1993 revised classification system for hiv infection and expanded surveillance case definition for aids among adolescents and adults

Clinical Infectious Diseases

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 1993, Pages 802-810

  Castro, Kenneth G ^a   Ward, John W ^a   Slutsker, Laurence ^a   Buehler, James W ^a   Jaffe, Harold W ^a   Berkelman, Ruth L ^a   Curran, James W ^a  

^a NATL CENTER FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84963019084     PISSN: 10584838     EISSN: 15376591     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/clinids/17.4.802     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. CDC. Classification system for human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus infections. MMWR 1986;35: 334-9.
2. CDC. Revision of the CDC surveillance case definition for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. MMWR 1987;36:1-15S.
3. McDougal JS, Kennedy MS, Sligh JM, et al. Binding of the HTLV-III/LAV to T4+ T cells by a complex of the 110K molecule and the T4 molecule. Science 1985;231:382-5.
4. Moss AR, Bacchetti P. Natural history of HIV infection. AIDS 1989;3:55-61.
5. Rutherford GW, Lifson AR, Hessol NA, et al. Course of HIV-1 in a cohort of homosexual and bisexual men: an 11 year follow-up study. Br Med J 1990;301:1183-8.
6. Munoz A, Wang MC, Bass S, et al. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-free time after human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) seroconversion in homosexual men. Am J Epidemiol 1989;130:530-9.
7. Rezza G, Lazzarin A, Angarano G, et al. The natural history of HIV infection in intravenous drug users: risk of disease progression in a cohort of seroconverters. AIDS 1989;3:87-90.
8. Selwyn PA, Hartel D, Schoenbaum EE, et al. Rates and predictors of progression to HIV disease and AIDS in a cohort of intravenous drug users (IVDUs), 1985-1990 [abstract F.C.111]. VI International Conference on AIDS, San Francisco, CA, June 22,1990;2:117.
9. Medley GF, Anderson RM, Cox DR, Billard L. Incubation period of AIDS in patients infected via blood transfusion. Nature 1987;328:719-21.
10. Ward JW, Bush TJ, Perkins HA, et al. The natural history of transfusion- associated infection with human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med 1989;321:947-52.
11. Goedert JJ, Kessler CM, Aledort LM, et al. A prospective study of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and the development of AIDS in subjects with hemophilia. N Engl J Med 1989;321:1141-8.
12. Auger I, Thomas P, De Gruttola V, et al. Incubation periods for paediatric AIDS patients. Nature 1988;336:575-7.
13. Krasinski K, Borkowsky W, Holzman RS. Prognosis of human immunodeficiency virus in children and adolescents. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1989;8:216-20.
14. Goedert JJ, Biggar RJ, Melbye M, et al. Effect of T4 count and cofactors on the incidence of AIDS in homosexual men infected with human immunodeficiency virus. JAMA 1987;257:331-4.
15. Nicholson JKA, Spira TJ, Aloisio CH, et al. Serial determinations of HIV-1 titers in HIV-infected homosexual men: association of rising titers with CD4 T cell depletion and progression to AIDS. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1989;5:205-15.
16. Lang W, Perkins H, Anderson RE, Royce R, Jewell N, Winkelstein W. Patterns of T lymphocyte changes with human immunodeficiency virus infection: from seroconversion to the development of AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1989;2:63-9.
17. Lange MA, de Wolf F, Goudsmit J. Markers for progression of HIV infection. AIDS 1989;3(supp1.1):S153-60.
18. Taylor JM, Fahey JL, Detels R, Giorgi J. CD4 percentage, CD4 numbers, and CD4:CD8 ratio in HIV infection: which to choose and how to use. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1989;2:114-24.
19. Masur H, Ognibene FP, Yarchoan R, et al. CD4 counts as predictors of opportunistic pneumonias in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Ann Intern Med 1989;111:223-31.
20. Fahey JL, Taylor JMG, Detels R, et al. The prognostic value of cellular and serologic markers. in infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. N Engl J Med 1990;322:166-72.
21. Fernandez-Cruz E, Desco M, Garcia Montes M, Longo N, Gonzalez B, Zabay JM. Immunological and serological markers predictive of progression to AIDS in a cohort of HIV-infected drug users. AIDS 1990;4:987-94.
22. National Institutes of Health. State-of-the-art conference on azidothymidine therapy for early HIV infection. Am J Med 1990;89:335-44.
23. CDC. Guidelines for prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia for persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. MMWR 1992;41(no RR-4):1-11.
