“Flee The White Giants Are Coming“: The united states the mercenaries, and the congo, 1964–65

Diplomatic History

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 1994, Pages 207-237

  Gleijeses, Piero ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84963003133     PISSN: 01452096     EISSN: 14677709     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7709.1994.tb00611.x     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Benoit Verhaegen, Rébellions au Congo [Rebellion in the Congo], 2 vols. (Brussels, 1966 and 1969);
2. Renée Fox et al„ “La deuxième indépendance. Etude d’un cas: La rébellion au Kwilu” [The second independence. A case study: The Kwilu rebellion], Etudes Congolaises (January/February 1965): 1-35;
3. M. Crawford Young, “Rebellion and the Congo,” in Protest and Power in Black Africa, ed. Robert I. Rotberg and Ali A. Mazrui (New York, 1970), 969-1011.
4. William Minter, “The Limits of Liberal Africa Policy: Lessons from the Congo Crisis,” Transafrica Forum 2 (Fall 1984): 27-47
5. David N. Gibbs, The Political Economy of Third World Intervention: Mines, Money, and U.S. Policy in the Congo Crisis (Chicago, 1991), 146-64
6. Thomas P. Odom, Dragon Operations: Hostage Rescues in the Congo, 1964-1965 (Fort Leavenworth, 1988).
7. Richard D. Mahoney, JFK: Ordeal in Africa (New York, 1983), 34-156;
8. Madeleine G. Kalb, The Congo Cables: The Cold War in Africa from Eisenhower to Kennedy (New York, 1982);
9. Gibbs G, Political Economy, 77-144; and Weissman, American Foreign Policy
10. Benoit Verhaegen, “La Première République (1960-1965)” [The First Republic (19601965)], in Du Congo au Zaire, 1960-1980 [From the Congo to Zaire, 1960-1980], ed. Jacques Vanderlinden (Brussels, 1984), 126
11. Rudy Abramson, Spanning the Century: The Life ofW. Averell Harriman, 1891-1986 [New York, 1992], 633-35.
12. Jacques Kosciuszko-Morizet, the French ambassador in Leopoldville, in La politique africaine du Général de Gaulle[The African policy of General de Gaulle], ed. D. G. Lavroff (Paris, 1980), 359-62.
13. Jules Gérard-Libois, “L’aide extérieure â la République du Congo (II)” [Foreign aid for the Republic of the Congo], Etudes Congolaises (July/August 1966): 1-4.
14. Mike Hoaie, Congo Mercenary (London, 1967), 33-34;
15. Hans Germani, Weisse Söldner im schwarzen Land [White Mercenaries in a Black Land] (Frankfurt/M. 1966), 103.
16. Siegfried Mtiller, Les nouveaux mercenaires [The new mercenaries] [Paris, 1965]
17. René Garcia, “Operacidn Kamina” [Operation Kamina], Punto de Mira (Miami), August 1989, 34-38.
18. Elias Bestard Pavdn, “La colaboraciön de Cuba con los paises de Africa Subsahariana (1959-1988)” [Cuba’s collaboration with the countries of SubSaharan Africa (1959-1988)
19. Jesus Barreto, “Camarada Tato” [Comrade Tato], Moncada (Havana), October 1987, 92-97;
20. Juana Carrasco, “Tatu, un guerrillero africano” [Tatu, an African guerrilla], Cuba Intemacional, no. 2, 1989, 32-36;
21. Gianni Mind, An Encounter with Fidel (Melbourne, 1991), 223-25.
22. CIA, “The Congo Situation,” 25 August 1964, NSFCF: Congo, box 87.
23. Benoit Verhaegen, “L’Armée Nationale Congolaise” [The Congolese National Army], Etudes Congolaises (September/October 1967): 15; Kestergat, Congo, 101-2.
24. Jay Mallin and Robert Brown, Merc: American Soldier of Fortune (New York, 1979), 110;
25. William Attwood, The Twilight Struggle: Tales of the Cold War (New York, 1987), 276.
26. Paul-Henri Spaak, Combats Inachevés [Unfinished battles], 2 vols. (Paris, 1969), 2:275;
27. Thomas Schoenbaum, Waging Peace and War: Dean Rusk in the Truman, Kennedy and Johnson Years (New York, 1988), 380.
28. Frédéric Vandewalle, “death threats were only made against the citizens of countries that were helping the Leopoldville government. There were about 300 hostages in Stanleyville, not 1, 500. It is already a somber account, why blacken it?”
29. Ben Bella, “Nous aidons les insurgés. C’est notre devoir” [We help the rebels. It is our duty], Jeune Afrique, 10 January 1965, 7.
30. Michael Mansfield (D-MT), 21 August 1964, pt. 16:20884-87; Washington Post, 15 August 1964; and New York Times, 15 and 22 August 1964.
31. Lloyd Garrison, “Congo Mercenary Kills Rebel Prisoner to Spare Him Torture,” New York Times, 25 October 1964.
32. Lloyd Garrison, “White Mercenary Finds a Weird War in Congo,” New York Times, 2 October 1964.
33. Lloyd Garrison, “Congo Mercenary Kills Rebel Prisoner to Spare Him Torture,” New York Times, 25 October 1964.
34. Robert Hallett, “White Fighters: Heroes?” Christian Science Monitor, 21 December 1964.
35. Carlos Moore, Castro, the Blacks, and Africa (Los Angeles, 1988), 185-90.
36. Robert Browne and John Henrik Clarke, “The American Negro’s Impact,” Africa Today, December 1966, 16-18;
37. George M. Houser, No One Can Slop the Rain: Glimpses of Africa's Liberation Struggle (New York, 1989), 265-67.
38. Teresa Persico, who examined the Afro-American, Muhammad Speaks, the Amsterdam News, and the Chicago Defender and shared her insights and vast cache of photocopies with me.
39. M. Crawford Young and Thomas Turner, The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State (Madison, 1985), 53.
40. Piero Gleijeses, Shattered Hope: The Guatemalan Revolution and the United States, 1944-1954 (Princeton, 1991), 258-62, 367-70;
41. Victor Bernstein and Jesse Gordon, “The Press and the Bay of Pigs,” Columbia University Forum (Fall 1967): 5-13;
42. James Aronson, The Press and the Cold War (New York, 1970), 153—69;
43. Harrison F. Salisbury, Without Fear or Favor: The New York Times and Its Times (New York, 1980), 137-64.
44. Joseph W. Alsop with Adam Platt, “I’ve Seen the Best of It": Memoirs(New York, 1992), 443.
45. John Stockwell, In Search of Enemies: A CIA Story (New York, 1978), 182-85, 216-26, 244-48.
46. Raul Valdes Viv6, Angola: fin del mito de los mercenarios [Angola: The end of the myth of the mercenaries] (Havana, 1978);
47. Wilfred Burchett and Derek Roebuck, The Whores of War: Mercenaries Today (New York, 1978);
48. Chris Dempster and Dave Tomkins, Fire Power (New York, 1980).
49. Agostinho Neto, quoted in New York Times, 11 July 1976.