The Rationale of Periodic Markets

Annals of the Association of American Geographers

Volumn 65, Issue 4, 1975, Pages 530-537

  Bromley, R J ^a   Symanski, Richard ^b   Good, Charles M ^c  

^a SWANSEA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

^c VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Economic location theory; Exogenous theory of trade; Institutional context; Origin conditions; Periodic markets; Space time periodicity

Indexed keywords

EID: 84963462049     PISSN: 00045608     EISSN: 14678306     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.1975.tb01060.x     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. James H. Stine, “Temporal Aspects of Tertiary Production Elements in Korea,” in F. R. Pitts, ed. Urban Systems and Economic Development (Eugene, Oregon: University of Oregon, School of Business Administration, 1962), pp. 68-88.
2. Other examples of economic approaches are Alan M. Hay, “Notes on the Economic Basis for Periodic Marketing in Developing Countries,” Geographical Analysis, Vol. 3 (1971), pp. 393-401;
3. N. A. Alao, “Theoretical Issues in the Geographical Dimensions of Market Periodicity,” Nigerian Geographical Journal, Vol. 15 (1972), pp. 97-105.
4. G. W. Skinner, “Marketing and Social Structure in Rural China,” Journal of Asian Studies, Part I, Vol. 24 (1964), pp. 5-31;
5. Carol A. Smith, “Market Articulation and Economic Stratification in Western Guatemala,” Food Research Institute Studies, Vol. 11 (1972), pp. 203-33;
6. Lawrence W. Crissman, “Marketing on the Changhua Plain, Taiwan,” in W. E. Willmott, ed. Economic Organization in Chinese Society (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1972), pp. 215-59;
7. Stuart Plattner, “Rural Market Networks,” Scientific American, Vol. 232 (May 1975), pp. 66-79.
8. Works emphasizing social and institutional factors include S. W. Mintz, “Pratik: Haitian Personal Economic Relations,” in Viola E. Garfield, ed. American Ethnological Society Proceedings, Annual Spring Meeting for 1961 (Seattle: American Ethnological Society, 1961), pp. 54-63;
9. Polly Hill, “Notes on Traditional Market Authority and Market Periodicity in West Africa,” Journal of African History, Vol. 7 (1966), pp. 295-311;
10. Marc Piault, “Cycles de Marches et ‘Espaces’ Socio-Politiques,” in Claude Meillassoux, ed. The Development of Indigenous Trade and Markets in West Africa (London: Oxford University Press, 1971), pp. 285-302.
11. Cyril S. Belshaw, Traditional Exchange and Modern Markets (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1965), pp. 5-9 and 78-79.
12. For example, John Whitman, “The Kolkhoz Market,” Soviet Studies, Vol. 7 (1956), p. 384;
13. Ching-Kun Yang, A North China Local Market Economy: A Summary of a Study of Periodic Markets in Chowping, Hsien, Shantung (New York: Institute of Pacific Relations, 1944, mimeo), p. 10;
14. R. J. Bromley, “Periodic and Daily Markets in Highland Ecuador,” unpublished doctoral dissertation, Cambridge University, 1975, pp. 298-323.
15. (Hutton Webster, Rest Days: A Study in Early Law and Morality) (New York: Macmillan, 1916), pp. 101-23;
16. Martin P. Nilsson, Primitive Time Reckoning (Lund, Sweden: C. W. K. Gleerup, 1920), pp. 324-36.
17. Quoted in J. Bird, “Billingsgate: A Central Metropolitan Market,” Geographical Journal, Vol. 124 (1958), p. 464.
18. Charles M. Good, Rural Markets and Trade in East Africa, Research Paper No. 128 (Chicago: University of Chicago, Department of Geography, 1970), pp. 170-225.
19. Positive feedback is discussed in Gunnar Myrdal, Economic Theory and Underdeveloped Regions (London: Gerald Duckworth, 1957), pp. 11-22;
20. M. Maruyama, “The Second Cybernetics: Deviation Amplifying Mutual Causal Processes,” American Scientist, Vol. 51 (1963), pp. 164-79;
21. Allan R. Pred, The Spatial Dynamics of U. S. Urban-Industrial Growth, 1800-1914: Interpretive and Theoretical Essays (Cambridge, Mass.: M. I.T. Press, 1966), pp. 15-32.
