The citizenship of the baltic states

Journal of Baltic Studies

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 1990, Pages 3-26

  Ginsburgs, George ^a  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 84963159790     PISSN: 01629778     EISSN: 17517877     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01629778900000211     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Note that by virtue of the federal decree of August 23, 1944, on the formation of the Pskov oblast within the context of the RSFSR, 3 volosts and part of another formerly belonging to the Estonian SSR and 3 volosts formerly belonging to the Latvian SSR were transferred to the newly established Pskov oblast of the RSFSR. The stated rationale was that these areas were predominantly inhabited by Russians who had repeatedly petitioned to rejoin the RSFSR and that the Presidia of the two republics had themselves requested that the cession be affected. For text, see Sbornik zakonov SSSR i ukazov Prezidiuma Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR (1938g.-1958g.), Moscow 1959, 53-54.
2. The autonomous republics of the USSR are also said to possess their own citizenship, but in this study we will concentrate solely on the institutions of union republic and federal citizenship.
3. T. A. Taracouzio, “The Soviet Citizenship Law of 1938”, American Journal of International Law, 1939, No. 1, 157.
4. Editorial, Pravda, December 4, 1978. Likewise, V. V. Kuznetsov, in Pravda and Izvestiia, December 2, 1978.
5. E.g., D. L. Zlatopolskii, Gosudarstvennoe ustroistvo SSSR, Moscow 1960, 247; M. Kirichenko, “Grazhdanstvo Soiuza SSR”, Sovetskaia iustitsiia, 1972, No. 11, 9; V. S. Shevtsov, Gosudarstvennyi suverenitet (Voprosy teorii), Moscow 1979, 108; M. Shafir, in Sotsialisticheskaia zakonnost, 1970, No. 4, 94.
6. For example, V. S. Shevtsov, Sovetskoe grazhdanstvo, Moscow 1965, 27-32; Report by N. A. Bulganin, Pravda, August 18, 1938.
7. V. S. Shevtsov, “Sovetskoe grazhdanstvo i gosudarstvennyi suverenitet”, Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo, 1970, No. 6, 46. A resolution of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet of June 14, 1960, explained that in all cases of admission of foreigners and stateless individuals into Soviet citizenship, the Presidia of the Supreme Soviets of union republics issued not resolutions, but decrees. Interestingly enough, a federal edict prescribed the procedure to be followed here by the republics, and the reference is to admission to Soviet citizenship, not republic citizenship. Sobranie deistvuiushchego zakonodatelstva SSSR, Moscow 1973, Vol. 1, 96.
8. V. S. Shevtsov, Grazhdanstvo v sovetskom soiuznom gosudarstve, Moscow 1969, 48; V. V. Polianskii, “Printsipy sovetskogo grazhdanstva”, Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i prava, 1980, No. 5, 123.
9. E.g., V. S. Shevtsov, Sovetskoe grazhdanstvo, Moscow 1965, 27-28; A. I. Lepeshkin, “Konstitutsionnoe razvitie sovetskogo soiuznogo gosudarstva”, Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i pravo, 1962, No. 12, 31; M. Shafir, Grazhdaninom byt’ obiazan, Moscow 1972, 90.
10. B. V. Shchetinin, Problemy teorii sovetskogo gosudarstvennogo prava, Moscow 1974, 183; V. S. Shevtsov, Suverenitet sovetskogo gosudarstva, Moscow 1972, 235; N. V. Mironov, Pravovoe regulirovanie vneshnikh snoshenii SSSR 1917-1970gg Moscow 1971, 90.
11. For example, Shevtsov, op. cit., note 7, 44.
12. R. Kulik, “Pravovye nachala sovetskogo grazhdanstva”, Sovety narodnykh deputatov, 1979, No. 2, 36.
13. Most notably, A. A. Esaian, Nekotorye voprosy sovetskogo grazhdanstva (Voprosy naseleniia v praktike Sovetskoi Armenii), Erevan 1966, 86, 88.
14. S. Kosakov, “Konstitutsionnye osnovy kompetentsii soiuznoi respubliki po voprosam grazhdanstva”, hvestiia Akademii nauk Kazakhskoi SSR, 1980, No. 5, seriia obshchestvennykh nauk, 64.
15. Shevtsov, op. cit., note 8, 67, fh. 1; R. I. Kulik, Zakon o grazhdanstve SSSR, Moscow 1980, 33.
16. See K. Kuznetsov, “Zakon o grazhdanstve SSSR”, Partiino-politicheskaia rabota v RKKA, 1938, No. 17, 13. Per contra, Shevtsov, op. cit., note 8, 68; idem. Citizenship of the USSR (A Legal Study), Moscow 1979, 72-73; Kosakov, op. cit., 63-64.
17. V. S. Shevtsov, Sovetskoe gosudarstvo i lichnost, Moscow 1978, 16-17; Kulik, op. cit., note 15, 33.
