Clinical practice guideline: Management of acute pancreatitis

Canadian Journal of Surgery

Volumn 59, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 128-140

  Greenberg, Joshua A ^a   Hsu, Jonathan ^a,c   Bawazeer, Mohammad ^a,b   Marshall, John ^e   Friedrich, Jan O ^a,b,e   Nathens, Avery ^a,d   Coburn, Natalie ^a,d   May, Gary R ^a   Pearsall, Emily ^a,c   McLeod, Robin S ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c MOUNT SINAI HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^d SUNNYBROOK RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Canada)

^e ST MICHAEL'S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACUTE DISEASE; CANADA; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; HUMAN; PANCREATITIS; PRACTICE GUIDELINE;

ACUTE DISEASE; CANADA; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; HUMANS; PANCREATITIS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC;

EID: 84962431668     PISSN: 0008428X     EISSN: 14882310     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1503/cjs.015015     Document Type: Review

References (137)

1. Banks PA. Epidemiology, natural history, and predictors of disease outcome in acute and chronic pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 56(Suppl):S226-30.
2. Loveday BP, Srinivasa S, Vather R, et al. High quantity and variable quality of guidelines for acute pancreatitis: a systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105:1466-76.
3. Aly EA, Milne R, Johnson CD. Non-compliance with national guidelines in the management of acute pancreatitis in the United kingdom. Dig Surg 2002;19:192-8.
4. Barnard J, Siriwardena AK. Variations in implementation of current national guidelines for the treatment of acute pancreatitis: implications for acute surgical service provision. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2002;84:79-81.
5. Connor SJ, Lienert AR, Brown LA, et al. Closing the audit loop is necessary to achieve compliance with evidence-based guidelines in the management of acute pancreatitis. N Z Med J 2008;121:19-25.
6. Foitzik T, Klar E. (Non-)compliance with guidelines for the management of severe acute pancreatitis among German surgeons. Pancreatology 2007;7:80-5.
7. Lankisch PG, Weber-Dany B, Lerch MM. Clinical perspectives in pancreatology: compliance with acute pancreatitis guidelines in Germany. Pancreatology 2005;5:591-3.
8. Mofidi R, Madhavan KK, Garden OJ, et al. An audit of the management of patients with acute pancreatitis against national standards of practice. Br J Surg 2007;94:844-8.
9. Pezzilli R, Uomo G, Gabbrielli A, et al. A prospective multicentre survey on the treatment of acute pancreatitis in Italy. Dig Liver Dis 2007;39:838-46.
10. Banks PA, Bollen TL, Dervenis C, et al. Classification of acute pancreatitis - 2012: revision of the Atlanta classification and definitions by international consensus. Gut 2013;62:102-11.
11. Vege S. Management of acute pancreatitis. In: Basow D, editor UpToDate;2014: Waltham, MA.
12. Gwozdz GP, Steinberg WM, Werner M, et al. Comparative evaluation of the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis based on serum and urine enzyme assays. Clin Chim Acta 1990;187:243-54.
13. Keim V, Teich N, Fiedler F, et al. A comparison of lipase and amylase in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in patients with abdominal pain. Pancreas 1998;16:45-9.
14. Bernicker E. Cecil Textbook of medicine. JAMA 1998;280:1368-1368.
15. Bree RL, Ralls PW, Balfe DM, et al. Evaluation of patients with acute right upper quadrant pain. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria. Radiology 2000;215(Suppl):153-7.
16. Bar-Meir S. Gallstones: prevalence, diagnosis and treatment. Isr Med Assoc J 2001;3:111-3.
17. Portincasa P, Moschetta A, Petruzzelli M, et al. Symptoms and diagnosis of gallbladder stones. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2006; 20:1017-29.
18. Benarroch-Gampel J, Boyd CA, Sheffield KM, et al. Overuse of CT in patients with complicated gallstone disease. J Am Coll Surg 2011; 213:524-30.
19. Ou Z-B, Li S-W, Liu C-A, et al. Prevention of common bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2009;8:414-7.
