메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 199, Issue , 2016, Pages 73-80

Predictive value of psychological characteristics and suicide history on medical lethality of suicide attempts: A follow-up study of hospitalized patients

Author keywords

Communication; Medically serious suicide attempt; Mental pain; Suicide

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPRESSION; DISEASE SEVERITY; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HISTORY; HOPELESSNESS; HOSPITAL PATIENT; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; LETHALITY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MORTALITY; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SELF DISCLOSURE; SUICIDE; SUICIDE ATTEMPT; COHORT ANALYSIS; EMOTIONAL DISORDER; LONELINESS; MENTAL HEALTH; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOLOGY; RISK FACTOR; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX;

EID: 84963548967     PISSN: 01650327     EISSN: 15732517     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.054     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (32)

References (74)
  • 5
    • 0036128646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Help-seeking behavior prior to nearly lethal suicide attempts
    • L.S. Barnes, R.M. Ikeda, and M. Kresnow Help-seeking behavior prior to nearly lethal suicide attempts Suicide Life Threat. Behav. 32 2001 68 75
    • (2001) Suicide Life Threat. Behav. , vol.32 , pp. 68-75
    • Barnes, L.S.1    Ikeda, R.M.2    Kresnow, M.3
  • 7
    • 0034946443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suicide and serious suicide attempts: Two populations or one?
    • A.L. Beautrais Suicide and serious suicide attempts: two populations or one? Psychol. Med. 31 2001 837 845
    • (2001) Psychol. Med. , vol.31 , pp. 837-845
    • Beautrais, A.L.1
  • 8
    • 0038488290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suicide and serious suicide attempts in youth: A multiple-group comparison study
    • A.L. Beautrais Suicide and serious suicide attempts in youth: a multiple-group comparison study Am. J. Psychiatry 160 2003 1093 1099
    • (2003) Am. J. Psychiatry , vol.160 , pp. 1093-1099
    • Beautrais, A.L.1
  • 9
    • 1642447052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Further suicidal behavior among medically serious suicide attempters
    • A.L. Beautrais Further suicidal behavior among medically serious suicide attempters Suicide Life Threat. Behav. 34 2004 1 11
    • (2004) Suicide Life Threat. Behav. , vol.34 , pp. 1-11
    • Beautrais, A.L.1
  • 10
    • 85036544455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality and non-fatal suicidal behaviour in the 20 years after a medically serious suicide attempt [Abstract]
    • Beautrais, A.L., Larkin, G.L., Fergusson, D.M., Horwood, L.J., Mulder, R.T., 2012. Mortality and non-fatal suicidal behaviour in the 20 years after a medically serious suicide attempt [Abstract]. Inj. Prev. 18. At: (http://www.injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/18/Suppl-1/A33.1).
    • (2012) Inj. Prev. 18. at
    • Beautrais, A.L.1    Larkin, G.L.2    Fergusson, D.M.3    Horwood, L.J.4    Mulder, R.T.5
  • 13
    • 0025021343 scopus 로고
    • Relationship between hopelessness and ultimate suicide: A replication with psychiatric outpatients
    • A.T. Beck, G. Brown, R.J. Berchick, B.L. Stewart, and R.A. Steer Relationship between hopelessness and ultimate suicide: A replication with psychiatric outpatients Am. J. Psychiatry 147 1990 190 195
    • (1990) Am. J. Psychiatry , vol.147 , pp. 190-195
    • Beck, A.T.1    Brown, G.2    Berchick, R.J.3    Stewart, B.L.4    Steer, R.A.5
  • 14
    • 0003359609 scopus 로고
    • Themes in the study of self-disclosure
    • V.J. Derlega, J.H. Berg, Plenum Press New York, NY
    • J.H. Berg, and V.J. Derlega Themes in the study of self-disclosure V.J. Derlega, J.H. Berg, Self-Disclosure: Theory, Research and Therapy 1987 Plenum Press New York, NY 108
    • (1987) Self-Disclosure: Theory, Research and Therapy , pp. 108
    • Berg, J.H.1    Derlega, V.J.2
  • 15
