Early intervention for psychosis in Canada: What is the State of Affairs?

Canadian Journal of Psychiatry

Volumn 61, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 186-194

  Nolin, Marie ^a   Malla, Ashok ^b,c   Tibbo, Phil ^d,e   Norman, Ross ^f   Abdel Baki, Amal ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

^b MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c DOUGLAS MENTAL HEALTH UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^d DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^e Nova Scotia Early Psychosis Program   (Canada)

^f UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Early intervention; Evidence based practice; Government mental health policy; Mental health services organization; Psychosis; Schizophrenia; Treatment guidelines

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CANADA; CANADIAN; CASE MANAGEMENT; CLINICAL EDUCATION; CLINICAL RESEARCH; EARLY INTERVENTION; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEALTH CARE SURVEY; HEALTH SERVICE; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HOSPITAL PATIENT; HUMAN; INTERNET; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PATIENT CARE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PSYCHOSIS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; SCHIZOPHRENIA; STANDARDS; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

CANADA; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; EARLY MEDICAL INTERVENTION; HEALTH CARE SURVEYS; HUMANS; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

EID: 84964016595     PISSN: 07067437     EISSN: 14970015     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0706743716632516     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Petersen L, Thorup A, Øqhlenschlaeger J, et al. Predictors of remission and recovery in a first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorder sample: 2-year follow-up of the OPUS trial. Can J Psychiatry. 2008;53(10):660-670.
2. Bertelsen M, Jeppesen P, Petersen L, et al. Five-year follow-up of a randomized multicenter trial of intensive early intervention vs standard treatment for patients with a first episode of psychotic illness: the OPUS trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008; 65(7):762-771.
3. Petersen L, Jeppesen P, Thorup A, et al. A randomised multicentre trial of integrated versus standard treatment for patients with a first episode of psychotic illness. BMJ. 2005;331(7517):602.
4. Craig TK, Garety P, Power P, et al. The Lambeth Early Onset (LEO) Team: randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of specialised care for early psychosis. BMJ. 2004;329(7474): 1067.
5. National Institute for Mental Health in England (NIMHE). Early intervention (EI) acceptance criteria guidance. England: NIMHE National Early Intervention Programme; 2008 [accessed 2016 February 13]. Available from: http://www. iris-initiative.org.uk/silo/files/eligibility-criteria-for-accessing-eip-service-.pdf
6. EPPIC. Australian clinical guidelines for early psychosis. 2nd ed. Melbourne, Australia: Orygen Youth Health Research Centre; 2010.
7. Disley B. Early intervention in psychosis guidance note. Mental Health [Internet]. 1999 [cited 2014 December 5];2. Available from: http://www.hdc.org.nz/media/200643/early%20 inter vention%20in%20psychosis%20-%20guidance%20note%20 march%2099.pdf
8. De Masi S, Sampaolo L, Mele A, et al. The Italian guidelines for early intervention in schizophrenia: development and conclusions. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2008;2(4):291-302.
9. Ehmann T, Hanson L, Yager J, et al. Standards and guidelines for early psychosis intervention (EPI) programs. British Columbia, Canada: Services Ministry of Health; 2010 [accessed 2016 February 13]. Available from: http://www.health.gov.bc.ca/library/publications/year/2010/BC-EPI-Standards-Guidelines.pdf
10. Nova Scotia Department of Health. Nova Scotia provincial service standards for early psychosis. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Nova Scotia Department of Health; 2004.
11. Ontario Working Group. Program policy framework for early intervention in psychosis. Ontario Working Group; 2004 [accessed 2016 February 13]. Available from: http://www.nasmhpd.org/sites/default/files/psychosis.pdf
12. Early Psychosis Services N.B. Administrative guidelines. Fredericton, New Brunswick: Addiction, Mental Health and Primary Health Care Services; 2011.
13. Addington DE, McKenzie E, Norman R, et al. Essential evidence-based components of first-episode psychosis services. Psychiatr Serv. 2013;64(5):452-457.
14. Bertolote J, McGorry P. Early intervention and recovery for young people with early psychosis: consensus statement. Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 2005;48:s116-s119.
15. Catts SV, Evans RW, O'Toole BI, et al. Is a national framework for implementing early psychosis services necessary? Results of a survey of Australian mental health service directors. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2010;4(1):25-30.