20. Tulchinsky M, Colletti PM, Allen TW. Hepatobiliary scintigraphy in acute cholecystitis. Seminars in Nuclear Medicine. Elsevier;2012:84-100.
21. Romagnuolo J, Bardou M, Rahme E, et al. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography: a meta-analysis of test performance in suspected biliary disease. Ann Intern Med 2003;139:547-57.
22. Duncan CB, Riall TS. Evidence-based current surgical practice: calculous gallbladder disease. J Gastrointest Surg 2012;16:2011-25.
23. Balthazar EJ. Acute pancreatitis: assessment of severity with clinical and CT evaluation. Radiology 2002;223:603.
24. Beger HG, Bittner R, Block S, et al. Bacterial contamination of pancreatic necrosis. A prospective clinical study. Gastroenterology 1986; 91:433.
25. Larvin M. Assessment of clinical severity and prognosis. The pancreas. Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK;1998:489-502.
26. Weber CK, Adler G. From acinar cell damage to systemic inflammatory response: current concepts in pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2001; 1:356-62.
27. Mayer JM, Raraty M, Slavin J, et al. Serum amyloid A is a better early predictor of severity than Creactive protein in acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 2002;89:163-71.
28. Buchler M, Malfertheiner P, Schoetensack C, et al. Sensitivity of antiproteases, complement factors and C-reactive protein in detecting pancreatic necrosis: results of a prospective clinical study. Int J Pancreatol 1986;1:227-35.
29. Wilson C, Heads A, Shenkin A, et al. C-reactive protein, antiproteases and complement factors as objective markers of severity in acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 1989;76:177-81.
30. Leese T, Shaw D, Holliday M. Prognostic markers in acute pancreatitis: Can pancreatic necrosis be predicted? Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1988;70:227-32.
31. Malangoni MA, Martin AS. Outcome of severe acute pancreatitis. Am J Surg 2005;189:273-7.
32. Rahman SH, Ibrahim K, Larvin M, et al. Association of antioxidant enzyme gene polymorphisms and glutathione status with severe acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2004;126:1312-22.
33. Blum T, Maisonneuve P, Lowenfels AB, et al. Fatal outcome in acute pancreatitis: its occurrence and early prediction. Pancreatology 2001; 1:237-41.
34. Lankisch PG, Warnecke B, Bruns D, et al. The APACHE II score is unreliable to diagnose necrotizing pancreatitis on admission to hospital. Pancreas 2002;24:217-22.
35. Johnson CD, Abu-Hilal M. Persistent organ failure during the first week as a marker of fatal outcome in acute pancreatitis. Gut 2004; 53:1340-4.
36. Perez A, Whang EE, Brooks DC, et al. Is severity of necrotizing pancreatitis increased in extended necrosis and infected necrosis? Pancreas 2002;25:229-33.
37. Mettu SR, Wig JD, Khullar M, et al. Efficacy of serum nitric oxide level estimation in assessing the severity of necrotizing pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2003;3:506-14.
38. Isenmann R, Rau B, Beger H. Bacterial infection and extent of necrosis are determinants of organ failure in patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Br J Surg 1999;86:1020-4.
39. Le Mee J, Paye F, Sauvanet A, et al. Incidence and reversibility of organ failure in the course of sterile or infected necrotizing pancreatitis. Arch Surg 2001;136:1386.
40. Chatzicostas C, Roussomoustakaki M, Vlachonikolis IG, et al. Comparison of Ranson, APACHE II and APACHE III scoring systems in acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 2002;25:331-5.
41. Matos R, Moreno R, Fevereiro T. Severity evaluation in acute pancreatitis: the role of SOFA score and general severity scores. Crit Care 2000;4(Suppl 1):242.
42. De Bernardinis M, Violi V, Roncoroni L, et al. Discriminant power and information content of Ranson's prognostic signs in acute pancreatitis: a meta-analytic study. Crit Care Med 1999;27:2272-83.
43. Marshall JC, Cook DJ, Christou NV, et al. Multiple organ dysfunction score: a reliable descriptor of a complex clinical outcome. Crit Care Med 1995;23:1638-52.
