Rigid polyurethane foams

Polymeric Foams: Mechanisms and Materials

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 253-310

  Grunbauer H J M ^a   Bicerano, J ^b   Clavel, P ^c   Daussin, R D ^d   de Vos, H A ^a   Elwell, M J ^b   Kawabata, H ^e   Kramer, H ^a   Latham, D D ^d   Martin, C A ^d   Moore, S E ^d   Obi, B C ^d   Parenti, V ^f   Schrock, A K ^d   van den Bosch, R ^a  

^a DOW BENELUX B V   (Netherlands)

^b DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY   (United States)

^c DOW EUROPE GMBH   (Switzerland)

^d Polyurethanes RandD   (United States)

^e Dow Chemical Japan Ltd   (Japan)

^f Dow Italia SRI   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84964482870     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (181)

1. Oertel, G., ed., Polyurethanes Handbook, 1st ed., Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, 1985.
2. Woods, G., The ICI Polyurethanes Book, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987.
3. Gum, W.F., Riese, W. and Ulrich, H., eds., Reaction Polymers Chemistry: Technology, Applications, Markets, 1st ed., Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, 1992.
4. Grünbauer, H.J.M., Rigid polyurethane foams, in Polymeric Materials Encyclopaedia, vol. 10, ed. J.C. Salamone, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1996, 7504-7512.
5. Smits, G.F. and Thoen, J.A., J. Therm. Insul., 14, 81, 1990.
6. Lewis, K.M., Kijak, I. and Reuter, K.B., J. Cell. Plast., 32, 235, 1996.
7. Britton, D.J., Cell. Polym., 8, 125, 1989.
8. Dämmstoffe im Hochbau (Insulation Materials in Buildings), Information for Builders, Architects and Engineers, Wirschaftsministerium Baden-Würtenberg, Stuttgart, 1999.
9. Steildachdämmung mit Polyurethan-Hartschaumstoff (Pitched Roof Insulation with Rigid Polyurethane Foam), IVPU, Stuttgart, 1995.
10. European Thermal Insulation Markets: The Current and Future Prospects for Polyurethane, UTECH 2000 (Urethanes Technology), Crain Communications Ltd, London, 2000.
11. Rowland, F.S., Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 42, 731, 1991.
12. Tominaga, T., Pure Appl. Chem., 64, 529, 1992.
13. Graber, M., Mutisya, G., and Mulumba, M.A., eds., Production and Consumption of Ozone Depleting Substances under the Montreal Protocol 1986-2000, UNEP, Nairobi, 2002.
14. Skochdopole, R.E., Chem. Eng. Prog., 57, 55, 1961.
15. Collishaw, P.G. and Evans J.R.G., J. Mat. Sci., 29, 486, 1994.
16. Glicksman, L.R. and Torpey, M., Polyurethanes 87, Proceedings of the SPI, 30th Annual Conference, 80, 1987.
17. King, J.A., Latham, D.D., and Martin, C.A., Polyurethane Expo 2001, Proceedings of the Alliance for the Polyurethane Industry, 473, 2001.
18. Barton, A.F.M., Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1983.
19. Koschade, R., Die Sandwichbauweise (How to Build a Steel Sandwich), Ernst & Sohn, Berlin, 2000.
20. Troitzsch, J., International Plastics Flammability Handbook, 2nd ed., Hanser Verlag, Munich, 1990.
21. SPE 13823 (en): Reaction to fire tests for building products-Building products excluding floorings exposed to the thermal attack by a single burning item, ICS 13.220.50, Nederlands Normalisatie Instituut (NEN), Delft, 2000.
22. Ward, E.R., Chem. Britain, 15, 297, 1979.
23. Ingold, C.K., Structure and Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 1969.
24. Haber, F., Z. Elektrochem., 22, 506, 1898.