16. Ghio L, Natta W, Peruzzo L, et al. Process of implementation and development of early psychosis clinical services in Italy: a survey. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2012;6(3):341-346.
17. Cheng C, Dewa CS, Goering P. Matryoshka Project: lessons learned about early intervention in psychosis programme development. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2011;5(1):64-69.
18. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Psychosis and schizophrenia in children and young people - recognition and management. NICE clinical guideline 1552013. Manchester, England: NICE; 2013.
19. Initiative to Reduce Impact of Schizophrenia (IRIS). IRIS guidelines update. IRIS; 2012 [accessed 2016 February 13]. Available from: http://www.iris-initiative.org.uk/silo/files/iris-guidelines-update-september-2012.pdf/
20. Early intervention in schizophrenia-guidelines. Milan, Italy: Italian National Guidelines System (SNLG); 2009 [accessed 2016 February 13]. Available from: http://www.snlg-iss.it/cms/files/LG-en-schizophrenia.pdf
21. Proposition de guide à l'implantation des équipes de premier épisode psychotique. Montréal: Centre national d'excellence en santé mentale, Ministère de la santé et des services sociaux du Québec; 2014.
22. Heinrichs DW, Hanlon TE, Carpenter WT Jr. The Quality of Life Scale: an instrument for rating the schizophrenic deficit syndrome. Schizophr Bull. 1984;10(3):388-398.
23. Arendt M, Mortensen PB, Rosenberg R, et al. Familial predisposition for psychiatric disorder: comparison of subjects treated for cannabis-induced psychosis and schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65(11):1269-1274.
24. Niemi-Pynttari JA, Sund R, Putkonen H, et al. Substance-induced psychoses converting into schizophrenia: a register-based study of 18,478 Finnish inpatient cases. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74(1):e94-e99.
25. Nordentoft M, Thorup A, Petersen L, et al. Transition rates from schizotypal disorder to psychotic disorder for first-contact patients included in the OPUS trial: a randomized clinical trial of integrated treatment and standard treatment. Schizophr Res. 2006;83(1):29-40.
26. Marshall M, Rathbone J. Early intervention for psychosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(6):CD004718.
27. McGlashan TH, Zipursky RB, Perkins D, et al. Randomized, double-blind trial of olanzapine versus placebo in patients prodromally symptomatic for psychosis. Am J Psychiatry. 2006; 163(5):790-799.
28. Morrison AP, French P, Walford L, et al. Cognitive therapy for the prevention of psychosis in people at ultra-high risk: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2004;185: 291-297.
29. McGorry PD, Yung AR, Phillips LJ, et al. Randomized controlled trial of interventions designed to reduce the risk of progression to first-episode psychosis in a clinical sample with subthreshold symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59(10):921-928.
30. Fusar-Poli P, Borgwardt S, Bechdolf A, et al. The psychosis high-risk state: a comprehensive state-of-the-art review. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70(1):107-120.
31. Simon AE, Gradel M, Cattapan-Ludewig K, et al. Cognitive functioning in at-risk mental states for psychosis and 2-year clinical outcome. Schizophr Res. 2012;142(1-3):108-115.
32. Niendam TA, Bearden CE, Johnson JK, et al. Neurocognitive performance and functional disability in the psychosis prodrome. Schizophr Res. 2006;84(1):100-111.
33. Bechdolf A, Pukrop R, Kohn D, et al. Subjective quality of life in subjects at risk for a first episode of psychosis: a comparison with first episode schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. Schizophr Res. 2005;79(1):137-143.
34. Hutton P, Bowe S, Parker S, Ford S. Prevalence of suicide risk factors in people at ultra-high risk of developing psychosis: a service audit. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2011;5(4):375-380.
35. Yung AR, McGorry PD. The prodromal phase of first-episode psychosis: past and current conceptualizations. Schizophr Bull. 1996;22(2):353-370.
36. Gafoor R, Nitsch D, Craig T, et al. Does early intervention (EI) in schizophrenia improve long term outcome? Results from 5 year follow-up study (South London Interventions in First Episode psychosis - LIFE). Early Interv Psychiatry. 2008;2(Suppl 1):A6.
37. Bertelsen M, Jeppesen P, Petersen L, et al. Course of illness in a sample of 265 patients with first-episode psychosis - five-year follow-up of the Danish OPUS trial. Schizophr Res. 2009;107(2-3):173-178.
38. Nordentoft M, Rasmussen JO, Melau M, et al. How successful are first episode programs? A review of the evidence for specialized assertive early intervention. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2014;27(3):167-172.