22. Stine, op. cit. footnote 1, pp. 73-78.
23. Theoretical works more general than Stine are Hay, op. cit. footnote 1;
24. M. J. Webber and Richard Symanski, “Periodic Markets: An Economic Location Analysis,” Economic Geography, Vol. 49 (1973), pp. 213-27. Webber and Symanski treated the complex issue of agglomeration which, in our analysis, results mainly from historical development and inertia rather than from vendor strategies.
25. Shiw Mangal Singh, “The Stability Theory of Rural Central Place Development,” National Geographical Journal of India, Vol. 11 (1965), pp. 13-21;
26. B. W. Hodder and U. I. Ukwu, Markets in West Africa: Studies of Markets and Trade Among the Yoruba and I bo (Ibadan: Ibadan University Press, 1969), p. xii;
27. B. W. Hodder, “Periodic and Daily Markets in West Africa,” in Meillassoux, op. cit. p. 352.
28. For example, R. J. Bromley, “The Organization of Quito's Urban Markets: Towards a Reinterpretation of Periodic Central Places,” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, No. 62 (1974), pp. 45-70;
29. Yue-man Yeung, “Periodic Markets: Comments on Spatio-Temporal Relationships,” Professional Geographer, Vol. 26 (1974), pp. 147-51;
30. Kathryn L. Buzzacott, “London's Markets: Their Growth, Characteristics and Functions,” unpublished doctoral dissertation, London University, 1972, p. 105.
31. Bromley, op. cit. footnote 13, pp. 64-67.
32. Richard Symanski, “Periodic Markets of Andean Colombia,” unpublished doctoral dissertation, Syracuse University, 1971, pp. 66-104;
33. Bromley, op. cit. footnote 5, pp. 219-38.
34. Webber and Symanski, op. cit. footnote 11, pp. 221-25.
35. Hill, op. cit, footnote 3, p. 309.
36. Ann Norton and Richard Symanski, “The Internal Marketing Systems of Jamaica,” Geographical Review, Vol. 65 (1975), forthcoming.
37. Richard Gray and David Birmingham, eds. Pre-Colonial Trade: Essays on Trade in Central and Eastern Africa before 1900 (London: Oxford University Press, 1970), pp. 3-23;
38. V. C. Uchendu, “Polity Primacy and African Economic Development,” Proceedings of the University of East Africa Social Sciences Conference, Dar es Salaam, 1970;
39. J. Barry Riddell, “A Note on the Origin Conditions of Periodic Marketing Systems,” in W. P. Adams and F. M. Helleiner, eds. International Geography 1972 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1972), Vol. 1, pp. 584-86;
40. Charles M. Good, “Markets in Africa: A Review of Research Themes and the Question of Market Origins,” Cahiers d'Etudes Africaines, Vol. 13 (1973), pp. 769-80;
41. Paul Bohannan and George Dalton, eds. Markets in Africa (Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press), pp. 1-26.
42. B. W. Hodder, “Some Comments on the Origins of Traditional Markets in Africa South of the Sahara,” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, No. 36 (1965), pp. 97-105.
43. Henri Pirenne, Medieval Cities (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1925), pp. 75-91;
44. Max Weber, General Economic History (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1927), pp. 202-22;
45. Karl Polanyi, C. M. Arensberg, and H. W. Pearson, eds. Trade and Market in the Early Empires (Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press, 1957).
46. Hodder, op. cit. footnote 20;
47. Good, op. cit. footnote 8, pp. 193-205;
48. Good, op. cit. footnote 19, pp. 771-78.
49. Prestation technically is “an exchange system in which giving may be used to create social obligations;” Belshaw, op. cit. footnote 4, p. 48.
50. Meillassoux, op. cit. footnote 3, pp. 82-83.
51. The idea of economic surplus “is a red herring because only chance accident can produce a surplus over and above planned expectations of the producer who markets to obtain specific needed goals,” Belshaw, op. cit, footnote 4, p. 78.
52. Belshaw, op. cit. footnote 4, pp. 75-76.
53. Bohannan and Dalton, op. cit. footnote 19, p. 7.
54. Belshaw, op. cit. footnote 4, p. 78.