25. Janssen, H.J., Kruithof, A.J., Steghuis, G.J., and Westerterp, K.R., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 29, 754, 1990.
26. Wagner, E.C., J. Org. Chem., 19, 1862, 1954.
27. Richter, R.H. and Priester, Jr., R.D., Isocyanates, organic, in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, vol. 14, 4th ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1995, 902-934.
28. Iben, H., Kattanek, S., Backhauss, L., Welschinger, B., Gansera, B., Loeschau, S., and Meyer, A., French Patent 2,325,637, 1997.
29. Zaby, G., Judat, H., Boonstra, R., De Vos, S., Eckermann, R.W., and Humburger, S., German Patent 3,744,001, 1998.
30. Zaby, G., Judat, H., Humburger, S., De Vos, S., and Eckermann, R.W., German Patent 3,736,988, 1989.
31. Ohlinger, R., Schnez, H., Pfannenstiehl, L., Blumberg, B., and Raabe, H.J., U.S. Patent 4,581,174, 1986.
32. Richter, R. and Ulrich, H., Tetrahedron Lett., 22, 1875, 1974.
33. Thiele, L. and Becker, R., Adv. Urethane Sci. Technol., 12, 59, 1993.
34. Kanner, B. and Decker, T.G., J. Cell. Plast., 5, 32, 1969.
35. Vincent, B., in Surfactants, ed. T.F. Tadros, Academic Press, London, 1984.
36. Grüning, B. and Koerner, G., Tenside Surf. Det., 26, 313, 1989.
37. Hostettler, F., German patent 1,091,324, 1960.
38. Sandridge, R.L., Morecroft, A.S., Hardy, E.E., and Saunders, J.H., J. Chem. Eng. Data, 5, 495, 1960.
39. Hill, R.M., ed., Silicone Surfactants, Surfactant Science Series, vol. 86, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1999.
40. Owen, M.J., in Surfactants in Solution, vol. 6, ed. K.L. Mittal and P. Bothorel, Plenum Press, New York, 1986.
41. Owen, M.J. and Kendrick, T.C., Macromolecules, 3, 458, 1970.
42. Kendrick, T.C. et al., J. Colloid Interface Sci., 24, 135, 1967.
43. Kendrick, T.C. and Owen, M.J., Chem. Phys. Appl. Praat. Surface (Spain) 5th ed., 2, 57, 1968.
44. Schmidt, G., Tenside Surf. Det., 27, 324, 1990.
45. Haluska, L.A., U.S. patent 2,868,824, 1956.
46. Boudreau, R.J., Mod. Plast., 44, 133, 1967.
47. Lee, L.J., Ottino, J.M., Ranz, W.E., and Macosko, C.W., Polym. Eng. Sci., 20, 868, 1980.
48. Kolodziej, P., Macosko, C.W., and Ranz, W.E., Polym. Eng. Sci., 22, 388, 1982.
49. Kolodziej, P., Yang, W.P., Macosko, C.W., and Welinghoff, S.T., J. Polymer Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys., 24, 2359, 1986.
50. Molnar, J.A. Jr. and Lee, L.J., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 37, 2295, 1989.
51. Nelson, M. and Lee, L.J., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 37, 251, 1989.
52. Manas-Zloczower, I. and Macosko, C.W., Polym. Eng. Sci., 28, 1219, 1988.
53. Richter, E.B. and Macosko, C.W., Polym. Eng. Sci., 18, 1012, 1978.
54. Tucker, C.L. and Suh, N.P., Polym. Eng. Sci., 20, 875, 1980.
55. Baser, S.A., Shetty, D.G., and Khakhar, D.V., Polym. Eng. Sci., 33, 1611, 1993.
56. Fields, S.D., Thomas, E.L., and Ottino, J.M., Polymer, 27, 1423, 1986.
57. Wickert, P.D., Macosko, C.W., and Ranz, W.E., Polymer, 28, 1105, 1987.
58. Machuga, S.C., Midje, H.L., Peanasky, J.S., Macosko, C.W., and Ranz, W.E., AIChE. J., 34, 1057, 1988.
59. Rojas, A.J., Marciano, J.H., and Williams, R.J., Polym. Eng. Sci., 22, 840, 1982.
60. Baser, S.A. and Khakhar, D.V., Polym. Eng. Sci., 34, 632, 1994.
61. Baser, S.A. and Khakhar, D.V., Polym. Eng. Sci., 34, 642, 1994.
62. Basile, G., Musso, E., Tesser, R., and Di Serio, M., Cell. Polym., 13, 98, 1994.
63. Williams, D.J., Bogdan, M.C., Parker, R.C., and Knopeck, G.M., J. Cell. Plast., 33, 238, 1997.
