A statistical framework for monitoring forest elephants

Natural Resource Modeling

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 89-134

  Walsh, Peter D ^a   Thibault, Marc ^b   Mihindou, Yves ^b   Idiata, Daniel ^b,c   Mbina, Christian ^b   White, Lee J T ^d  

^a World Wildlife Fund ^*  (United States)

^b WORLD WILDLIFE FUND   (United States)

^c Faune et de la Chasse   (Gabon)

^d WILDLIFE CONSERVATION SOCIETY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84964559158     PISSN: 08908575     EISSN: 19397445     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-7445.2000.tb00029.x     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. H. Akaike [1985], Prediction and Entropy, in A Celebration of Statistics (A.C. Atkinson and S.E. Feinberg, eds.), Springer Verlag, Berlin.
2. R.F.W. Barnes [1989], The Poor Man's Guide to Counting Elephants, Unpublished Report.
3. R.F.W. Barnes, M. Agnagna, M.P.T. Alers, A. Blom, G. Doungoube, M. Fay, T. Masunda, J.C. Ndo Nkoumou, C. Sikubwabo Kiyengo and M. Tchamba [1993], Elephants and Ivory Poaching in the Forests of Equatorial Africa, Oryx 27, 27–34.
4. R.F.W. Barnes, B. Asamoah-Boateng, J.Naada Majam and J. Agyei-Ohemeng, [1997], Rainfall and the Population Dynamics of Elephant Dung Piles in the Forests of Southern Ghana, African J. of Ecology 35, 39–52.
5. R.F.W. Barnes, K. Barnes, M.P.T. Alers, and A. Blom [1991], Man Determines the Distribution of Elephants in the Rainforests of Northeastern Gabon, African J. of Ecology 29, 54–63.
6. R.F.W. Barnes, A. Blom and M.P.T. Alers [1995a], A Review of the Status of Forest Elephants Loxodonta africana in Central Africa, Biological Conservation 71, 125–132.
7. R.F.W. Barnes, A. Blom, M.P.T. Alers and K.L. Barnes [1995b], An Estimate of the Numbers of Forest Elephants in Gabon, J. of Tropical Ecology 11, 27–37.
8. R.F.W. Barnes and I. Douglas-Hamilton [1982], The Numbers and Distribution Patterns of Large Mammals in the Ruaha-Rungwa Area of Southern Tanzania, J. of Applied Ecology 19, 411–425.
9. R.F.W. Barnes and K.L. Jensen [1987], How to Count Elephants in Forests, IUCN African Elephant and Rhino Specialist Group Tech. Bulletin 1, 1–6.
10. R.F.W. Barnes and E.B. Kapela [1991], Changes in the Ruaha Elephant Population Caused by Poaching, African J. of Ecology 29, 289–294.
11. S.T. Buckland, D.R. Anderson, K.P. Burnham and J.L. Laake [1993], Distance Sampling: Estimating the Abundance of Biological Populations, Chapman & Hall, London.
12. R.W. Burn and F.M. Underwood [2000], Statistical Aspects of Sampling Populations of Forest Elephants, Natural Resource Modeling 13 (2000), 9–24.
13. K.P. Burnham and D.R. Anderson [1992], Data-Based Selection of an Appropriate Biological Model: The Key to Modern Data Analysis, in Wildlife 2001: Populations (D.R. McCullough, R.H. Barret, eds.), Elsevier Sci. Publ., London, 16–30.
14. K.P. Burnham and D.R. Anderson [1998], Model Selection and Inference: A Practical Information Theoretic Approach Springer-Verlag, New York.
15. K.P. Burnham, D.P. Anderson and J.L. Laake [1980], Estimation of Density from Line Transect Sampling of Biological Populations, Wildlife Monograph 72.
16. P.C. Carlin and T.A. Louis [1996], Bayes and Empirical Bayes Methods of Data Analysis, Chapman & Hall, New York.
17. R. Carroll [1988], Elephants of the Dzangha-Sangha Dense Forest of Southwestern Central African Republic, Pach yderm 10, 12–15.
18. G. Caughley, H. Dublin and I. Parker [1990], Projected Decline of the African Elephant, Biological Conservation 54, 157–164.
19. N.A.C. Cressie [1993], Statistics for Spatial Data, Wiley and Sons, New York.
20. W.G. Cumberland and R.M. Royall [1988], Does Simple Random Sampling Provide Adequate Balance ?, J. of the Royal Statistical Society 50, 118–24.
21. I. Douglas-Hamilton [1971], Radiotracking of Elephants, in Symposium of Bio-telemetry, CSIR, Pretoria.
22. I. Douglas-Hamilton [1987], African Elephants: Population Trends and their Causes, Oryx 21, 11–24.
23. I. Douglas-Hamilton and A. Burrill [1991], Using Carcass Ratios to Determine Population Trends, in African Wildlife: Research and Management, International Council of Scientific Unions, 98–105.
24. H.T. Dublin and H. Jachmann [1992], The Impact of the Ivory Ban on Illegal Hunting of Elephants in Six Range States in Africa, WWF International, Gland.
25. H.T. Dublin, T. Milliken and R.F.W. Barnes [1995], Fo u r Years a f te r th e C I TE S Ban: Illegal Hunting of Elephants, in Ivory Trade and Stockpiles, Report of th e IUCN/SSC African Elephant Specialists Group.
26. L.L. Eberhardt [1978], Appraising Variability in Population Studies, J. of Wildlife Management 42, 207–238.
27. J.M. Fay [1991], A Population Survey of Elephants Loxodonta africana cyclotis in the Forests of Central African Republic, J. of Tropical Ecology 7, 25–36.