44. Banks PA, Bollen TL, Dervenis C, et al. Classification of acute pancreatitis - 2012: revision of the Atlanta classification and definitions by international consensus. Gut 2013;62:102-11.
45. Johnson CD, Abu-Hilal M. Persistent organ failure during the first week as a marker of fatal outcome in acute pancreatitis. Gut 2004; 53:1340-4.
46. Mofidi R, Duff MD, Wigmore SJ, et al. Association between early systemic inflammatory response, severity of multiorgan dysfunction and death in acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 2006;93:738-44.
47. Chen SM, Xiong GS, Wu SM. Is obesity an indicator of complications and mortality in acute pancreatitis? An updated meta-analysis. J Dig Dis 2012;13:244-51.
48. Forgacs B, Eibl G, Faulhaber J, et al. Effect of fluid resuscitation with and without endothelin A receptor blockade on hemoconcentration and organ function in experimental pancreatitis. Eur Surg Res 2000; 32:162-8.
49. Haydock MD, Mittal A, Wilms HR, et al. Fluid therapy in acute pancreatitis: anybody's guess. Ann Surg 2013;257:182-8.
50. Brown A, Baillargeon J-D, Hughes MD, et al. Can fluid resuscitation prevent pancreatic necrosis in severe acute pancreatitis? Pancreatology 2002;2:104-7.
51. Wu BU, Hwang JQ, Gardner TH, et al. Lactated Ringer's solution reduces systemic inflammation compared with saline in patients with acute pancreatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;9:710-717.
52. Basurto Ona X, Rigau Comas D, Urrutia G. Opioids for acute pancreatitis pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;7:CD009179.
53. Meng W, Yuan J, Zhang C, et al. Parenteral analgesics for pain relief in acute pancreatitis: a systematic review. Pancreatology 2013;13:201-6.
54. Nathens AB, Curtis JR, Beale RJ, et al. Management of the critically ill patient with severe acute pancreatitis. Crit Care Med 2004;32:2524-36.
55. Abou-Assi S, O'Keefe SJD. Nutrition in acute pancreatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2001;32:203-9.
56. Petrov MS, McIlroy K, Grayson L, et al. Early nasogastric tube feeding versus nil per os in mild to moderate acute pancreatitis: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2013;32:697-703.
57. Jacobson BC, Vander Vliet MB, Hughes MD, et al. A prospective, randomized trial of clear liquids versus low-fat solid diet as the initial meal in mild acute pancreatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;5:946-51.
58. Sathiaraj E, Murthy S, Mansard MJ, et al. Clinical trial: oral feeding with a soft diet compared with clear liquid diet as initial meal in mild acute pancreatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008;28:777-81.
59. Eckerwall GE, Tingstedt BB, Bergenzaun PE, et al. Immediate oral feeding in patients with mild acute pancreatitis is safe and may accelerate recovery - a randomized clinical study. Clin Nutr 2007;26:758-63.
60. Petrov MS, Pylypchuk RD, Uchugina AF. A systematic review on the timing of artificial nutrition in acute pancreatitis. Br J Nutr 2009; 101:787-93.
61. Olah A, Romics L Jr. Evidence-based use of enteral nutrition in acute pancreatitis. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2010;395:309-16.
62. Al-Omran M, Albalawi ZH, Tashkandi MF, et al. Enteral versus parenteral nutrition for acute pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; (1):CD002837.
63. Petrov MS, van Santvoort HC, Besselink MG, et al. Enteral nutrition and the risk of mortality and infectious complications in patients with severe acute pancreatitis: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Arch Surg 2008;143:1111-7.
64. Wang G, Wen J, Xu L, et al. Effect of enteral nutrition and ecoimmunonutrition on bacterial translocation and cytokine production in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. J Surg Res 2013; 183:592-7.
65. Petrov MS, Correia MI, Windsor JA. Nasogastric tube feeding in predicted severe acute pancreatitis. A systematic review of the literature to determine safety and tolerance. JOP 2008;9:440-8.
