Review of studies on land use and land cover change in Nepal

Journal of Mountain Science

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2016, Pages 643-660

  Paudel, Basanta ^a,b   Zhang, Yi li ^a,b,c   Li, Shi cheng ^a,b   Liu, Lin shan ^a   Wu, Xue ^a,b   Khanal, Narendra Raj ^d  

^a INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHIC SCIENCES AND NATURAL RESOURCES RESEARCH   (China)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES   (China)

^c CAS CENTER FOR EXCELLENCE IN TIBETAN PLATEAU EARTH SCIENCES   (China)

^d TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY   (Nepal)

Author keywords

Geographic information system; Land cover; Land use; Nepal; Remote sensing

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL LAND; FOREST COVER; GIS; GRASSLAND; LAND COVER; LAND USE CHANGE; REMOTE SENSING; SATELLITE DATA; SATELLITE IMAGERY; SNOW COVER; URBAN AREA;

NEPAL;

EID: 84962424935     PISSN: 16726316     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11629-015-3604-9     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Acharya K, Dangi R (2009) Case studies on measuring and assessing forest degradation: forest degradation in Nepal: review of data and methods. Rome, Italy. p 163.
2. Armstrong RL (2010) The glaciers of the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region: a summary of the science regarding glacier melt/retreat in the Himalayan, Hindu Kush, Karakoram, Pamir, and Tien Shan mountain ranges. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD). p 16.
3. Bajracharya D (1983) Deforestation in the food/fuel context: historical and political perspectives from Nepal. Mountain Research and Development 3(3): 227–240.
4. Bajracharya S, Maharjan S, Shrestha F, et al. (2014) Glacier Status in Nepal and Decadal Change from 1980 to 2010 Based on Landsat Data. ICIMOD, Kathmandu, Nepal. p 88.
5. Bajracharya SR, Shrestha B (2011) The status of glaciers in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD). p 127.
6. Bajracharya SR, Shrestha F, Maharjan SB (2011) Glaciers shrinking in Nepal Himalaya. INTECH Open Access Publisher. p 458.
7. Bastola TS (1995) Urbanization. Population Monograph of Nepal. pp 239–300.
8. Becker A, Bugmann H (2001) Global change and mountain regions -an IGBP initiative for collaborative research. In: Visconti G et al. (eds.), Global Change and Protected Areas. Advance in Global Change Research. Laquila, Italy. pp 3–9.
9. Bishop BC (1990) Karnali under stress: livelihood strategies and seasonal rhythms in a changing Nepal Himalaya. University of Chicago. p 460.
10. Bolch T, Kulkarni A, Kääb A, et al. (2012) The state and fate of Himalayan glaciers. Science 336(6079): 310–314. DOI: 10.1126/science.1215828
11. CBS (2012) National Population and Housing Census 2011 (National Report). Government of Nepal, National Planning Commission Secretariat. Central Bureau of Statistics, Kathmandu, Nepal. p 264.
12. Chen J, Chen J, Liao A, et al. (2015) Global land cover mapping at 30m resolution: A POK-based operational approach. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 103: 7–27. DOI: 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2014.09.002
13. Chhatkuli RR (2004) National Geographic Information Infrastructure in Nepal for Strengthening Planning and Resource Management. Nepalese Journal on Geoinformatics 3: 1–9.
14. Collins R, Jenkins A (1996) The impact of agricultural land use on stream chemistry in the Middle Hills of the Himalayas, Nepal. Journal of Hydrology 185(1): 71–86. DOI: 10.1016/0022-1694(95)03008-5
15. Dyurgerov MB, Meier MF (2005) Glaciers and the changing earth system: a 2004 snapshot. Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder. p 117.
16. FAO (2014) FAO Statistical Yearbook 2014, Asia and the Pacific Food and Agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok. p 176.
17. Fox J (1993) Forest resources in a Nepali village in 1980 and 1990: the positive influence of population growth. Mountain Research and Development 13(1): 89–98. DOI: 98.10.2307/3673646
18. FRA (2010) Global Forestry Resources Assessment 2010, Country Report, Nepal. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The Forest Resources Assessment Programme,Rome. p 56.