24. Fischl MA, Richman DD, Hansen N, et al. The safety and efficacy of zidovudine (AZT) in the treatment of subjects with mildly symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infection: a double blind, placebo controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1990;112:727-37.
25. Volberding PA, Lagakos SW, Koch MA, et al. Zidovudine in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection: a controlled trial in persons with fewer than 500 CD4-positive cells per cubic millimeter. N Engl J Med 1990;322:941.
26. Lagakos S, Fischl MA, Stein DS, Lim L, Volberding PA. Effects of zidovudine therapy in minority and other subpopulations with early HIV infection. JAMA 1991;266:2709-12.
27. Easterbrook PJ, Keruly JC, Creagh-Kirk T, et al. Racial and ethnic differences in outcome in zidovudine-treated patients with advanced HIV disease. JAMA 1991;266:2713-8.
28. Hamilton JD, Hartigan PM, Simberkoff MS, et al. A controlled trial of early versus late treatment with zidovudine in symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1992;326:437-43.
29. Ho DD, Sarngadharan MG, Resnick L, et al. Primary human T-lymphotropic virus type III infection. Ann Intern Med 1985;103: 880-3.
30. Tindall B, Cooper DA. Primary HIV infection: host responses and intervention strategies. AIDS 1991;5:1-14.
31. Redfield RR, Wright DC, Tramont EC. The Walter Reed Staging Classification for HTLV-III/LAV infection. N Engl J Med 1986;314: 131-2.
32. CDC. Guidelines for preventing the transmission of tuberculosis in health-care settings, with special focus on HIV-related issues. MMWR 1990;39(no RR-17):1-29.
33. CDC. Purified protein derivative (PPD)-tuberculin anergy and HIV infection. MMWR 1991;40(no RR-15):37-43.
34. WHO. Interim proposal for a WHO staging system for HIV infection and diseases. Weekly Epidemiol Record 1990;65:221-4.
35. Chaisson RE, Volberding PA. Clinical manifestations of HIV infection. In: Mandell GL, Douglas RG, Bennett JE, eds. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone, 1990:1061.
36. Haverkos HW, Gottlieb MS, Killen JY, Edelman R. Classification of HTLV-III/LAV-related diseases. J Infect Dis 1985;152:1905.
37. Zolla-Pazner S, Des Jarlais DC, Friedman SR, et al. Nonrandom development of immunologic abnormalities after infection with human immunodeficiency virus: implications for immunologic classification of the disease. Proc Nati Acad Sci USA 1987;84:5404-8.
38. Royce RA, Luckmann RS, Fusaro RE, Winkelstein W. The natural history of HIV-1 infection: staging classifications of disease. AIDS 1991;5:355-64.
39. Justice AC, Feinstein AR, Wells CK. A new prognostic staging system for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1989;320:1388-93.
40. Valdiserri RO, Cross GD, Gerber AR, Schwartz RE, Hearn TL. Capacity of US labs to provide TLI in support of early HIV-1 intervention. Am J Public Health 1991;81:491-4.
41. CDC. Guidelines for the performance of CD4 + T-cell determinations in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infections. MMWR 1992;41(no RR-8):1-12.
42. CDC. Surveillance for HIV infection-United States. MMWR 1990;39:853, 859-61.
43. Brookmeyer R. Reconstruction and future trends of the AIDS epidemic in the United States. Science 1991;253:37-42.
44. Ciesielski CA, Fleming PL, Berkelman RL. Changing trends in AIDSindicator diseases in the U.S.-role of therapy and prophylaxis? [abstract 254]. 31st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, 1991:141.
45. Hopkins S, Lafferty W, Honey J, Hurlich M. Trends in the outpatient diagnosis of AIDS: implications for epidemiologic analysis and surveillance [abstract T.A.P.72]. V International Conference on AIDS, Montreal, Canada, 1989:111.
46. Modesitt S, Espenlaub C, Klockner R, Fleming D. AIDS cases diagnosed as outpatients [abstract Th.C.736]. VI International Conference on AIDS, San Francisco, CA, 1990;1:309.
47. Raviglione MC, Narain JP, Kochi A. HIV-associated tuberculosis in developing countries: clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. Bull WHO 1992;70:515-26.
48. Selwyn PA, Hartel D, Lewis VA, et al. A prospective study of the risk of tuberculosis among intravenous drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1989;320:545-50.
49. Selwyn PA, Sckell BM, Alcabes P, Friedland GH, Klein RS, Schoenbaum EE. High risk of active tuberculosis in HIV infected drug users with cutaneous anergy. JAMA 1992;268:504-9.