18. Cf., Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR of December 30, 1940, in G. Geilke, Das Staatsangehorigkeitsrecht der Sowjetunion, Frankfurt 1964, 341; Belorussian decree of February 6, 1945, ibid., 366-367, citing Sbornik zakonov Belorusskoi SSR i ukazov Prezidiuma Verkhovnogo Soveta Belorusskoi SSR za 1938-1955gg., Minsk 1956, 45.
19. Zlatopolskii, op. cit., 249.
20. Shevtsov, op. cit., note 7, 46.
21. Shafir, op. cit., note 9, 30.
22. Zlatopolskii, op. cit., 261.
23. See, H.-J. Uibopuu, Die V lkerrechtssubjektivit t der Unionsrepubliken der UdSSR, Vienna-New York 1975, 67, and fh. 8.
24. Zlatopolskii, op. cit., 260-261.
25. Teoreticheskie voprosy sistematizatsii sovetskogo zakonodatelstva, Moscow 1962, 278; N. V. Vitruk, in Pravovedenie, 1971, No. 6, 106.
26. Shevtsov, op. cit., note 8, 54.
27. Ibid., 95-96, 165.
28. Ibid., 139.
29. Esaian, op. cit., 86, 96.
30. Pravda, February 13, 1990; Soviet News, 1990, No. 6513, 53-58, 60. Excerpts in The New York Times, February 14, 1990, A12.
31. Report on the USSR, 1989, No. 47, 34.
32. The New York Times, November 4, 1989, 5.
33. Report on the USSR, 1989, No. 44, 38.
34. The New York Times, February 26, 1990, A10.
35. Ibid., August 9, 1989, A3, and A. Sheehy, “Latvians Remain Majority in Latvia”, Report on the USSR, 1989, No. 46, 20-21.
36. The New York Times, August 9, 1989, A3. This particular statement was attributed to Tiit Made, identified as an economist and an Estonian deputy in the Soviet Congress.
37. S. Girnius, “Estonian Supreme Soviet Suspends Residency Requirement for Local Elections”, Report on the USSR, 1989, No. 42, 19.
38. M. Levin, “Who will become a citizen of Estonia”, New Times, 1989, No. 43, 22.
39. Ibid., 22-23.
40. Izvestiia, July 27, 1989.
41. Literaturnaia gazeta, July 19, 1989, 10.
42. The New York Times, November 11, 1989, 6.
43. D. L. Zlatopolskii, “Natsionalnaia osnova gosudarstvennosti narodov SSSR”, Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta, 1989, No. 4, 3-12.
44. I. Teterin, “Estoniia: sudba gosudarstva”, Pravda, February 13, 1990.
45. See footnote 30.
46. “Sovetskoe federativnoe…”, Politicheskoe obrazovanie, 1989, No. 7, 14-21.
47. I. O. Bisher, Doctor of juridical sciences, Professor of the Latvian State University, ibid., 15.
48. T. Kiabin, Candidate of juridical sciences, Learned secretary of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR, ibid., 16-17.
49. I. O. Bisher, ibid., 17.
50. E.g., M. N. Guboglo, Doctor of historical sciences, Deputy director of the Institute of Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, ibid., 17, 20.
51. M. Puchkova, “Pravo na ravnopravie”, Izvestiia, September 5, 1989.
52. “Grazhdanin i ego strana”, Izvestiia, September 9, 1989, conversation between Iu. Feofanov and Iu. Shulzhenko.
53. “Lithuania: debate on citizenship”, New Times, 1989, No. 33, 22-23. The interviewee, Arvydas Matulionis, is identified as Director of the Institute of Philosophy, Sociology and Law attached to the Academy of Sciences of the Lithuanian SSR, Chairman of the Baltic Branch of the Soviet Sociology Association.
54. New Times, 1990, No. 5, 26-27.
55. The New York Times, February 15, 1990, A20. In the same vein, ibid., February 16, 1990, A8, and March 8, 1990, Al, A14.
56. “O vizakh, dvoinom grazhdanstve i ‘zakrytykh zonakh'”, Izvestiia, February 4, 1990, answers by B. N. Chaplin to questions from the diplomatic correspondent of the newspaper. See, too, Vestnik Ministerstva Inostrannykh Del SSSR, 1989, No. 13, 63; “Muscovites on Soviet Foreign Policy”, International Affairs, 1989. No. 22, 5: “In the current law there is a point which is clearly outdated. It dismisses the possibility of dual citizenship, although in fact it exists. Soviet consulates in certain West European countries and in the Near East grant Soviet passports to persons already possessing passports issued in the country of their residence, especially in cases of multinationality marriages.”
57. See the author's Soviet Citizenship Law, Leyden 1968, Ch. 4; “Option of Nationality in Soviet Treaty Practice, 1917-1924”, American Journal of International Law, 1961, No. 4, 919-946; “Option of Nationality in Soviet Treaty Law: The War-Time and Post-War Record”, Iowa Law Review, 1964, No. 4, 1130-1176; and D. A. Loeber, Diktierte Option, Die Umsiedlung der Deutsch-Balten aud Estland und Lettland 1939-1941, Dokumentation, Neumflnster 1972, and 2nd. ed., 1974.