Burgeoning double burden of tuberculosis and diabetes in India: Magnitude of the problem - Strategies and solutions

Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health

Volumn 2, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 107-116

  Sharma, Preety ^a   Visnegarwala, Fehmida ^a   Tripathi, Vinay ^a  

^a Institute of Health Management Research   (India)

Author keywords

Co epidemics; Co management; Diabetes mellitus; India; Tuberculosis

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; COHORT ANALYSIS; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SURVEILLANCE; EPIDEMIC; HUMAN; INDIA; INFECTION RISK; MASS SCREENING; NUTRITIONAL HEALTH; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP; STRATEGIC PLANNING; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT PLANNING; TUBERCULOSIS; TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL;

EID: 84964265998     PISSN: None     EISSN: 22133984     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2013.03.002     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. WHO Global Tuberculsosis Control: WHO Report 2011 2011, Available at:, Accessed 1.11.12. http://apps.who.int/ghodata.
2. Wild S., Roglic G., Green A., Sicree R., King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 2004 May, 27(5):1047-1053.
3. Jeon C.Y., Murray M.B. Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of active tuberculosis: a systematic review of 13 observational studies. PLoS Med 2008 Jul 15, 5(7):e152.
4. Chadha V.K., Kumar P., Jagannatha P.S., Vaidyanathan P.S., Unnikrishnan K.P. Average annual risk of tuberculous infection in India. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2005 Jan, 9(1):116-118.
5. Joint Tuberculosis Programme Review 2003, World Health Organization, Regional Office for South East Asia, New Delhi.
6. RNTCP TB India 2011, RNTCP: Annual Status Report 2011, Available at:, Accessed 1.11.12. http://www.tbcindia.org.
7. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision 2009, Available at:, Accessed CD-ROM Edition, 2012. http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf.
8. The IDF Diabetes Atlas: A Summary of the Figures and Key Findings 2011, International Diabetes Federation, Available at:, Accessed 1.10.12. http://www.idf.org/.../The%20IDF%20Diabetes%20Atlas%205, 5th ed.
9. National Health Profile 2010(Chapter 3) 2010, Available at:, Accessed 1.11.12. http://cbhidghs.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkfile/file1012.pdf.
10. Sen T., Joshi S.R., Udwadia Z.F. Tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus: merging epidemics. J.Assoc Physicians India 2009 May, 57:399-404.
11. Zimmet P.Z., McCarty D.J., de Courten M.P. The global epidemiology of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome. J Diabetes Complications 1997 Mar-Apr, 11(2):60-68.
12. Mohan V., Ramachandran A., Snehalatha C., Mohan R., Bharani G., Viswanathan M. High prevalence of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) among Indians. Diabetes Care 1985, 8(4):371-374.
13. Ramachandran A., Snehalatha C., Kapur A., et al. High prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in India: national urban diabetes survey. Diabetologia 2001, 44(9):1094-1101.
14. Mohan V.P.R. Epidemiology of diabetes in different regions of India. Health Administrator 2009, XXII(1&2):1-8.
15. Mohan V., Mathur P., Deepa R., et al. Urban rural differences in prevalence of self-reported diabetes in India-the WHO-ICMR Indian NCD risk factor surveillance. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008, 80(1):159-168.
16. Ramachandran A. Epidemiology of diabetes in India-three decades of research. J Assoc Physicians India 2005, 53:34-38.
17. Ali M.K., Narayan K.M., Mohan V. Innovative research for equitable diabetes care in India. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2009, 86(3):155-167.
18. Sadikot S.M., Nigam A., Das S., et al. The burden of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in India using the ADA 1997 criteria: prevalence of diabetes in India study (PODIS). Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2004, 66(3):293-300. Diabetes India.
19. Pearson T.A. Education and income: double-edged swords in the epidemiologic transition of cardiovascular disease. Ethn Dis 2003, 13(2 suppl 2):S158-S163.
20. Ghaffar A., Reddy K.S., Singhi M. Burden of non-communicable diseases in South Asia. BMJ 2004, 328(7443):807-810.
21. Dixon B. Diabetes and tuberculosis: an unhealthy partnership. Lancet Infect Dis 2007, 7(7):444.
22. Goldhaber-Fiebert J.D., Jeon C.Y., Cohen T., Murray M.B. Diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis in countries with high tuberculosis burdens: individual risks and social determinants. Int J Epidemiol 2011, 40(2):417-428.