    • 0033816109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for suicide in psychiatric outpatients: A 20-year prospective study
    • G.K. Brown, A.T. Beck, R.A. Steer, and J.R. Grisham Risk factors for suicide in psychiatric outpatients: a 20-year prospective study J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 68 2000 371 377
    • (2000) J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. , vol.68 , pp. 371-377
    • Brown, G.K.1    Beck, A.T.2    Steer, R.A.3    Grisham, J.R.4
  • 16
    • 65749251105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of loneliness in prison suicide prevention and management
    • S. Brown, and A. Day The role of loneliness in prison suicide prevention and management J. Offender Rehab. 47 2008 433 449
    • (2008) J. Offender Rehab. , vol.47 , pp. 433-449
    • Brown, S.1    Day, A.2
  • 17
    • 0028522845 scopus 로고
    • The psychosocial needs of patients who have attempted suicide by overdose
    • J.T. Carrigan The psychosocial needs of patients who have attempted suicide by overdose J. Adv. Nurs. 20 1994 635 642
    • (1994) J. Adv. Nurs. , vol.20 , pp. 635-642
    • Carrigan, J.T.1
  • 18
    • 78149327216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loneliness and negative life events as predictors of hopelessness and suicidal behaviors in Hispanics: Evidence for a diathesis-stress model
    • E.C. Chang, L.J. Sanna, J.K. Hirsch, and E.L. Jeglic Loneliness and negative life events as predictors of hopelessness and suicidal behaviors in Hispanics: evidence for a diathesis-stress model J. Clin. Psychol. 66 2010 1242 1253
    • (2010) J. Clin. Psychol. , vol.66 , pp. 1242-1253
    • Chang, E.C.1    Sanna, L.J.2    Hirsch, J.K.3    Jeglic, E.L.4
  • 19
    • 34248149475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of repetition of suicide attempt, suicide or all deaths after an episode of attempted suicide: A register-based survival analysis
    • E. Christiansen, and B.F. Jensen Risk of repetition of suicide attempt, suicide or all deaths after an episode of attempted suicide: A register-based survival analysis Aust. N.Z. J. Psychiatry 41 2007 257 265
    • (2007) Aust. N.Z. J. Psychiatry , vol.41 , pp. 257-265
    • Christiansen, E.1    Jensen, B.F.2
  • 21
    • 0024339655 scopus 로고
    • Psychopathology of adolescent suicide: Hopelessness, coping beliefs and depression
    • D.A. Cole Psychopathology of adolescent suicide: hopelessness, coping beliefs and depression J. Abnorm. Psychol. 98 1989 248 255
    • (1989) J. Abnorm. Psychol. , vol.98 , pp. 248-255
    • Cole, D.A.1
  • 22
    • 17844365046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical predictors of suicide in primary major depressive disorder
    • W. Coryell, and E.A. Young Clinical predictors of suicide in primary major depressive disorder J. Clin. Psychiatry 66 2005 412 417
    • (2005) J. Clin. Psychiatry , vol.66 , pp. 412-417
    • Coryell, W.1    Young, E.A.2
  • 23
    • 0026462285 scopus 로고
    • An adequate response to a cry for help? Parasuicide patients' perceptions of their nursing care
    • R. Dunleavey An adequate response to a cry for help? Parasuicide patients' perceptions of their nursing care Nurse 7 1992 213 215
    • (1992) Nurse , vol.7 , pp. 213-215
    • Dunleavey, R.1
  • 24
    • 0037237736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vulnerability and resiliency to suicidal behaviours in young people
    • D.M. Fergusson, A.L. Beautrais, and L.J. Horwood Vulnerability and resiliency to suicidal behaviours in young people Psychol. Med. 33 2003 61 73
    • (2003) Psychol. Med. , vol.33 , pp. 61-73
    • Fergusson, D.M.1    Beautrais, A.L.2    Horwood, L.J.3
  • 26
    • 84863001659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for medically serious suicide attempts: Evidence for a psychodynamic formulation of suicidal crisis
    • J.C. Fowler, M.J. Hilsenroth, M. Groat, S. Biel, C. Biedermann, and S. Ackerman Risk factors for medically serious suicide attempts: Evidence for a psychodynamic formulation of suicidal crisis J. Am. Psychoanal. Assoc. 60 2012 555 576
    • (2012) J. Am. Psychoanal. Assoc. , vol.60 , pp. 555-576