19. Fujita K, Nakawo M, Fujii Y, et al. (1997) Changes in glaciers in hidden valley, Mukut Himal, Nepal Himalayas, from 1974 to 1994. Journal of Glaciology 43(145): 583–588.
20. Fuller RM, Smith GM, Devereux BJ (2003) The characterisation and measurement of land cover change through remote sensing: problems in operational applications? International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 4(3): 243–253. DOI:10.1016/S0303-2434(03)00004-7
21. Gao J (2012) Land cover change and its relationship with climate chage in Koshi River Basin of central Himalaya. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences. p 160.
22. Gautam A, Shivakoti G, Webb E (2004) A review of forest policies, institutions, and changes in the resource condition in Nepal. International forestry review 6(2): 136–148. DOI: 10.1505/ifor.6.2.136.38397
23. Gautam AP, Webb EL, Shivakoti GP, et al. (2003) Land use dynamics and landscape change pattern in a mountain watershed in Nepal. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 99(1): 83–96. DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8809(03)00148-8
24. Geyer HS, Kontuly T (1993) A theoretical foundation for the concept of differential urbanization. International Regional Science Review 15(2): 157–177. DOI: 10.1177/01600176930 1500202
25. Gilmour DA, Fisher RJ (1991) Villagers, forests and foresters: The philosophy, process and practice of community forestry in Nepal. Sahayogi Press Kathmandu, Nepal. p 212.
26. Goldewijk KK (2001) Estimating global land use change over the past 300 years: The HYDE Database. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 15(2): 417–433. DOI: 10.1029/1999GB001232
27. Goldewijk KK, Beusen A, Van Drecht G, et al. (2011) The HYDE 3.1 spatially explicit database of human-induced global land-use change over the past 12,000 years. Global Ecology and Biogeography 20(1): 73–86. DOI: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00587.x
28. Goldewijk KK, Ramankutty N (2004) Land cover change over the last three centuries due to human activities: the availability of new global data sets. GeoJournal 61(4): 335–344.
29. Goldewijk KK, Verburg PH (2013) Uncertainties in global-scale reconstructions of historical land use: an illustration using the HYDE data set. Landscape ecology 28(5): 861–877. DOI: 10.1007/s10980-013-9877-x
30. Gong P, Wang J, Yu L, et al. (2013) Finer resolution observation and monitoring of global land cover: first mapping results with Landsat TM and ETM+ data. International Journal of Remote Sensing 34(7): 2607–2654. DOI: 10.1080/01431161. 2012.748992
31. Houghton RA (2003) Revised estimates of the annual net flux of carbon to the atmosphere from changes in land use and land management 1850–2000. Tellus B 55(2): 378–390. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.2003.01450.x
32. Hua XB, Yan JZ, Liu X, et al. (2013) Factors influencing the grazing management styles of settled herders: a case study of Nagqu County, Tibetan Plateau, China. Journal of Mountain Science 10(6): 1074–1084. DOI: 10.1007/s11629-013-2726-1
33. IPCC (2001) Climate change 2001: Technical Summary, Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. p 881.
34. Ives JD, Messerli B (1989) Himalayan Dilemma. United Nations University Press, New York. p 295.
35. Kadota T, Fujita K, Seko K, et al. (1997) Monitoring and prediction of shrinkage of a small glacier in the Nepal Himalaya. In: Whillans IM (eds.). Annals of Glaciology 24: 90–94.
36. Katwal B, Sah L (1992) Transformation of mountain agriculture: case study. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Nepal. p 79.
37. Keyser JD, Kaiser DA (2010) Getting the Point: Metal Weapons in Plains Rock Art. Plains Anthropologist 55(214): 111–132.
38. Khanal N (2002) Land Use and Land Cover Dynamics in the Himalaya: A Case Study of the Madi Watershed, Western Development Region, Nepal. Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal. p 297.
39. Khanal NR, Watanabe T (2006) Abandonment of agricultural land and its consequences. Mountain Research and Development 26(1): 32–40. DOI: 10.1659/0276-4741(2006)026[0032:AOALAI]2.0.CO;2