66. Chang YS, Fu HQ, Xiao YM, et al. Nasogastric or nasojejunal feeding in predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a meta-analysis. Crit Care 2013; 17:R118.
67. Petrov MS, Loveday BP, Pylypchuk RD, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of enteral nutrition formulations in acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 2009;96:1243-52.
68. Sun S, Yang K, He X, et al. Probiotics in patients with severe acute pancreatitis: a meta-analysis. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2009; 394:171-7.
69. Hojsak I, Abdovic S, Szajewska H, et al. Lactobacillus GG in the prevention of nosocomial gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections. Pediatrics 2010;125:e1171-7.
70. Morrow LE, Kollef MH, Casale TB. Probiotic prophylaxis of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a blinded, randomized, controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010;182:1058-64.
71. Siempos II, Ntaidou TK, Falagas ME. Impact of the administration of probiotics on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Crit Care Med 2010; 38:954-62.
72. Villatoro E, Mulla M, Larvin M. Antibiotic therapy for prophylaxis against infection of pancreatic necrosis in acute pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;5:CD002941.
73. Bai Y, Gao J, Zou DW, et al. Prophylactic antibiotics cannot reduce infected pancreatic necrosis and mortality in acute necrotizing pancreatitis: evidence from a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:104-10.
74. Jiang K, Huang W, Yang XN, et al. Present and future of prophylactic antibiotics for severe acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:279-84.
75. Wittau M, Mayer B, Scheele J, et al. Systematic review and metaanalysis of antibiotic prophylaxis in severe acute pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2011;46:261-70.
76. Maravi-Poma E, Gener J, Alvarez-Lerma F, et al. Early antibiotic treatment (prophylaxis) of septic complications in severe acute necrotizing pancreatitis: a prospective, randomized, multicenter study comparing two regimens with imipenem-cilastatin. Intensive Care Med 2003; 29:1974-80.
77. Grewe M, Tsiotos GG, Luque de-Leon E, et al. Fungal infection in acute necrotizing pancreatitis. J Am Coll Surg 1999;188:408-14.
78. Isenmann R, Schwarz M, Rau B, et al. Characteristics of infection with Candida species in patients with necrotizing pancreatitis. World J Surg 2002;26:372-6.
79. Gloor B, Muller CA, Worni M, et al. Pancreatic infection in severe pancreatitis: the role of fungus and multiresistant organisms. Arch Surg 2001;136:592-6.
80. Haran JP, Hayward G, Skinner S, et al. Factors influencing the development of antibiotic associated diarrhea in ED patients discharged home: risk of administering intravenous antibiotics. Am J Emerg Med 2014;32:1195-9.
81. Uchil RR, Kohli GS, Katekhaye VM, et al. Strategies to combat antimicrobial resistance. J Clin Diagn Res 2014;8:ME01-04.
82. Bakker OJ, Issa Y, van Santvoort HC, et al. Treatment options for acute pancreatitis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;11:462-9.
83. da Costa DW, Boerma D, van Santvoort HC, et al. Staged multidisciplinary step-up management for necrotizing pancreatitis. Br J Surg 2014;101:e65-79.
84. Buchler MW, Gloor B, Muller CA, et al. Acute necrotizing pancreatitis: treatment strategy according to the status of infection. Ann Surg 2000;232:619.
85. Uhl W, Roggo A, Kirschstein T, et al. Influence of contrast-enhanced computed tomography on course and outcome in patients with acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 2002;24:191-7.
86. Balthazar EJ, Freeny PC. Imaging and intervention in acute pancreatitis. Radiology 1994;193:297-306.
87. Balthazar EJ, Fisher LA. Hemorrhagic complications of pancreatitis: radiologic evaluation with emphasis on CT imaging. Pancreatology 2001;1:306-13.
88. Mortele KJ, Zou K, Banks P, et al. A modified CT severity index for evaluating acute pancreatitis: improved correlation with patient outcome. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004;183:1261-5.
89. Gerzof SG, Banks PA, Robbins AH, et al. Early diagnosis of pancreatic infection by computed tomography-guided aspiration. Gastroenterology 1987;93:1315-20.
