Nomads and Urbanites, Involuntary Hosts and Uninvited Guests

Middle Eastern Studies

Volumn 18, Issue 4, 1982, Pages 426-444

  Beck, Lois ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84963158850     PISSN: 00263206     EISSN: 17437881     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00263208208700524     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Brief mention is found in D. Bates, Nomads and Farmers: A Study of the Yoruk of Southeastern Turkey (Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1973), pp. 31–3;
2. A. Mohammed, ‘the Nomadic and the Sedentary: Polar Complementaries — Not Polar Opposites,’ C. Nelson, ed., The Desert and the Sown (Berkeley, Calfornia, 1973), pp. 109–10;
3. A. Vinogradov, ‘Ethnicity, Cultural Discontinuity and Power Brokers in Northern Iraq: The Case of the Shabak,’ American Ethnologist, Vol., 1 (1974), p. 212.
4. A volume devoted to relations between ‘the desert and the sown’ surprisingly does not discuss social interaction; C. Nelson, ed., The Desert and the Sown: Nomads in the Wider Society (Berkeley, California, 1973); Mohammed's article (above) is the exception.
5. For bibliographies, see L. Despres, ed., Ethnicity and Resource Competition in Plural Societies (The Hague, 1975);
6. W. Shack and E. Skinner, eds., Strangers in African Societies (Berkeley, California, 1979);
7. J. Peterson, ‘Hunter-Gather/Farmer Exchange,’ American Anthropologist, Vol., 80, no. 2 (1978), pp. 335–51;
8. G. Hicks and P. Leis, eds., Ethnic Encounters: Identities and Contexts (North Scituate, Massachusetts, 1977).
9. For general discussions, see R. Antoun, ‘Anthropology,’ L. Binder, ed., The Study of the Middle East (New York (1976), pp. 176–9;
10. E. Cohen, ‘Recent Anthropological Studies of Middle Eastern Communities and Ethnic Groups,’ B. Siegel et al., eds., Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol., 6 (Palo Alto, California, 1977).
11. Several specific studies include R. Canfield, ‘The Ecology of Rural Ethnic Groups and Spatial Dimensions of Power,’ American Anthropologist, Vol. 75, No. 5 (1973), pp. 1529–41;
12. N. Shahrani, ‘Ethnic Relations under Closed Frontier Conditions: Northeast Badakhshan,’ W. McCagg and B. Silver, eds., Soviet-Asian Ethnic Frontiers (Oxford, 1979);
13. A. Rosman and P. Rubel, ‘Nomad-Sedentary Interethnic Relations in Iran and Afghanistan,’ International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 7 (1976), pp. 545–70. The anthropological literature on Israel demonstrates a longer-term interest.
14. I. Harik, ‘The Ethnic Revolution and Political Integration in the Middle East,’ International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 4, no. 3 (1972), p. 305;
15. M. Horowitz, ‘Ethnic Boundary Maintenance among Pastoralists and Farmers in the Western Sudan (Niger),’ W. Irons and N. Dyson-Hudson, eds., Perspectives on Nomadism (Leiden, 1972), p. 105.
16. G. Haaland, ‘Economic Determinants in Ethnic Processes,’ F. Barth, ed., Ethnic Groups and Boundaries (Boston, 1969), p. 61.
17. K. Knutsson, ‘Dichotomization and Integration,’ F. Barth, ed., Ethnic Groups and Boundaries (Boston, 1969), p. 97.
18. See L. Rosen, ‘Muslim-Jewish Relations in a Moroccan City,’ International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 3, no. 4(1972), pp. 435–49.
19. S. Joseph, ‘Women and the Neighborhood Street in Borj Hammoud, Lebanon,’ L. Beck and N. Keddie, eds., Women in the Muslim World (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1978).
20. L. Despres, ‘Ethnicity and Resource Competition in Guyanese Society,’ L. Despres, ed., Ethnicity and Resource Competition in Plural Societies (The Hague, 1975), p. 106.
21. A. Cohen, Custom and Politics in Urban Africa (Berkeley, California, 1969);
22. F. Barth, ed., Ethnic Groups and Boundaries (Boston, 1969).
23. Harik, ‘The Ethnic Revolution’
24. A. Cohen, Custom and Politics.
25. W. Yancey, E. Eriksen, and R. Julianai, ‘Emergent Ethnicity: A Review and Reformulation,’ American Sociological Review, Vol. 41, no. 3 (1976), pp. 391–403.
26. A. Hamalian, ‘The Shirkets: Visiting Pattern of Armenians in Lebanon,’ Anthropological Quarterly, Vol. 47, no. 1 (1974), p. 91.
27. ‘Visiting Patterns and Social Dynamics in Eastern Mediterranean Communities,’ Anthropological Quarterly, Vol. 47, no. 1 (1974);
28. E. Marx, ‘Circumcision Feasts among the Negev Bedouins,’ International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 4 (1973), pp. 411–27;
29. E. Gellner and J. Waterbury, eds., Patrons and Clients in Mediterranean Societies (London, 1977).
30. P. Oberling, The Qashqa'i Nomads of Fars (The Hague, 1974);
31. L. Beck, ‘Iran and the Qashqa' i Tribal Confederacy,’ R. Tapper, ed., Tribe and State in Afghanistan and Iran From 1800–1980 (forthcoming).
32. L. Beck, ‘Economic Transformations among Qashqa'i Nomads, 1962–1978,’ M. Bonine and N. Keddie, eds., Modern Iran: Dialectics of Continuity and Change (Albany, New York, 1981).
33. L. Beck, ‘Revolutionary Iran and Its Tribal Peoples,’ MERIP Reports, Vol. 10, no. 4 (May 1980), pp. 14–20;
