The Congo basin zonal overturning circulation

Advances in Atmospheric Sciences

Volumn 33, Issue 6, 2016, Pages 767-782

  Neupane, Naresh ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

Author keywords

atmospheric dynamics; climate; monsoon

Indexed keywords

EID: 84962068302     PISSN: 02561530     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00376-015-5190-8     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Caniaux, G., H. Giordani, J.-L. Redelsperger, F. Guichard, E. Key, and M. Wade, 2011: Coupling between the Atlantic cold tongue and the West African monsoon in boreal spring and summer. J. Geophys. Res., 116, C04003, doi: 10.1029/2010JC006570.
2. Cook, K. H., and E. K. Vizy, 2006: Coupled model simulations of the West African monsoon system: Twentieth-and twentyfirst- century simulations. J. Climate, 19, 3681–3703.
3. Cook, K. H., and E. K. Vizy, 2015: The Congo Basin walker circulation: Dynamics and connections to precipitation. Climate Dyn., 1–21, doi: 10.1007/s00382–015-2864-y.
4. Dee, D. P., and S. Uppala, 2009: Variational bias correction of satellite radiance data in the ERA-Interim reanalysis. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 135, 1830–1841.
5. Dee, D. P., and Coauthors, 2011: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553–597.
6. Dezfuli, A. K., and S. E. Nicholson, 2013: The relationship of rainfall variability in western equatorial Africa to the tropical Oceans and atmospheric circulation. Part II: The boreal autumn. J. Climate, 26(1), 66–84, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11–00686.1.
7. Dezfuli, A. K., B. F. Zaitchik, and A. Gnanadesikan, 2015: Regional Atmospheric circulation and rainfall variability in south equatorial Africa. J. Climate, 28(2), 809–818, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-14–00333.1.
8. Fontaine, B., P. Roucou, and S. Trzaska, 2003: Atmospheric water cycle and moisture fluxes in the West African monsoon: mean annual cycles and relationship using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1117, doi: 10.1029/2002GL015834.
9. Grist, J. P., and S. E. Nicholson, 2001: A study of the dynamic factors influencing the rainfall variability in the west African Sahel. J. Climate, 14, 1337–1359.
10. Hagos, S. M., and K. H. Cook, 2007: Dynamics of the West African monsoon jump. J. Climate, 20, 5264–5284.
11. Hagos, S. M., and C. D. Zhang, 2010: Diabatic heating, divergent circulation and moisture transport in the African monsoon system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136, 411–425.
12. Hastenrath, S., 2001: In search of zonal circulations in the equatorial Atlantic sector from the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis. Int. J. Climatol., 21, 37–47.
13. Hastenrath, S., 2006: Circulation and teleconnection mechanisms of northeast Brazil droughts. Prog. Oceanogr., 70, 407–415.
14. Hastenrath, S., and P. J. Lamb, 2004: Climate dynamics of atmosphere and ocean in the equatorial zone: A synthesis. Int. J Climatol., 24, 1601–1612.
15. Hastenrath, S., and D. Polzin, 2011: Long-term variations of circulation in the tropical Atlantic sector and Sahel rainfall. Int. J. Climatol, 31, 649–655.
16. Kanamitsu M., W. Ebisuzaki, J. Woollen, S. K. Yang, J. J. Hnilo, M. Fiorino, and G. L. Potter, 2002: NCEP-DOE AMIP-II Reanalysis (R-2). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 83, 1631–1643.
17. Kobayashi, S., M. Matricardi, D. Dee, and S. Uppala, 2009: Toward a consistent reanalysis of the upper stratosphere based on radiance measurements from SSU and AMSU-A. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 135, 2086–2099.
18. Kummerow, C., W. Barnes, T. Kozu, J. Shiue, and J. Simpson, 1998: The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) sensor package. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 15, 809–817.
19. Lau, K.-M., and S. Yang, 2003: Walker circulation. Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, J. R. Holton et al., Eds., Academic Press, 2505–2510.
20. Leduc-Leballeur, M., G. de Coëtlogon, and L. Eymard, 2013: Air–Sea interaction in the Gulf of Guinea at intraseasonal timescales: Wind bursts and coastal precipitation in boreal spring. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 139, 387–400, doi: 10.1002/qj.1981.
21. Lélé, M. I., L. M. Leslie, and P. J. Lamb, 2015: Analysis of lowlevel atmospheric moisture transport associated with theWest African monsoon. J. Climate, 28, 4414–4430, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-14–00746.1.
22. Liebmann, B., and C. A. Smith, 1996: Description of a complete (interpolated) outgoing longwave radiation dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 1725–1277.
23. Mitchell, T. D., and P. D. Jones, 2005: An improved method of constructing a database of monthly climate observations and associated high-resolution grids. Int. J. Climatol., 25, 693–712, doi: 10.1002/joc.1181.