90. Banks PA, Gerzof SG, Langevin RE, et al. CT-guided aspiration of suspected pancreatic infection. Int J Pancreatol 1995;18:265-70.
91. Hiatt JR, Fink AS, King W III, et al. Percutaneous aspiration of peripancreatic fluid collections: a safe method to detect infection. Surgery. 1987;101:523-30.
92. Eloubeidi MA, Tamhane A, Varadarajulu S, et al. Frequency of major complications after EUS-guided FNA of solid pancreatic masses: a prospective evaluation. Gastrointest Endosc 2006;63:622-9.
93. Guarner-Argente C, Buchner A, Ahmad NA, et al. Use of antimicrobials for EUS-guided FNA of pancreatic cysts: a retrospective, comparative analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2011;74:81-6.
94. Bradley EL, Allen K. A prospective longitudinal study of observation versus surgical intervention in the management of necrotizing pancreatitis. Am J Surg 1991;161:19-24.
95. Mier J, Leon EL, Castillo A, et al. Early versus late necrosectomy in severe necrotizing pancreatitis. Am J Surg 1997;173:71-5.
96. Connor S, Ghaneh P, Raraty M, et al. Increasing age and APACHE II scores are the main determinants of outcome from pancreatic necrosectomy. Br J Surg 2003;90:1542-8.
97. Halonen KI, Leppaniemi AK, Puolakkainen PA, et al. Severe acute pancreatitis: prognostic factors in 270 consecutive patients. Pancreas 2000; 21:266-71.
98. De Beaux A, Palmer K, Carter D. Factors influencing morbidity and mortality in acute pancreatitis; an analysis of 279 cases. Gut 1995; 37:121-6.
99. Hartwig W, Maksan S-M, Foitzik T, et al. Reduction in mortality with delayed surgical therapy of severe pancreatitis. J Gastrointest Surg 2002;6:481-7.
100. Uomo G, Visconti M, Manes G, et al. Nonsurgical treatment of acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Pancreas 1996;12:142-8.
101. Gotzinger P, Wamser P, Exner R, et al. Surgical treatment of severe acute pancreatitis: timing of operation is crucial for survival. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2003;4:205-11.
102. Gotzinger P, Wamser P, Barlan M, et al. Candida infection of local necrosis in severe acute pancreatitis is associated with increased mortality. Shock 2000;14:320-3.
103. Sainio V, Kemppainen E, Puolakkainen P, et al. Early antibiotic treatment in acute necrotising pancreatitis. Lancet 1995;346:663-7.
104. Cantasdemir M, Kara B, Kantarci F, et al. Percutaneous drainage for treatment of infected pancreatic pseudocysts. South Med J 2003; 96:136-40.
105. Brattstrom C, Malmborg AS, Tyden G. Penetration of imipenem into human pancreatic juice following single intravenous dose administration. Chemotherapy 1989;35:83-7.
106. Wittau M, Wagner E, Kaever V, et al. Intraabdominal tissue concentration of ertapenem. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006;57:312-6.
107. Wacke R, Forster S, Adam U, et al. Penetration of moxifloxacin into the human pancreas following a single intravenous or oral dose. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006;58:994-9.
108. Schubert S, Dalhoff A. Activity of moxifloxacin, imipenem, and ertapenem against Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterococcus faecalis, and Bacteroides fragilis in monocultures and mixed cultures in an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model simulating concentrations in the human pancreas. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:6434-6.
109. Gloor B, Muller C, Worni M, et al. Late mortality in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 2001;88:975-9.
110. Bittner R, Block S, Buchler M, et al. Pancreatic abscess and infected pancreatic necrosis: different local septic complications in acute pancreatitis. Acute Pancreatitis. Springer;1987:216-223.
111. Widdison AL, Karanjia N. Pancreatic infection complicating acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 1993;80:148-54.
112. Fernandez-del Castillo C, Rattner DW, Makary MA, et al. Debridement and closed packing for the treatment of necrotizing pancreatitis. Ann Surg 1998;228:676.