64. Singh, S.N., Burns, S.B., and Costa, J.S., Cell. Polym., 16, 444, 1997.
65. Biesmans, G., Colman, L., and Vandensande, R., J. Coll. Int. Sci., 140, 199, 1998.
66. Hager, S.L., Craig, T.A., Jorgenson, M.W., Artevia, L.D., and Macosko, C.W., J. Cell. Plast., 30, 44, 1994.
67. Grünbauer, H.J.M., Thoen, J.A., Folmer, J.C.W., and van Lieshout, H.C., J. Cell. Plast., 28, 36, 1992.
68. Han, J.H. and Han, C.D., J. Polym. Sci., 28, 743, 1990.
69. Grünbauer, H.J.M., Broos, J.A.F., Thoen, J.A., Smits, G.F., Lehnert, A.B., and Hoenke, M.S., Polyurethanes 92, Proceedings of SPI 34th Annual Conference, 1990, 36, 1992.
70. Grünbauer, H.J.M., Cell. Polym., 14, 366, 1995.
71. Pitzer, K.S. and Brewer, L., Thermodynamics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1961.
72. Volkert, O., Polyurethanes 91, Proceedings of SPI/ISOPA World Congress, 1991, 740, 1991.
73. Modesti, M., Adriani, V., and Simioni, F., Polym. Eng. Sci., 40, 2046, 2000.
74. Vaze, N. and Khakhar, D.V., in Macromolecules: Current Trends, vol. 2, ed. S. Venkatachalam, Allied Publishers, New Delhi, 1995.
75. Niyogi, D., Kumar, R., and Gandhi, K.S., AIChE J., 38, 1170, 1992.
76. Niyogi, D., Kumar, R., and Gandhi, K.S., Polym. Eng. Sci., 39, 199, 1999.
77. Latham, D.D., J. Cell. Plast., 34, 124, 1998.
78. Smits, G.F. and Grünbauer, H.J.M., U.S. Patent 4,945,119, 1990.
79. Grünbauer, H.J.M. and Smits, G.F., U.S. Patent 4,972,003, 1990.
80. van Stralen, S. and Cole, R., Boiling Phenomena, vol. 1, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1979.
81. Smits, G.F., Proceedings of UTECH 1994 Conference, The Hague, paper 19, 1994.
82. Smits, G.F. and Thoen, J.A., U.S. Patent 5,250,579, 1993.
83. Smits, G.F., Cini, G., Grünbauer, H.J.M., and Broos, J.A.F., U.S. Patent 5,721,284, 1998.
84. Owen, M.J., Kendrick, T.C., Kingston, B.M., and Lloyd, N.C., J. Coll. Int. Sci., 24, 141, 1967.
85. Wurtz, A., C.R. Hebd. Seances Acad. SCI, 27, 241, 1848.
86. Bayer, O., Angew. Chemie, A59, 257, 1947.
87. Van Gheluwe, P. and Leroux, J., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 28, 2053, 1983.
88. Hébrard, M.J. and Laroux, J., Anal. Instrum., 15, 201, 1986.
89. Lovering, E.G. and Laidler, K.J., Can. J. Chem., 40, 26, 1962.
90. Pinner, S.H., Plastics (London), 11, 206, 215, 1947.
91. Cooper, W., Pearson, R.W., and Darke, S., Ind. Chem., 3, 121, 1960.
92. Sayigh, A.A.R., Ulrich, H., and Farissey, W.J., Diisocyanates, in Condensation Monomers, ed. J.K. Stille and T.W. Campbell, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1972.
93. Richter, R. and Ulrich, H., Synthesis and preparative applications of isocyanates, in The Chemistry of Cyanates and Their Thio Derivatives, Part 2, ed. S. Patai, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1977.
94. Dillon, J.G., Infrared Spectroscopic Atlas of Polyurethanes, Technomic, Lancaster, PA, 1989.
95. Jennings, R., J. Cell. Plast., 5, 159, 1969.
96. Rowton, R.L., J. Cell. Plast., 16, 287, 1980.
97. van Thuyne, A. and Zeegers, B., J. Cell. Plast., 14, 150, 1978.
98. Jianqiu, Y., Jianyuan, Z., Dening, W., Chunpu, H., Shengkang, Y., Yiou, C., Yufu, C., Ziqian, X., Jin, S., and Yin, W.J., J. Cell. Plast., 26, 39, 1990.
99. Artevia, L.D., Macosko, C.W., Priester, R.D., Jr., Schrock, A.K., and Turner, R.B., Proceedings of SPI/ISOPA World Congress 1991, 509, 1991.
100. Baser, S.A. and Khakhar, D.V., J. Cell. Plast., 29, 280, 1993.