40. Kirkpatrick WJ (1996) An Account of the Kingdom of Nepaul. Asian Educational Services. p 386.
41. Kuhle M (2006a) Reconstruction of the Ice Age glaciation in the southern slopes of Mt. Everest, Cho Oyu, Lhotse and Makalu (Himalaya) (Part 1). Journal of Mountain Science 3(2): 91–124. DOI: 10.1007/s11629-006-0091-z
42. Kuhle M (2006b) Reconstruction of the ice age glaciation in the southern slopes of Mt. Everest, Cho Oyu, Lhotse and Makalu (Himalaya) (Part 2). Journal of Mountain Science 3(3): 191–227. DOI: 10.1007/s11629-006-0191-9
43. Kuhle M (2014) The glacial (MIS 3-2) outlet glacier of the Marsyandi Nadi-icestream-network with its Ngadi Khola tributary glacier (Manaslu-and Lamjung Himalaya): The reconstructed lowering of the Marsyandi Nadi ice stream tongue down in to the southern Himalaya Foreland. Journal of Mountain Science 11(1): 236–287. DOI: 10.1007/s11629-013-2820-4
44. Lamsal D, Sawagaki T, Watanabe T (2011) Digital terrain modelling using Corona and ALOS PRISM data to investigate the distal part of Imja Glacier, Khumbu Himal, Nepal. Journal of Mountain Science 8(3): 390–402. DOI: 10.1007/s11629-011-2064-0
45. Li C, Lian L (2012) Theoretical Research of the Urban Comprehensive Carrying Capacity in the Epoch of Urbanization. International Journal of Financial Research 3(1): 105–113. DOI: 10.5430/ijfr.v3n1p105
46. LRMP (1986) Land Utilization Report. Land Resource Mapping Project, Kenting Earth Science Canada and Department of Topography, Government of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal. p 112.
47. Mahat T, Griffin D, Shepherd K (1986) Human Impact on Some Forests of the Middle Hills of Nepal Part 2. Some Major Human Impacts before 1950 on the Forests of Sindhu Palchok and Kabhre Palanchok. Mountain Research and Development 6(4): 325–334. DOI: 10.2307/3673373
48. Mahat TBS (1985) Human impact on forests in the middle hills of Nepal. Australian National University. Canberra.
49. Mahat TBS (1987) Forestry-farming linkages in the mountains. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Nepal. p 48.
50. Malla YB (2000) Impact of community forestry policy on rural livelihoods and food security in Nepal. Unasylva (English ed.) 51(202): 37–45.
51. Marsh GP (1864) Man and nature. University of Washington Press, p 512.
52. Maskey S, Uhlenbrook S, Ojha S (2011) An analysis of snow cover changes in the Himalayan region using MODIS snow products and in-situ temperature data. Climatic Change 108(1-2): 391–400. DOI: 10.1007/s10584-011-0181-y
53. Midriak R (2009) Changes of glaciation in the Sagarmatha National Park (Nepal) during the last 30 years. Landform Analysis 10: 85–94.
54. MoFSC (2009) Asia-Pacific Forestry Sector Outlook Study II: Nepal Forestry Ootlook Study. Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation. Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal. p 83.
55. MPFS (1989a) Master Plan for Forestry Sector, Main Report. Ministry of Forestry and Soil Conservation, Kathmandu, Nepal.
56. MPFS (1989b) Master Plan for Forestry Sector, Forestry Resource Information and Planning Report. Ministry of Forestry and Soil Conservation, Kathmandu, Nepal.
57. Nie Y, Zhang Y, Liu L, et al. (2010) Glacial change in the vicinity of Mt. Qomolangma (Everest), central high Himalayas since 1976. Journal of Geographical Sciences 20(5): 667–686. DOI: 10.1007/s11442-010-0803-8
58. Nield R (1985) Fuelwood and fodder-problems and policy. Water and Energy Commission Secretariat. Kathmandu, Nepal. p 44.
59. Pongratz J, Reick C, Raddatz T, et al. (2008) A reconstruction of global agricultural areas and land cover for the last millennium. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 22(3): 1–16. DOI: 10.1029/2007GB003153
60. Poudel KP (2013) National Development Plan and Urbanization in Nepal. 12th International Asian Urbanization Conference on Urban Dynamics, Environment and Health: Challenges for the Twenty First Century. Department of Geography, Banaras Hindu University, India. pp 1–16.
61. Ramankutty N, Foley JA (1999) Estimating historical changes in global land cover: Croplands from 1700 to 1992. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 13(4): 997–1027. DOI: 10.1029/1999GB900046