    • Fowler, J.C.1    Hilsenroth, M.J.2    Groat, M.3    Biel, S.4    Biedermann, C.5    Ackerman, S.6
  • 29
    • 0019770183 scopus 로고
    • Psychiatric illness in suicide attempters
    • S.C. Gupta, and H. Singh Psychiatric illness in suicide attempters Indian J. Psychiatry 23 1981 69 74
    • (1981) Indian J. Psychiatry , vol.23 , pp. 69-74
    • Gupta, S.C.1    Singh, H.2
  • 30
    • 84867757212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suicide and suicidal behavior
    • Y. Gvion, and A. Apter Suicide and suicidal behavior Public Health Rev. 34 2012 1 20
    • (2012) Public Health Rev. , vol.34 , pp. 1-20
    • Gvion, Y.1    Apter, A.2
  • 31
  • 33
    • 0031913629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thirteen-year follow-up of deliberate self-harm, using linked data
    • 259-242
    • D.J. Hall, F. O'Brien, C. Stark, A. Pelosi, and H. Smith Thirteen-year follow-up of deliberate self-harm, using linked data Br. J. Psychiatry 172 1998 259-242
    • (1998) Br. J. Psychiatry , vol.172
    • Hall, D.J.1    O'Brien, F.2    Stark, C.3    Pelosi, A.4    Smith, H.5
  • 34
    • 43249083798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determinants and outcomes of serious attempted suicide: A nationwide study in Finland, 1996-2003
    • J. Haukka, K. Suominen, T. Partonen, and J. Lonnqvist Determinants and outcomes of serious attempted suicide: a nationwide study in Finland, 1996-2003 Am. J. Epidemiol. 167 2008 1155 1163
    • (2008) Am. J. Epidemiol. , vol.167 , pp. 1155-1163
    • Haukka, J.1    Suominen, K.2    Partonen, T.3    Lonnqvist, J.4
  • 35
    • 0036128749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Studying survivors of nearly lethal suicide attempts: An important strategy in suicide research
    • K. Hawton Studying survivors of nearly lethal suicide attempts: an important strategy in suicide research Suicide Life Threat. Behav. 32 2001 76 85
    • (2001) Suicide Life Threat. Behav. , vol.32 , pp. 76-85
    • Hawton, K.1
  • 36
    • 0023866304 scopus 로고
    • Suicide, and other causes of death, following attempted suicide
    • K. Hawton, and J. Fagg Suicide, and other causes of death, following attempted suicide Br. J. Psychiatry 152 1988 359 366
    • (1988) Br. J. Psychiatry , vol.152 , pp. 359-366
    • Hawton, K.1    Fagg, J.2
  • 37
    • 33746852156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-disclosure, depression, anxiety, and suicidal behavior in adolescent psychiatric inpatients
    • N. Horesh, and A. Apter Self-disclosure, depression, anxiety, and suicidal behavior in adolescent psychiatric inpatients Crisis 27 2006 66 71
    • (2006) Crisis , vol.27 , pp. 66-71
    • Horesh, N.1    Apter, A.2
  • 38
    • 84857358163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medically serious versus non-serious suicide attempts: Relationships of lethality and intent to clinical and interpersonal characteristics
    • N. Horesh, Y. Levi, and A. Apter Medically serious versus non-serious suicide attempts: relationships of lethality and intent to clinical and interpersonal characteristics J. Affect. Dis. 136 2012 286 293
    • (2012) J. Affect. Dis. , vol.136 , pp. 286-293
    • Horesh, N.1    Levi, Y.2    Apter, A.3
  • 39
    • 10644291684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suicidal behavior and self-disclosure in adolescent psychiatric inpatients
    • N. Horesh, G. Zalsman, and A. Apter Suicidal behavior and self-disclosure in adolescent psychiatric inpatients J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 192 2004 837 842
    • (2004) J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. , vol.192 , pp. 837-842
    • Horesh, N.1    Zalsman, G.2    Apter, A.3
  • 40
    • 0026687334 scopus 로고
    • Suicide ideas: Relationship to personality disorders on the MCMI
    • J.S. Hull, L.M. Range, and W.C. Goggin Suicide ideas: relationship to personality disorders on the MCMI Death Stud. 16 1992 371 375
    • (1992) Death Stud. , vol.16 , pp. 371-375
    • Hull, J.S.1    Range, L.M.2    Goggin, W.C.3
  • 41
    • 15244346956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical evolution after self-induced or accidental traumatism: A controlled study of the extent and the specificity of suicidal catharsis