101. Mora, E., Artavia, L.D., and Macosko, C.W., J. Rheol., 35, 921, 1991.
102. Carrierre, C.J., Bank, D.H., and Christenson, C.P., Polym. Eng. Sci., 32, 426, 1992.
103. Carrierre, C.J., Bank, D.H., and Christenson, C.P., Mater. Eng., 9, 743, 1995.
104. Lipshitz, S.D. and Macosko, C.W., Polym. Eng. Sci., 16, 803, 1976.
105. Bessette, M.D. and Sundstrom, D.W., Polym. Process Eng., 3, 25, 1985.
106. Nabata, Y., Mamada, A., and Yamasaki, H., J. Appl. Polym. Sc., 35, 155, 1988.
107. Kostrzewski, W., J. Cell. Plast., 21, 424, 1985.
108. Kostrzewski, W. and Lindt, J.T., J. Polym. Eng., 16, 187, 1986.
109. Corfield, M., UTECH Asia ‘99 Conference Book of Papers, science and testing paper1/11, 1999.
110. Jones, S.A., Scott, K.W., Willoughby, B.G., and Sheard, E.A., J. Cell. Plast., 38, 285, 2002.
111. Webb, D.D., Proceedings of SPI 28th Annual Conference, 2, 1984.
112. Matusik, F.J. and Nelson, D.W., U.S. patent 4,488,427, 1984.
113. Fitzgerald, J.V., Matusik, F.J., Nelson, D.W., and Schrag, J.L., U.S. Patent 4,754,640, 1988.
114. McClusky, J.V., O’Neill, R.E., Priester, R.D., Jr., and Ramsey, W.A., J. Cell. Plast., 30, 224, 1994.
115. Zhang, X.D., Giles, D.W., Barocas, V.H., Yasunaga, K., and Macosko, C.W., J. Rheol., 42, 871, 1998.
116. Ferry, J.D., Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1980.
117. Marciano, J.H., Rojas, A, and Williams, R.J.J., Polymer, 23, 1489, 1982.
118. McClusky, J.V., Priester, R.D., Jr., O'Neill, R.E., Turner, R., Harthcock, M.A., and Davis, B.L., J. Cell. Plast., 26, 346, 1990.
119. Peng, S., Jackson, P., Sendijarevic, V., Frisch, K.C., Prentice, G.A., and Fuchs, A., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 77, 374, 2000.
120. Grünbauer, H.J.M. and Thoen, J.A., Proceedings of SPI 33rd Annual Technical and Marketing Conference, 318, 1990.
121. Grünbauer, H.J.M., Folmer, J.C.W., van Lieshout, H.C., Lidy, W., and Thoen, J.A. Polym. Prep., 32, 517, 1991.
122. Grünbauer, H.J.M. and Folmer, J.C.W., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 54, 935, 1994.
123. Megat-Yusoff, P.S., Ph.D. thesis, Victoria University of Manchester, 1996.
124. Turner, R.B., Spell, H.L., and Wilkes, G.L., Proceedings of SPI 28th Annual Technical and Marketing Conference, 244, 1988.
125. Armistead, J. P., Turner, R.B., and Wilkes, G.L., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 35, 601, 1988.
126. Creswick, M.L., Lee, K.D., Turner, R.B., and Huber, L.M., Proceedings of SPI 28th Annual Technical and Marketing Conference, 11, 1985.
127. Artavia, L.D., Ph.D. thesis, University of Minnesota, 1991.
128. Mora, E., M.Sc. dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1991.
129. Elwell, M.J.A., Ph.D. thesis, Victoria University of Manchester, 1993.
130. Neff, R., Ph.D. thesis, University of Minnesota, 1995.
131. Li, W., Ph.D. thesis, University of Sheffield, 2002.
132. Wilkes, G.L., Abouzhar, S., and Radovich, D., J. Cell. Plast., 19, 248, 1983.
133. Avnir, D., ed., The Fractal Approach to Heterogeneous Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1989.
134. Schaefer, D.W., Bunker, B.C., and Wilcoxon, J.P., Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A., 423, 35, 1989.
135. Feder, J., Fractals, Plenum Press, New York, 1989.
136. Harrison, A., Fractals in Chemistry, Oxford Science Publications, Oxford, 1995.
137. Kaiser, T., Polym. Sci., 373, 14, 1989.