113. van Santvoort HC, Besselink MG, Bakker OJ, et al. A step-up approach or open necrosectomy for necrotizing pancreatitis. N Engl J Med 2010;362:1491-502.
114. Wittau M, Scheele J, Golz I, et al. Changing role of surgery in necrotizing pancreatitis: a single-center experience. Hepatogastroenterology 2010;57:1300-4.
115. Brun A, Agarwal N, Pitchumoni CS. Fluid collections in and around the pancreas in acute pancreatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 45:614-25.
116. Uhl W, Warshaw A, Imrie C, et al. IAP guidelines for the surgical management of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2002;2:565-73.
117. Parekh D. Laparoscopic-assisted pancreatic necrosectomy: a new surgical option for treatment of severe necrotizing pancreatitis. Arch Surg 2006;141:895-903.
118. Connor S, Ghaneh P, Raraty M, et al. Minimally invasive retroperitoneal pancreatic necrosectomy. Dig Surg 2003;20:270-7.
119. Charnley RM, Lochan R, Gray H, et al. Endoscopic necrosectomy as primary therapy in the management of infected pancreatic necrosis. Endoscopy 2006;38:925-8.
120. Bradley EL, Gonzalez AC, Clements JL Jr. Acute pancreatic pseudocysts: incidence and implications. Ann Surg 1976;184:734-7.
121. Aranha GV, Prinz RA, Esguerra AC, et al. The nature and course of cystic pancreatic lesions diagnosed by ultrasound. Arch Surg 1983; 118:486-8.
122. Yeo CJ, Bastidas JA, Lynch-Nyhan A, et al. The natural history of pancreatic pseudocysts documented by computed tomography. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1990;170:411-7.
123. Soliani P, Ziegler S, Franzini C, et al. The size of pancreatic pseudocyst does not influence the outcome of invasive treatments. Dig Liver Dis 2004;36:135-40.
124. Nguyen BL, Thompson JS, Edney JA, et al. Influence of the etiology of pancreatitis on the natural history of pancreatic pseudocysts. Am J Surg 1991;162:527-30.
125. Habashi S, Draganov PV. Pancreatic pseudocyst. World J Gastroenterol 2009;15:38-47.
126. Cannon JW, Callery MP, Vollmer CM Jr. Diagnosis and management of pancreatic pseudocysts: What is the evidence? J Am Coll Surg 2009;209:385-93.
127. Baron TH. Treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts, pancreatic necrosis, and pancreatic duct leaks. [vii.]. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2007; 17:559-79.
128. Brugge WR. Approaches to the drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2004;20:488-92.
129. Tse F, Yuan Y. Early routine endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography strategy versus early conservative management strategy in acute gallstone pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;5 CD009779.
130. Wu XN. Guidelines for treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2002;1:446-51.
131. van Baal MC, Besselink MG, Bakker OJ, et al. Timing of cholecystectomy after mild biliary pancreatitis: a systematic review. Ann Surg 2012;255:860-6.
132. Hernandez V, Pascual I, Almela P, et al. Recurrence of acute gallstone pancreatitis and relationship with cholecystectomy or endoscopic sphincterotomy. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99:2417-23.
133. Hwang SS, Li BH, Haigh PI. Gallstone pancreatitis without cholecystectomy. JAMA Surg 2013;148:867-72.
134. Ito K, Ito H, Whang EE. Timing of cholecystectomy for biliary pancreatitis: Do the data support current guidelines? J Gastrointest Surg 2008;12:2164-70.
135. Aboulian A, Chan T, Yaghoubian A, et al. Early cholecystectomy safely decreases hospital stay in patients with mild gallstone pancreatitis: a randomized prospective study. Ann Surg 2010;251:615-9.
136. Randial Perez LJ, Fernando Parra J, Aldana Dimas G. The safety of early laparoscopic cholecystectomy (<48hours) for patients with mild gallstone pancreatitis: a systematic review of the literature and metaanalysis. Cir Esp 2014;92:107-13.
137. Uhl W, Muller C, Krahenbuhl L, et al. Acute gallstone pancreatitis: timing of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in mild and severe disease. Surg Endosc 1999;13:1070.