    • C. Jallade, Y. Sarfati, and M.C. Hardy-Bayle Clinical evolution after self-induced or accidental traumatism: a controlled study of the extent and the specificity of suicidal catharsis J. Affect. Dis. 85 2005 283 292
    • (2005) J. Affect. Dis. , vol.85 , pp. 283-292
    • Jallade, C.1    Sarfati, Y.2    Hardy-Bayle, M.C.3
  • 44
    • 46049095047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social and interpersonal factors relating to adolescent suicidality: A review of the literature
    • C.A. King, and C.R. Merchant Social and interpersonal factors relating to adolescent suicidality: a review of the literature Arch. Suicide Res. 12 2008 181 196
    • (2008) Arch. Suicide Res. , vol.12 , pp. 181-196
    • King, C.A.1    Merchant, C.R.2
  • 45
    • 84856837294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hopelessness as a predictor of attempted suicide among first admission patients with psychosis: A 10-year cohort study
    • D. Klonsky, R. Kotov, S. Bakst, J. Rabinowitz, and E.J. Bromet Hopelessness as a predictor of attempted suicide among first admission patients with psychosis: a 10-year cohort study Suicide Life Threat. Behav. 42 2012 1 10
    • (2012) Suicide Life Threat. Behav. , vol.42 , pp. 1-10
    • Klonsky, D.1    Kotov, R.2    Bakst, S.3    Rabinowitz, J.4    Bromet, E.J.5
  • 46
    • 0014790403 scopus 로고
    • Attempted suicide as language: An empirical study
    • N. Kreitman, P. Smith, and E.S. Tan Attempted suicide as language: an empirical study Br. J. Psychiatry 116 1970 465 473
    • (1970) Br. J. Psychiatry , vol.116 , pp. 465-473
    • Kreitman, N.1    Smith, P.2    Tan, E.S.3
  • 47
    • 54049127769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mental pain and its communication in medically serious suicide attempts: An "impossible situation
    • Y. Levi, N. Horesh, T. Fischel, I. Treves, E. Or, and A. Apter Mental pain and its communication in medically serious suicide attempts: an "impossible situation J. Affect. Dis. 111 2008 244 250
    • (2008) J. Affect. Dis. , vol.111 , pp. 244-250
    • Levi, Y.1    Horesh, N.2    Fischel, T.3    Treves, I.4    Or, E.5    Apter, A.6
  • 48
    • 84885575728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attachment patterns in medically serious suicide attempts: The mediating role of self-disclosure and loneliness
    • Y. Levi-Belz, Y. Gvion, N. Horesh, and A. Apter Attachment patterns in medically serious suicide attempts: the mediating role of self-disclosure and loneliness Suicide Life Threat. Behav. 43 2013 511 522
    • (2013) Suicide Life Threat. Behav. , vol.43 , pp. 511-522
    • Levi-Belz, Y.1    Gvion, Y.2    Horesh, N.3    Apter, A.4
  • 49
    • 77956856964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychiatric disorders in women prisoners who have engaged in near-lethal self-harm: A case-control study
    • L. Marzano, S. Fazel, A. Rivlin, and K. Hawton Psychiatric disorders in women prisoners who have engaged in near-lethal self-harm: a case-control study Br. J. Psychiatry 197 2010 219 226
    • (2010) Br. J. Psychiatry , vol.197 , pp. 219-226
    • Marzano, L.1    Fazel, S.2    Rivlin, A.3    Hawton, K.4
  • 50
    • 0032441572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A longitudinal investigation of depression, hopelessness, social support, and major and minor life events and their relation to suicidal ideation in adolescents
    • J.J. Mazza, and W.M. Reynolds A longitudinal investigation of depression, hopelessness, social support, and major and minor life events and their relation to suicidal ideation in adolescents Suicide Life Threat. Behav. 28 1998 358 374
    • (1998) Suicide Life Threat. Behav. , vol.28 , pp. 358-374
    • Mazza, J.J.1    Reynolds, W.M.2
  • 52
    • 84963528322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ministry of Health Suicide Attempts 2004-2012 [Adobe Reader version]. (At)
    • Ministry of Health, 2014. Suicidality in Israel, Suicides 1981-2011, Suicide Attempts 2004-2012 [Adobe Reader version]. (At): (http://www.health.gov.il/PublicationsFiles/loss-2014.pdf).