138. Smits, G.F. and Thoen, J.A., J. Cell. Plast., 29, 57, 1993.
139. Buist, J.M., Doherty, D.J., and Hurd, R., Urethane rigid foams: factors affecting their behaviour as thermal insulants, in Progress in Refrigerator Science and Technology, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1963.
140. Schuetz, M.A. and Glicksman, L.R., J. Cell. Plast., 20, 114, 1984.
141. Glicksman, L.R., Cell. Polym., 10, 276, 1991.
142. Cunningham, A., Jeffs, G.M.F., Rosbotham, I.D., and Sparrow, D.J., Cell. Polym., 7, 1, 1988.
143. Eeckhaut, G. and Cunningham, A., J. Cell. Plast., 32, 528, 1996.
144. Chung-jen Tseng, Yamaguchi, M., and Ohmori, T., Cryogenics, 37, 305, 1997.
145. Jhy-Wen Wu, Wen-Fa Sung, and Hsin-Sen Chu, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 42, 2211, 1999.
146. Gluck, D.G., Soukup, T.G., and Moore, W.J., U.S. patent 4,795,763, 1989.
147. Fleurent, H., Cell. Polym., 13, 419, 1994.
148. Fleurent, H. and Thijs, S., J. Cell. Plast., 31, 580, 1995.
149. Yourd, R.A., J. Cell. Plast., 32, 601, 1996.
150. Daems, D., Rosbotham, D., Singh, S.N., and Franco, M.V., J. Cell. Plast., 32, 485, 1996.
151. Svanström, M. and Ramnäs, O., J. Cell. Plast., 32, 159, 1996.
152. Singh, S.N., Biesmans, G., Karramans, M., and Randall, D., J. Cell. Plast., 34, 75, 1998.
153. Crank, J., The Mathematics of Diffusion, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993.
154. Cuddihy, E.F., J. Cell. Plast., 12, 114, 1976.
155. Cuddihy, E.F. and Moacanin, J., J. Cell. Plast., 3, 73, 1967.
156. Bhattacharjee, D. and Booth, J.R., J. Cell. Plast., 31, 244, 1995.
157. Norton, F.J., J. Cell. Plast., 3, 23, 1967.
158. Brandreth, D.A. and Ingersoll, H.G., J. Cell. Plast., 16, 134, 1980.
159. Page, M.C. and Glicksman, L.R., J. Cell. Plast., 28, 268, 1992.
160. Du Cauze de Nazelle, G.M.R., Ph.D. thesis, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands, 1995.
161. Cunningham, A., Rosbotham, I.D., and Sparrow, D.J., Cell. Polym., 9, 367, 1990.
162. Svanström, M. and Ramnäs, O., J. Cell. Plast., 31, 375, 1995.
163. Svanström, M., Ramnäs, O., Olsson, M., and Jarfelt, U., Cell. Polym., 16, 182, 1997.
164. Bart, G.C.J. and du Cauze de Nazelle, G.M.R., J. Cell. Plast., 29, 29, 1993.
165. Boscoletto, A.B. and Cellarosi, B., Cell. Polym., 10, 263, 1991.
166. Isberg, J., Ph.D. thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, Götenburg, Sweden, 1988.
167. Ball, G.W., Healy, W.G., and Partington, J.B., Eur. J. Cell. Plast., 1, 50, 1978.
168. Ball, G.W., Cell. Polym., 13, 434, 1994.
169. Roux, G., Tramblay, G., and Venuti, G., Cell. Polym., 9, 278, 1990.
170. Ball, G.W., Cell. Polym., 16, 110, 1997.
171. Biesmans, G., De Vos, R., and Rosbotham, I.D., Cell. Polym., 13, 292, 1994.
172. Biesmans, G., Karremans, M., Randall, D., and Singh, S.N., J. Cell. Plast., 34, 349, 1998.
173. Albrecht, W. and Zehendner, H., Cell. Polym., 16, 35, 1997.
174. Albrecht, W., Cell. Polym., 19, 319, 2000.
175. IVPU Joint Project, Cell. Polym., 10, 470, 1991.
176. Grünbauer, H.J.M., Cikut, L., Haworth, G.J., and Beerwart, A., J. Cell. Plast., 33, 140, 1997.
177. Kaplan, W.A. and Tabor, R.L., J. Cell. Plast., 30, 243, 1994.
178. Christman, D.L. and Reichel, C.J., J. Cell. Plast., 32, 82, 1996.
179. Moore, S.E., J. Cell. Plast., 30, 494, 1994.
180. Nichols, J.B., Bhattacharjee, D., Moreno, O., and Mirasol, S., J., Cell. Plast., 32, 139, 1996.
181. Kucukpinar, E. Proceedings of UTECH 2003 Conference, The Hague, 2003.