24. Neupane, N., and K. H. Cook, 2013: A nonlinear response of Sahel rainfall to Atlantic warming. J. Climate, 26, 7080–7096, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-12–00475.1.
25. Nicholson, S. E., and P. J. Webster, 2007: A physical basis for the interannual variability of rainfall in the Sahel. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 133, 2065–2084.
26. Nicholson, S. E., and A. K. Dezfuli, 2013: The relationship of rainfall variability in western equatorial Africa to the tropical Oceans and atmospheric circulation. Part I: The boreal spring. J. Climate, 26(1), 45–65, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-11–00653.1.
27. Nolan, D. S., C. D. Zhang, and S. H. Chen, 2007: Dynamics of the shallow meridional circulation around intertropical convergence zones. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 2262–2285.
28. Pokam, W. M., L. A. T. Djiotang, and F. K. Mkankam, 2012: Atmospheric water vapor transport and recycling in equatorial central Africa through NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. Climate Dyn., 38(9–10), 1715–1729, doi: 10.1007/s00382–011-1242–7.
29. Pokam, W. M., C. L. Bain, R. S. Chadwick, R. Graham, D. J. Sonwa, and F. M. Kamga, 2014: Identification of processes driving low-level westerlies in west equatorial Africa. J. Climate, 27(11), 4245–4262, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-13–00490.1.
30. Pu, B., and K. H. Cook, 2010: Dynamics of theWest African westerly jet. J. Climate, 23(23), 6263–6276.
31. Rienecker, M. M., and Coauthors, 2011: MERRA: NASA’s modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications. J. Climate, 24, 3624–3648.
32. Segele, Z.T., P. J. Lamb, and L. M. Leslie, 2009: Large-scale atmospheric circulation and global sea surface temperature associations with Horn of Africa June–September rainfall. Int. J. Climatol., 29(8), 1075–1100.
33. Simmons, A., S. Uppala, D. Dee, and S. Kobayashi, 2007: ERA-Interim: New ECMWF Reanalysis Products from 1989 Onwards. ECMWF Newsletter, No.110, ECMWF, Reading, United Kingdom, 25–35.
34. Simmons, A.J., K. M. Willett, P. D. Jones, P. W. Thorne, and D. P. Dee, 2010: Low-frequency variations in surface atmospheric humidity, temperature, and precipitation: Inferences from reanalyses and monthly gridded observational data sets. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984–2012), 115: D01110, doi:10.1029/2009JD012442.
35. Sorooshian, S., K.-L. Hsu, X. G. Gao, H. V. Gupta, B. Imam, and D. Braithwaite, 2000: Evaluation of PERSIANN system satellite-based estimates of tropical rainfall. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 81, 2035–2046.
36. Thorncroft, C. D., and M. Blackburn, 1999: Maintenance of the African easterly jet. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 125, 763–786.
37. Thorncroft, C. D., H. Nguyen, C. D. Zhang, and P. Peyrillé, 2011: Annual cycle of the West African monsoon: Regional circulations and associated water vapour transport. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 129–147.
38. Trenberth, K. E., D. P. Stepaniak, and J. M. Caron, 2000: The global monsoon as seen through the divergent atmospheric circulation. J. Climate, 13, 3969–3993.
39. Uppala, S. M., and Coauthors, 2005: The ERA-40 re-analysis. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 131, 2961–3012.
40. Uppala, S. M., D. P. Dee, S. Kobayashi, P. Berrisford, and A. J. Simmons, 2008: Towards a climate data assimilation system: status update of ERA-Interim. ECMWF Newsletter, No. 115, ECMWF, Reading, United Kingdom, 12–18.
41. Vizy, E. K., and K. H. Cook, 2001: Mechanisms by which Gulf of Guinea and eastern North Atlantic Sea surface temperature anomalies can influence African rainfall. J. Climate, 14, 795–821.
42. Wang, C., 2005: ENSO, Atlantic climate variability, and the Walker and Hadley circulations. The Hadley Circulation: Present, Past, and Future, H. F. Diaz and R. S. Bradley, Eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, 173–202.
43. Wang, C. Z., 2002a: Atlantic climate variability and its associated atmospheric circulation cells. J. Climate, 15, 1516–1536.
44. Wang, C. Z., 2002b: Atmospheric circulation cells associated with the El Niño–southern oscillation. J. Climate, 15, 399–419.
45. Wang, C. Z., 2004: ENSO, Atlantic climate variability, and the Walker and Hadley circulations. The Hadley Circulation: Present, Past, and Future, H. F. Diaz and R. S. Bradley, Eds., Advances in Global Change Research, Vol. 21, Springer, Netherlands, 85–120.
46. Washington, R., R. James, H. Pearce, W. M. Pokam, and W. Moufouma-Okia, 2013: Congo Basin rainfall climatology: can we believe the climate models? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 368(1625), 20120296, doi: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0296.
47. Zhang, C. D., P. Woodworth, and G. J. Gu, 2006: The seasonal cycle in the lower troposphere over West Africa from sounding observations. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 132, 2559–2582.