39. International Early Psychosis Association Writing Group. International clinical practice guidelines for early psychosis. Br J Psychiatr Suppl. 2005;187(48):s120-s124.
40. Doyle R, Turner N, Fanning F, et al. First-episode psychosis and disengagement from treatment: a systematic review. Psychiatr Serv. 2014;65(5):603-611.
41. Berry K, Ford S, Jellicoe-Jones L, et al. PTSD symptoms associated with the experiences of psychosis and hospitalisation: a review of the literature. Clin Psychol Rev. 2013;33(4): 526-538.
42. Tarrier N, Khan S, Cater J, Picken A. The subjective consequences of suffering a first episode psychosis: trauma and suicide behaviour. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2007; 42(1):29-35.
43. McGorry PD, Chanen A, McCarthy E, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder following recent-onset psychosis: an unrecognized postpsychotic syndrome. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1991;179(5): 253-258.
44. Fowler D, Hodgekins J, Howells L, et al. Can targeted early intervention improve functional recovery in psychosis? A historical control evaluation of the effectiveness of different models of early intervention service provision in Norfolk 1998- 2007. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2009;3(4):282-288.
45. Dieterich M, Irving CB, Park B, et al. Intensive case management for severe mental illness. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(10):CD007906.
46. Perkins DO, Gu H, Boteva K, et al. Relationship between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia: a critical review and meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(10):1785-1804.
47. Norman RM, Malla AK. Duration of untreated psychosis: a critical examination of the concept and its importance. Psychol Med. 2001;31(3):381-400.
48. Harris MG, Henry LP, Harrigan SM, et al. The relationship between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome: an eight-year prospective study. Schizophr Res. 2005;79(1):85-93.
49. Marshall M, Lewis S, Lockwood A, et al. Association between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in cohorts of first-episode patients: a systematic review. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(9):975-983.
50. Malla AM, Norman RM. Treating psychosis: is there more to early intervention than intervening early? Can J Psychiatry. 2001;46(7):645-648.
51. Scholten DJ, Malla AK, Norman RM, et al. Removing barriers to treatment of first-episode psychotic disorders. Can J Psychiatry. 2003;48(8):561-565.
52. Larsen TK, Joa I, Langeveld J, et al. Optimizing health-care systems to promote early detection of psychosis. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2009;3(Suppl 1):S13-S16.
53. Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13(2):261-276.
54. Andreasen N. Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). Iowa City: University of Iowa; 1984.
55. Andreasen N. Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS). Iowa City: University of Iowa; 1984.
56. Addington D, Addington J, Schissel B. A depression rating scale for schizophrenics. Schizophr Res. 1990;3(4):247-251.
57. Hall RC. Global assessment of functioning: a modified scale. Psychosomatics. 1995;36(3):267-275.
58. Goldman HH, Skodol AE, Lave TR. Revising axis V for DSM-IV: a review of measures of social functioning. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149(9):1148-1156.
59. Skinner HA. The drug abuse screening test. Addict Behav. 1982;7(4):363-371.
60. Moller T, Linaker OM. Using brief self-reports and clinician scales to screen for substance use disorders in psychotic patients. Nord J Psychiatry. 2010;64(2):130-135.
61. Sobell LC, Sobell MB. Timeline follow-back. A technique for assessing self-reported ethanol consumption. In: Litten RZ, Allen J, editors. Measuring alcohol consumption: psychosocial and biological methods. Totowa (NJ): Humana Press; 1992. p. 41-72.
62. Babor TF, Biddle-Higgins JC, Saunders JB, Monteiro MG. The alcohol use disorders identification test: guidelines for use in primary care. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2001.
63. Drake RE, Bond GR, Essock SM. Implementing evidence-based practices for people with schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2009;35(4):704-713.
64. Ehmann T, Hanson L. Early psychosis: a care guide. Mental Health Evaluation and Community Consultation Unit, University of British Columbia; 2002.
65. Woltmann EM, Whitley R, McHugo GJ, et al. The role of staff turnover in the implementation of evidence-based practices in mental health care. Psychiatr Serv. 2008; 59(7):732-737.
66. Petrakis M, Hamilton B, Penno S, et al. Fidelity to clinical guidelines using a care pathway in the treatment of first episode psychosis. J Eval Clin Pract. 2011;17(4): 722-728.
67. Ehmann T. A Quiet Evolution: Early Psychosis Services in British Columbia. BC Schizophrenia Society; 2004 [Cited 2016 February 13]. Available from: http://www.bcss.org/documents/pdf/EarlyPsychosisStudy.pdf