34. L. Beck, ‘Tribe and State in Revolutionary Iran: The Return of the Qashqa' i Khans,’ F. Kazemi, ed., Iranian Studies (Special Issue on the Iranian Revolution) (forthcoming).
35. For example, A. Abou-Zeid, ‘Honour and Shame among the Bedouins of Egypt,’ J. Peristiany, ed., Honour and Shame (Chicago, 1966).
36. See B. Aswad, ‘Visiting Patterns among Women of the Elite in a Small Turkish City,’ Anthropological Quarterly, Vol. 47, no. 1 (1974), pp. 9–27.
37. J. Scott, ‘Patronage or Exploitation?’ E. Gellner and J. Waterbury, eds., Patrons and Clients in Mediterranean Societies (London, 1977), p. 27.
38. W. Beeman, ‘What is (Iranian) National Character? A Sociolinguistic Approach,’ Iranian Studies, Vol. 9, no. 1 (1976), pp. 22–48;
39. M. Bateson, J. Clinton et al., ‘Safa-yi Batin: A Study of the Interactions of a Set of Iranian Ideal Character Types,’ L. Brown and N. Itzkowitz, eds., Psychological Dimensions of Near Eastern Studies (Princeton, 1977).
40. See Benedict's discussion of the interaction of local and non-local women (wives of civil servants assigned to the area) in a Turkish town; ‘The Kabul Gunu: Structured Visiting in an Anatolian Provincial Town,’ Anthropological Quarterly, Vol. 47, no. 1 (1974), pp. 28–47.
41. ‘Caravans,’ based on James Michener's novel and filmed in 1977 in Iran under government auspices, featured the Qashqa'i as the film's tribe, even though the novel's ‘tribe’ was a small band of Afghan brigands and smugglers. A David Frost film on Iran used a sequence on the Qashqa'i, and one of the BBC's Tribal Eye documentaries, entitled ‘Woven Gardens,’ is an account of Qashqa'i weaving. Museum exhibits of Qashqa'i material culture, in such places as Manchester in England and Lubbock in Texas, have also drawn foreign attention; see Whitworth Art Gallery, University of Manchester, The Qashqa'i of Iran (1976).
42. Most notable of the foreign visitors was Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas, who described his experiences with the Qashqa'i in Strange Lands and Friendly People (New York, 1951). A National Geographic feature on the Washqa'i is based on a visit of two foreigners; J. Shor and F. Shor, ‘We Dwelt in Kashgai Tents,’ National Geographic, Vol. 101 (1952), pp. 805–32.
43. See also M. Bahmanbegui, ‘Qashqa'i: Hardy Shepherds of Iran's Zagros Mountains, Build a Future Through Tent-School Education,’ Nomads of the World (Washington, D.c., 1971); the essay accompanying the photographs of Roland Michaud and Sabrina Michaud was written by them, despite the credit given to Bahmanbegui. They, too, were well treated guests.
44. Emrys Peters writes of Maronite village women possessing social maturity, part of which came with managing a household and taking care of guests. ‘I was witness to aninvasion of the house — and it is always an open house from the early morning until past midnight — by forty-two adult males, without any warning. A wife, whatever her pre-marital status, matures rapidly in this kind of household’ ‘Aspects of Affinity in a Lebanese Maronite Village,’ J. Peristiany, ed., Mediterranean Family Structures (Cambridge, 1976), pp. 49–50.
45. L. Beck, ‘Women among Qashqa'i Nomadic Pastoralists,’ L. Beck and N. Keddie, Women in the Muslim World (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1978).
46. L. Despres, ed., Ethnicity and Resource Competition.
47. F. Barth, ‘Pathan Identity and Its Maintenance,’ F. Barth, ed., Ethnic Groups and Boundaries (Boston, 1969), p. 121;
48. A. Vinogradov, ‘Introduction to Visiting Patterns and Social Dynamics in Eastern Mediterranean Communities,’ Anthropological Quarterly, Vol. 47, no. 1 (1974), p. 3.
49. H. Befu, ‘Social Exchange,’ B. Siegel et al., eds., Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 6 (Palo Alto, California, 1977), p. 260.
50. R. Dillon, Carpet Capitalism and Craft Involution in Kirman, Iran (Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1976), p. 8.
51. Lambton, The Persian Land Reform, 1962–1966 (Oxford, 1969), p. 126.
52. I. Petrushevsky, ‘The Socioeconomic Condition of Iran Under the Il-Khans,’ J. Boyle, ed., The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 5 (Cambridge, 1968), p. 535.
53. Ibid., p. 536.
54. A. Lambton, Landlord and Peasant in Persia (London, 1953), p. 385.
55. Ibid., improved communications (good roads and automobiles) in Cyprus meant that overnight stays of visiting government officials were rendered unnecessary, and hosts' expenses for hospitality were decreased; P. Loizos, ‘Politics and Patronage in a Cypriot Village, 192021970,’ E. Gellner and J. Waterbury, eds., Patrons and Clients in Mediterranean Societies (London, 1977), p. 122.
56. L. Despres, ‘Toward a Theory of Ethnic Phenomena,’ L. Despres, ed., Ethnicity and Resource Competition in Plural Societies (The Hague, 1975), p. 204;
57. Befu, ‘Social Exchange,’ p. 274.
58. J. Anderson, ‘There Are No Khans Anymore: Economic Development and Social Chagne in Tribal Afghanistan,’ The Middle East Journal. Vol. 32, no. 2 (1978), p. 179.
59. Beeman, ‘What is (Iranian) National Character?’, p. 28.
60. Befu, ‘Social Exchange,’ p. 275.
61. Marx, ‘Circumcision Feasts,’ pp. 425–6.