23. Dooley K.E., Chaisson R.E. Tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus: convergence of two epidemics. Lancet Infect Dis 2009, 9(12):737-746.
24. Stevenson C.R., Forouhi N.G., Roglic G., et al. Diabetes and tuberculosis: the impact of the diabetes epidemic on tuberculosis incidence. BMC Public Health 2007, 7:234.
25. Anjana R.M., Pradeepa R., Deepa M., et al. Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance) in urban and rural India: phase I results of the Indian Council of Medical Research-INdia DIABetes (ICMR-INDIAB) study. Diabetologia 2011, 54(12):3022-3027. ICMR-INDIAB Collaborative Study Group.
26. Viswanathan V., Kumpatla S., Aravindalochanan V., et al. Prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes and associated risk factors among tuberculosis patients in India. PLoS One 2012, 7(7):e41367.
27. Moutschen M.P., Scheen A.J., Lefebvre P.J. Impaired immune responses in diabetes mellitus: analysis of the factors and mechanisms involved. Relevance to the increased susceptibility of diabetic patients to specific infections. Diabete Metab 1992, 18(3):187-201.
28. Saiki O., Negoro S., Tsuyuguchi I., Yamamura Y. Depressed immunological defence mechanisms in mice with experimentally induced diabetes. Infect Immun 1980, 28(1):127-131.
29. Wang C.H., Yu C.T., Lin H.C., Liu C.Y., Kuo H.P. Hypodense alveolar macrophages in patients with diabetes mellitus and active pulmonary tuberculosis. Tuber Lung Dis 1999, 79(4):235-242.
30. Alexiewicz J.M., Kumar D., Smogorzewski M., Klin M., Massry S.G. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: abnormalities in metabolism and function. Ann Intern Med 1995, 123(12):919-924.
31. Sugawara I., Yamada H., Mizuno S. Pulmonary tuberculosis in spontaneously diabetic goto kakizaki rats. Tohoku J Exp Med 2004, 204(2):135-145.
32. Ikezoe J., Takeuchi N., Johkoh T., et al. CT appearance of pulmonary tuberculosis in diabetic and immunocompromised patients: comparison with patients who had no underlying disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1992, 159(6):1175-1179.
33. Morris J.T., Seaworth B.J., McAllister C.K. Pulmonary tuberculosis in diabetics. Chest 1992, 102(2):539-541.
34. Bacakoglu F., Basoglu O.K., Cok G., Sayiner A., Ates M. Pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with diabetes mellitus. Respiration 2001, 68(6):595-600.
35. Perez-Guzman C., Torres-Cruz A., Villarreal-Velarde H., Salazar-Lezama M.A., Vargas M.H. Atypical radiological images of pulmonary tuberculosis in 192 diabetic patients: a comparative study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2001, 5(5):455-461.
36. Singla R., Khan N., Al-Sharif N., Ai-Sayegh M.O., Shaikh M.A., Osman M.M. Influence of diabetes on manifestations and treatment outcome of pulmonary TB patients. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2006, 10(1):74-79.
37. Alisjahbana B., Sahiratmadja E., Nelwan E.J., et al. The effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on the presentation and treatment response of pulmonary tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 2007, 45(4):428-435.
38. Banu Rekha V.V., Balasubramanian R., Swaminathan S., et al. Sputum conversion at the end of intensive phase of category-1 regimen in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis patients with diabetes mellitus or HIV infection: an analysis of risk factors. Indian J Med Res 2007, 126(5):452-458.
39. Restrepo B.I., Fisher-Hoch S.P., Smith B., Jeon S., Rahbar M.H., McCormick J.B. Mycobacterial clearance from sputum is delayed during the first phase of treatment in patients with diabetes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2008, 79(4):541-544. Nuevo Santander Tuberculosis Trackers.
40. Hendy M., Stableforth D. The effect of established diabetes mellitus on the presentation of infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis in the immigrant Asian community of an inner city area of the United Kingdom. Br J Dis Chest 1983, 77(1):87-90.
41. Mboussa J., Monabeka H., Kombo M., Yokolo D., Yoka-Mbio A., Yala F. Course of pulmonary tuberculosis in diabetics. Rev Pneumol Clin 2003, 59(1):39-44.
42. Wang C.S., Yang C.J., Chen H.C., et al. Impact of type 2 diabetes on manifestations and treatment outcome of pulmonary tuberculosis. Epidemiol Infect 2009, 137(2):203-210.
43. Niemi M., Backman J.T., Neuvonen M., Neuvonen P.J., Kivisto K.T. Effects of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glyburide and glipizide. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001, 69(6):400-406.
44. Wang J.Y., Lee L.N., Hsueh P.R. Factors changing the manifestation of pulmonary tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2005, 9(7):777-783.