50. Braun MM, Badi N, Ryder R, et al. A retrospective cohort study of the risk of tuberculosis among women of childbearing age with HIV-infection in Zaire. Am Rev Resp Dis 1991;143:501-4.
51. De Cock KM, Soro B, Coulibaly IM, Lucas SB. Tuberculosis and HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa. JAMA 1992;268:1581-7.
52. Shafer RW, Chirgwin KD, Glatt AE, Dandouh MA, Landesman SH, Suster B. HIV prevalence, immunosuppression, and drug resistance in patients with tuberculosis in an area endemic for AIDS. AIDS 1991;5:399-405.
53. Barber TW, Craven DE, McCabe WR. Bacteremia due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: a report of 9 cases and review of the literature. Medicine 1990;69:375-83.
54. CDC. Tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection: recommendations of the Advisory Committee for the Elimination of Tuberculosis [ACET]. MMWR 1989;38:236-8, 243-50.
55. Buehler JW, Devine OJ, Berkelman RL, Chevarley FM. Impact of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic on mortality trends in young men, United States. Am J Public Health 1990;80:1080-6.
56. Chu SY, Buehler JW, Berkelman RL. Impact of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic on mortality in women of reproductive age, United States. JAMA 1990;264:225-9.
57. Polsky B, Gold JW, Whimbey E, et al. Bacterial pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1986;104:38-41.
58. Selwyn PA, Feingold AR, Hartel D, et al. Increased risk of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-infected intravenous drug users without AIDS. AIDS 1988;2:267-72.
59. Farizo KM, Buehler JW, Chamberland ME, et al. Spectrum of disease in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection in the United States. JAMA 1992;267:1798-805.
60. Laga M, Icenogle JP, Marsella R, et al. Genital papillomavirus infection and cervical dysplasia-opportunistic complications of HIV infection. Int J Cancer 1992;50:45-8.
61. Schafer A, Friedmann W, Mielke M, Schwartlander B, Koch MA. The increased frequency of cervical dysplasia-neoplasia in women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus is related to the degree of immunosuppression. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;164:593-9.
62. Sadeghi SB, Sadeghi A, Robboy SJ. Prevalence of dysplasia and cancer of the cervix in a nationwide Planned Parenthood population. Cancer 1988;61:2359-61.
63. Feingold AR, Vermund SH, Burk RD, et al. Cervical cytologic abnormalities and papillomavirus in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1990;3:896-903.
64. Maiman M, Fruchter RG, Serur E, Remy JC, Feuer G, Boyce J. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and cervical neoplasia. Gynecol Oncol 1990;38:377-82.
65. Klein RS, Adachi A, Fleming I, Ho GYF, Burk R. A prospective study of genital neoplasia and human papillomavirus (HPV) in HIV-infected women [abstract]. Vol 1. Presented at the VIII International Conference on AIDS/III STD World Congress, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, July 19-24,1992.
66. Fruchter R, Maiman M, Serur E, Cuthill S. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV infected women [abstract]. Vol 1. Presented at the VIII International Conference on AIDS/III STD World Congress, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, July 19-24,1992.
67. Richart RM, Wright TC. Controversies and the management of low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Cancer 1993;71(4 suppl):1413-21.
68. Rellihan MA, Dooley DP, Burke TW, Berkland ME, Longfield RN. Rapidly progressing cervical cancer in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Gynecol Oncol 1990;36:435-8.
69. Schwartz LB, Carcangiu ML, Bradham L, Schwartz PE. Rapidly progressive squamous carcinoma of the cervix coexisting with human immunodeficiency virus infection: clinical opinion. Gynecol Oncol 1991;41:255-8.
70. Richart RM. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a review. In: Sommers SC, ed. Pathology annual, 1973. New York: Appleton-Century- Crofts, 1973:301-28.
71. CDC. Projections of the number of persons diagnosed with AIDS and the number of immunosuppressed HIV-infected persons-United States, 1992-1994. MMWR 1992;41(no. RR-18):1-29.
72. US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. The CDC's case definition of AIDS: implications of the proposed revisions. Background Paper, OTA-BP-H-89. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, August 1992.
73. Torres CG, Turner ME, Harkess JR, Istre GR. Security measures for AIDS and HIV. Am J Public Health 1991;81:208-9.
74. Kessler HA, Landay A, Pottage JC, Benson CA. Absolute number versus percentage of T-helper lymphocytes in human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis 1990;161:356-7.