    • (2014) Suicidality in Israel, Suicides 1981-2011
  • 56
    • 84861335866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suicide communication events: Lay interpretation of the communication of suicidal ideation and intent
    • G. Owen, J. Belam, H. Lambert, J. Donovan, F. Rapport, and C. Owens Suicide communication events: Lay interpretation of the communication of suicidal ideation and intent Soc. Sci. Med. 75 2012 419 428
    • (2012) Soc. Sci. Med. , vol.75 , pp. 419-428
    • Owen, G.1    Belam, J.2    Lambert, H.3    Donovan, J.4    Rapport, F.5    Owens, C.6
  • 58
    • 77957671471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychiatric disorders in male prisoners who made near-lethal suicide attempts: Case-control study
    • A. Rivlin, K. Hawton, L. Marzano, and S. Fazel Psychiatric disorders in male prisoners who made near-lethal suicide attempts: case-control study Br. J. Psychiatry 197 2010 313 319
    • (2010) Br. J. Psychiatry , vol.197 , pp. 313-319
    • Rivlin, A.1    Hawton, K.2    Marzano, L.3    Fazel, S.4
  • 59
    • 85047686139 scopus 로고
    • The revised UCLA loneliness scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence
    • D. Russell, L.A. Peplau, and C.E. Cutrona The revised UCLA loneliness scale: concurrent and discriminant validity evidence J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 39 1980 472 480
    • (1980) J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. , vol.39 , pp. 472-480
    • Russell, D.1    Peplau, L.A.2    Cutrona, C.E.3
  • 62
    • 0035053173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loneliness in relation to suicide ideation and parasuicide
    • A. Stravynski, and R. Boyer Loneliness in relation to suicide ideation and parasuicide Suicide Life Threat. Behav. 31 2001 32 40
    • (2001) Suicide Life Threat. Behav. , vol.31 , pp. 32-40
    • Stravynski, A.1    Boyer, R.2
  • 64
    • 0032840153 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attempted suicide: Repetition and survival- findings of a follow-up study
    • M.C. Tejedor, A. Diaz, J.J. Castillon, and J.M. Pericay Attempted suicide: repetition and survival- findings of a follow-up study Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 100 1999 205 211
    • (1999) Acta Psychiatr. Scand. , vol.100 , pp. 205-211
    • Tejedor, M.C.1    Diaz, A.2    Castillon, J.J.3    Pericay, J.M.4
  • 65
    • 84872681155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The association between sexual assault and suicidal activity in a national sample
    • J.L. Tomasula, L.M. Anderson, H.L. Littleton, and T.C. Riley-Tillman The association between sexual assault and suicidal activity in a national sample Sch. Psychol. Q 27 2012 109 119
    • (2012) Sch. Psychol. Q , vol.27 , pp. 109-119
    • Tomasula, J.L.1    Anderson, L.M.2    Littleton, H.L.3    Riley-Tillman, T.C.4
  • 66
    • 77955926664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing psychache, depression, and hopelessness in their associations with suicidality: A test of Shneidman's theory of suicide
    • T. Troister, and R.R. Holden Comparing psychache, depression, and hopelessness in their associations with suicidality: A test of Shneidman's theory of suicide Pers. Individ Dif. 49 2010 689 693
    • (2010) Pers. Individ Dif. , vol.49 , pp. 689-693
    • Troister, T.1    Holden, R.R.2
  • 67
    • 0042887456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of suicide in the old elderly
    • M. Waern, E. Rubenowitz, and K. Wilhelmson Predictors of suicide in the old elderly Gerontology 49 2003 328 334
    • (2003) Gerontology , vol.49 , pp. 328-334
    • Waern, M.1    Rubenowitz, E.2    Wilhelmson, K.3
  • 68
    • 40349113720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suicidal process, suicidal communication and psychosocial situation of young suicide attempters in a rural Vietnamese community
    • D. Wasserman, H.T.T. Thanh, D.P.T. Minh, M. Goldstein, A. Nordenskiold, and C. Wasserman Suicidal process, suicidal communication and psychosocial situation of young suicide attempters in a rural Vietnamese community World Psychiatry 7 2008 47 53
    • (2008) World Psychiatry , vol.7 , pp. 47-53
    • Wasserman, D.1    Thanh, H.T.T.2    Minh, D.P.T.3    Goldstein, M.4    Nordenskiold, A.5    Wasserman, C.6
  • 69
    • 0002915689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships among multiple suicide ideation risk factors in college students
    • B. Weber, A. Meth, and E. Nelsen Relationships among multiple suicide ideation risk factors in college students J. Coll. Stud. Psychother. 11 1997 49 64
    • (1997) J. Coll. Stud. Psychother. , vol.11 , pp. 49-64
    • Weber, B.1    Meth, A.2    Nelsen, E.3
  • 72
    • 0022599265 scopus 로고
    • Suicidal communication of persons attempting suicide and responses of significant others
    • D. Wolk-Wasserman Suicidal communication of persons attempting suicide and responses of significant others Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 73 1986 481 499
    • (1986) Acta Psychiatr. Scand. , vol.73 , pp. 481-499
    • Wolk-Wasserman, D.1
  • 73
    • 84910039796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization
    • World Health Organization, 2014. Preventing Suicide: A Global Imperative, (At): (http://www.who.int/mental-health/publications/prevention-suicide-2012/en).
    • (2014) Preventing Suicide: A Global Imperative, (At)
  • 74
    • 84884354595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The association between depression and suicide when hopelessness is controlled for
    • J. Zhang, and Z. Li The association between depression and suicide when hopelessness is controlled for Compr. Psychiatry 54 2013 790 796
    • (2013) Compr. Psychiatry , vol.54 , pp. 790-796
    • Zhang, J.1    Li, Z.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.