62. Regmi MC (1976) Landownership in Nepal. University of California Press, Berkeley. p. 252.
63. Regmi MC (1978) Land Tenure and Taxation in Nepal. Ratna Pustak Bhandar, Kathamandu, Nepal. p 895.
64. Rokaya MB, Muenzbergova Z, Shrestha MR, et al. (2012) Distribution patterns of medicinal plants along an elevational gradient in central Himalaya, Nepal. Journal of Mountain Science 9(2): 201–213. DOI: 10.1007/s11629-012-2144-9
65. Sharma B (2006) The Role of Pasture and Fodder Development Programme for Landless Farmer in Degraded Forest Land of Mid and High Hills of Nepal. Agriculture and Environment. Agri-Environment and Biodiversity Section, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Singh Durbar, Kathmandu, Nepal. pp 89–99.
66. Sharma KP, Vorosmarty CJ, Moore Iii B (2000) Sensitivity of the Himalayan hydrology to land-use and climatic changes. Climatic Change 47(1-2): 117–139. DOI: 10.1023/a:1005668724203
67. Sharma P (1989) Urbanization in Nepal. East West Population Institute, Honolulu, East West Centre. p 110.
68. Sharma P (2003) Urbanization and Development. Population monograph of Nepal. pp 375–412.
69. Shea J, Immerzeel W, Wagnon P, et al. (2014) Modelling glacier change in the Everest region, Nepal Himalaya. The Cryosphere Discussions 8(5): 5375–5432. DOI: 10.5194/tcd-8-5375-2014
70. Shrestha AB, Joshi SP (2009) Snow cover and glacier change study in Nepalese Himalaya using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System. Journal of Hydrology and Meteorology 6(1): 26–36.
71. Shrestha AB, Wake CP, Mayewski PA, et al. (1999) Maximum temperature trends in the Himalaya and its vicinity: An analysis based on temperature records from Nepal for the period 1971-94. Journal of climate 12(9): 2775–2786. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<2775:MTTITH>2.0.CO;2
72. Shrestha B, Brown S, (1995) Land Use Dynamics and Intensification. Challenges in Mountain Resources Management in Nepal–Processes, Trends, and Dynamics in Middle Mountain Watersheds. ICIMOD, Kathmandu, Nepal. pp 141–154.
73. Shrestha DP, Zinck JA (2001) Land use classification in mountainous areas: integration of image processing, digital elevation data and field knowledge (application to Nepal). International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 3(1): 78–85. DOI: 10.1016/S0303-2434(01) 85024-8
74. Shrestha M, Wang L, Koike T, et al. (2012) Modeling the spatial distribution of snow cover in the Dudhkoshi region of the Nepal Himalayas. Journal of Hydrometeorology 13(1): 204–222. DOI: 10.1175/JHM-D-10-05027.1
75. Thapa GB (1996) Land use, land management and environment in a subsistence mountain economy in Nepal. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 57(1): 57–71. DOI: 10.1016/0167-8809(96)88021-2
76. Thapa GB, Weber KE (1990) Managing mountain watersheds: The upper Pokhara valley, Nepal. Division of Human Settlements Development, Asian Institute of Technology. p 326.
77. Thapa RB, Murayama Y (2012) Scenario based urban growth allocation in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Landscape and Urban Planning 105(1-2): 140–148. DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan. 2011.12.007
78. Uddin K, Shrestha HL, Murthy MSR, et al. (2015) Development of 2010 national land cover database for the Nepal. Journal of Environmental Management 148: 82–90. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.07.047
79. Virgo K, Subba K (1994) Land-Use Change between 1978 and 1990 in Dhankuta District, Koshi Hills, Eastern Nepal. Mountain Research and Development 14(2): 159–170. DOI: 10.2307/3673798
80. Whiteman PT (1985) The Mountain Environment: An Agronomist’s Perspective with a Case Study from Jumla, Nepal. Mountain Research and Development 5(2): 151–162. DOI: 10.2307/3673254
81. Wu F (2002) China’s Changing Urban Governance in the Transition Towards a More Market-oriented Economy. Urban Studies 39(7): 1071–1093.DOI: 10.1080/00420980220135491
82. Zhang Y, Qi W, Zhou C, et al. (2014) Spatial and temporal variability in the net primary production of alpine grassland on the Tibetan Plateau since 1982. Journal of Geographical Sciences 24(2): 269–287. DOI: 10.1007/s11442-014-1087-1