55. Paul Bohannan, “The Impact of Money on an African Subsistence Economy,” Journal of Economic History, Vol. 19 (1959), pp. 491-503;
56. Weber, op. cit. footnote 21, p. 214.
57. Hodder and Ukwu, op. cit. footnote 12, p. 129;
58. L. F. Salzman, English Trade in the Middle Ages (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1931), pp. 123-28.
59. Rosemary D. F. Bromley and R. J. Bromley, “The Debate on Sunday Markets in Nineteenth Century Ecuador,” Journal of Latin American Studies, forthcoming.
60. Two primary sources which deal with market periodicity in West Africa are N. W. Thomas, “The Week in West Africa,” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Vol. 54 (1924), pp. 183-209;
61. Willy Frohlich, “Das afrikanische Marktwesen,” Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie, Vol. 72 (1940), pp. 253-66.
62. These weeks are mapped in R. H. T. Smith, “West African Market-Places: Temporal Periodicity and Locational Spacing,” in Meillassoux, op. cit. footnote 3, p. 323.
63. Claude Meillassoux, “Social and Economic Factors Affecting Markets in Guro Land,” in Bohannan and Dalton, op. cit. footnote 19, p. 297.
64. Gray and Birmingham, op. cit. footnote 19, pp. 12-14;
65. Godfrey Muriuki, “Kikuyu Reaction to Traders and British Administration, 1850-1904,” in B. A. Ogot, ed. Hadith 1 (Nairobi: East African Publishing House, 1968), p. 104.
66. G. N. Uzoigwe, “Precolonial Markets in Bunyoro-Kitara,” Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 14 (1972), pp. 447-48;
67. Hodder and Ukwu, op. cit. footnote 12, pp. 131-32.
68. For example, Rosemary Arnold, “Separation of Trade and Market: The Great Market of Whydah,” in Polanyi, Arensberg, and Pearson, op. cit. footnote 21, pp. 177-87;
69. Francisco Benet, “Explosive Markets: The Berber Highlands,” in Polanyi, Arensberg, and Pearson, op. cit. footnote 21, pp. 188-217;
70. Alonso de Zorita, The Lords of New Spain (London: J. M. Dent, 1965), pp. 152-61.
71. For example, B. W. Hodder, “Rural Periodic Day Markets in Part of Yorubaland,” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, No. 29 (1961), pp. 149-51;
72. R. T. Jackson, “Periodic Markets in Southern Ethiopia,” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, No. 53 (1971), p. 40;
73. Frohlich, op. cit. footnote 32, pp. 240-51. Frohlich cited many attributes and patterns of markets from the early ethnographic literature.
74. S. W. Mintz and D. Hall, The Origins of the Jamaican Internal Marketing System, Yale University Publications in Anthropology No. 57 (New Haven, Conn.: Human Relations Area Files, 1960), p. 19;
75. Bromley and Bromley, op. cit. footnote 31;
76. John Fraser Hart, The Look of the Land (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1975), pp. 160-63.
77. The two main functions of precolonial West African periodic markets were “to move consumer goods through exchange cycles between areas that were not self-sufficient in their economy; and more particularly, to serve as bulking and wholesale centers for professional long-distance traders dealing in rarer and more valuable commodities.” In the West African interior, “everywhere” the indigenous “preoccupation with edible surplus formed the backbone for the passage of more exotic items of trade;” Colin Newbury, “Trade and Authority in West Africa from 1850 to 1880,” in L. Gann and P. Duignan, eds. Colonialism in Africa, 1870-1960 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969), Vol. 1, pp. 67-68.
78. Bromley and Bromley, op. cit. footnote 31.
79. Bromley, op. cit. footnote 13, p. 62;
80. J. H. Kirk, P. G. Ellis, and J. R. Medland, Retail Stall Markets in Great Britain, Marketing Series No. 8 (Wye, Kent: Wye College, 1972), pp. 42-43.
81. For example, Hill, op. cit. footnote 3, p. 309.
82. Richard Symanski, “God, Food and Consumers in Periodic Market Systems,” Proceedings, Association of American Geographers, Vol. 5 (1973), pp. 262-66.