28. J.M. Fay and M. Agnagna [1991], A Population Survey of Forest Elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) in Northern Congo, African J. of Ecology 29, 177–187.
29. J.M. Fay and M. Agnagna [1993], Elephants and Ivory in the Congo Basin since the Ban: the Lull before the Storm Pachyderm 16, 51–58.
30. J.S. Hall, I. Bila-Isia, E.A. Williamson, I. Omari, C. Sikuwabo and L.J.T. White [1997], A Survey of Elephants (Loxodonta africana) in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park Lowland Sector and Adjacent Forest in Eastern Zaire, African J. of Ecology 35, 213–223.
31. E.H. Isaaks and R.M. Srivastava [1989], Applied Geostatistics, Oxford University Press, New York.
32. IUCN/SSC African and Asian Elephants Specialist Groups [1998], Proposal for Establishing a Long Term System for Monitoring of Illegal Killing of Elephants.
33. H. Jachmann [1991], Evaluation of 4 Survey Methods for Estimating Elephant Densities, African J. of Ecology 29, 188–195.
34. H. Jachmann, P.S.M. Berry and H. Imae [1995], Tusklessness in African Elephants a Future Trend, African J. of Ecology 33, 230–235.
35. H. Jachmann and M. Billouw [1997], Elephant Poaching and Law Enforcement in the Central Luangwa Valley, Zambia, J. Applied Ecology 34, 233–244.
36. S. Karlin and H.M. Taylor [1981], A Second Course in Stochastic Processes, Academic Press, New York.
37. N. Leader-Williams [1993], The Cost of Conserving Elephants, Pach yderm 17, 30–34.
38. N. Leader-Williams, S.D. Albon, and P.S.M. Berry [1990], Illegal Exploitation of Black Rhinoceros and Elephant Populations: Patterns of Decline, Law Enforcement and Patrol Effort in Luangwa Valley, Zambia, J. Applied Ecology 27, 1055–1087.
39. M. Lindeque and P.M. Lindeque [1991], Satellite Tracking of Elephants in Northwestern Namibia, African J. of Ecology 29, 196–206.
40. F. Michelmore, K. Beardsley, R.F.W. Barnes and I. Douglas-Hamilton [1994], A Model Illustrating the Changes in Forest Elephant Numbers Caused by Poaching, African J. of Ecology 32, 89–99.
41. R.M. Royall [1997], Statistical Evidence: A Likelihood Paradigm, Ch apman & Hall, New York.
42. R.M. Royall and W.G. Cumberland [1981a], An Empirical Study of the Ratio Estimator and Estimators of its Variance, J. of the Amer. Statistical Society 78, 66–77.
43. R.M. Royall and W.G. Cumberland [1981b], The Finite-Population Linear Regression Estimator and Estimators of its Variance an Empirical Study, J. of th e Amer. Statistical Society 78, 924–931.
44. R.M. Royall and D. Pfefferman [1982], Balanced Samples and Robust Bayesian Inference in Finite Population Sampling, Biometrika 69, 401–409.
45. M.Y. Said, R.N. Chunge, G.C. Craig, C.R. Thouless, R.F.W. Barnes and H.T. Dublin [1995], African Elephant Database 1995, IUCN/SSC, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, U.K.
46. C.-E. Sarndal [1978], Design-Based and Model-Based Inference in Survey Sampling, Scandinavian J. of Statistics 5, 27–52.
47. R.R. Sokal and F.J. Rohlf [1995], Biometry, 3rd ed., Freeman, New York.
48. K.A.K. Stromayer and A. Ekobo [1992], The Distribution and Number of Forest Dwelling Elephants in Extreme Southeastern Cameroun, Pach yderm 15, 9–14.
49. M.N. Tchamba [1992], Defaecation by the African Forest Elephant Loxodonta africana cyclotis in the Santchou Reserve, Cameroun, Mammalia 56, 155–158.
50. M.N. Tchamba, H. Bauer and H.H. DeIongh [1995], Application of VHF-Radio and Satellite Telemetry Techniques on Elephants in Northern Cameroon, African J. of Ecology 33, 335–346.
51. S.K. Thompson [1992], Sampling, Wiley, New York.
52. S.K. Thompson and G.A.F. Seber [1996], Adaptive Sampling, Wiley, New York.
53. C.R. Thouless [1995], Long Distance Movements of Elephants in Northern Kenya, African J. of Ecology 33, 321–334.
54. C.R. Thouless [1996], Home Ranges and Social Organization of Female Elephants in Northern Kenya, African J. of Ecology 34, 284–297.
55. A. Turkalo and M. Fay [1995], Studying Forest Elephants by Direct Observation: Preliminary Results from the Dzanga Clearing, Central African Republic, Pach y-derm 20, 45–54.
56. H. Van Leeuwe and A. Gautier-Hion [1998], Forest Elephant Paths and Movements at the Odzala National Park, Congo: The Role of Clearings and Marantaceae Fo re s ts, African J. of Ecology 36, 174–182.
57. P.D. Walshand, L.J.T. White [1999], What It Will Take to Monitor Forest Elephant Populations, Conservation Biology 13, 1194–1202.
58. P.D. Walsh, L.J.T. White, C. Mbina, D. Idiata, I. Mihindou, and M. Thibault [in review], Estimates of Forest Elephant Abundance: Projecting the Relationship between Precision and Effort, J. of Applied Ecology.
59. D. Western, C.J. Moss and N. Georgiadis [1983], Age Estimation and Population Age Structure from Footprint Dimensions, J. of Wildlife Management 47, 1192–1197.
60. L.J.T. White [1995], Factors Affecting the Duration of Elephant Dung Piles in Rain Forest in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon, African J. of Ecology 33, 142–150.