D., Mars S., Ciccarone D. The relationship between US heroin market dynamics and heroin-related overdose, 1992-2008. Addiction 2014, 109:1889-1898. 10.1111/add.12664.
    • (2014) Addiction , vol.109 , pp. 1889-1898
    • Unick, G.1    Rosenblum, D.2    Mars, S.3    Ciccarone, D.4
  • 66
    • 0034822075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unexplained deaths among injection drug users: a case of probable Clostridium myonecrosis
    • Williamson N., Archibald C., Van Vliet J.S. Unexplained deaths among injection drug users: a case of probable Clostridium myonecrosis. CMAJ 2001, 165:609-611. (Retrieved from). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11563214.
    • (2001) CMAJ , vol.165 , pp. 609-611
    • Williamson, N.1    Archibald, C.2    Van Vliet, J.S.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.