45. World Bank India: Policy and Finance Strategies for Strengthening Primary Health Care Services 1995, 13042-IN.
46. Hazarika I. Role of private sector in providing tuberculosis care: evidence from a population-based survey in India. J Glob Infect Dis 2011, 3(1):19-24.
47. Dewan P.K., Lal S.S., Lonnroth K., et al. Improving tuberculosis control through public-private collaboration in India: literature review. BMJ 2006, 332(7541):574-578.
48. Prasad R., Nautiyal R.G., Mukherji P.K., Jain A., Singh K., Ahuja R.C. Treatment of new pulmonary tuberculosis patients: what do allopathic doctors do in India?. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2002, 6(10):895-902.
49. Uplekar M., Juvekar S., Morankar S., Rangan S., Nunn P. Tuberculosis patients and practitioners in private clinics in India. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1998, 2(4):324-329.
50. World Health Organization The Behaviour and Interaction of TB Patients and Private For-profit Health Care Providers in India: A Review 19, WHO, Geneva, WHO/TB/97.223.
51. Sandhu G.K. Tuberculosis: current situation, challenges and overview of its control programs in India. J Glob Infect Dis 2011, 3(2):143-150.
52. Malmborg R., Mann G., Thomson R., Squire S.B. Can public-private collaboration promote tuberculosis case detection among the poor and vulnerable?. Bull World Health Organ 2006, 84(9):752-758.
53. NCD Alliance 2012, Available at:, Accessed 1.11.12. http://www.ncdalliance.org/node/3497.
54. Kapur A. Economic analysis of diabetes care. Indian J Med Res 2007, 125(3):473-482.
55. Ramachandran A., Ramachandran S., Snehalatha C., et al. Increasing expenditure on health care incurred by diabetic subjects in a developing country: a study from India. Diabetes Care 2007, 30(2):252-256.
56. Kapur A., Shishoo S., Ahuja M.M.S., Sen V., Mankame K. Diabetes care in India - physicians' perceptions attitudes and practises (DIPPAP - 1 study). Int J Diab Dev Countries 1997, 17:2-12.
57. Raheja B.S., Kapur A., Bhoraskar A., et al. DiabCare Asia-India Study: diabetes care in India-current status. J Assoc Physicians India 2001, 49:717-722.
58. Nagpal J., Bhartia A. Quality of diabetes care in the middle- and high-income group populace: the Delhi Diabetes Community (DEDICOM) survey. Diabetes Care 2006, 29(11):2341-2348.
59. Ramachandran A., Mary S., Sathish C.K., et al. Population based study of quality of diabetes care in southern India. J Assoc Physicians India 2008, 56:513-516.
60. Mohan D., Raj D., Shanthirani C.S., et al. Awareness and knowledge of diabetes in Chennai-the Chennai urban rural epidemiology study [CURES-9. J Assoc Physicians India 2005, 53:283-287.
61. Kaur K., Singh M.M., Kumar Walia I. Knowledge and self-care practices of diabetics in a resettlement colony of Chandigarh. Indian J Med Sci 1998, 52(8):341-347.
62. Muninarayana C., Balachandra G., Hiremath S.G., Iyengar K., Anil N.S. Prevalence and awareness regarding diabetes mellitus in rural Tamaka, Kolar. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2010, 30(1):18-21.
63. Mullins J. China registers success with TB-diabetes screening initiative. Lancet 2012, 380(9842):635-636.
64. Lin Y., Li L., Mi F., et al. Screening patients with diabetes mellitus for tuberculosis in China. Trop Med Int Health 2012.
65. Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme. DOTS Plus Guidelines. Available at: . Accessed on 19.02.13. http://health.bih.nic.in/Docs/Guidelines-DOTS-Plus.pdf.
66. Barnhoorn F., Adriaanse H. In search of factors responsible for noncompliance among tuberculosis patients in Wardha District, India. Soc Sci Med 1992, 34(3):291-306.
67. Khan M. The Dual Burden of Overweight and Underweight in Developing Countries 2006, Population Reference Bureau, Washington DC.
68. Lonnroth K., Castro K.G., Chakaya J.M., et al. Tuberculosis control and elimination 2010-50: cure, care, and social development. Lancet 2010, 375(9728):1814-1829.
69. Lonnroth K., Williams B.G., Cegielski P., Dye C. A consistent log-linear relationship between tuberculosis incidence andbody mass index. Int J Epidemiol 2010, 39(1):149-155.
70. Dye C., Bourdin Trunz B., Lonnroth K., Roglic G., Williams B.G. Nutrition, diabetes and tuberculosis in the epidemiological transition. PLoS One 2011, 6(6):e21161.
71. Collaborative framework for care and control of tuberculosis and diabetes. WHO/HTM/TB/2011.15.
72. Widdus R. Public-private partnerships for health: their main targets, their diversity, and their future directions. Bull World Health Organ 2001, 79(8):713-720.
73. Sullivan T., Ben Amor Y. The co-management of tuberculosis and diabetes: challenges and opportunities in the developing world. PLoS Med 2012, 9(7):e1001269.