Jury Trials and Plea Bargaining: A True History

Jury Trials and Plea Bargaining: A True History

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-364

  Mcconville, Mike ^a   Mirsky, Chester L ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK   (United Kingdom)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84962042432     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (299)

1. Abbott, A ‘Professional ethics’, American Journal of Sociology 88 (1983) 855.
2. Abbott, A The System of Professions: an essay on the division of expert labor. (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1988).
3. Abel, R American Lawyers. (New York, Oxford University Press, 1989).
4. Abel, R and Lewis, P (eds.) Lawyers in Society. (3 vols) (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1988).
5. Abramson, J We the Jury: The Jury System and the Ideal of Democracy (New York, Basic Books, 1994).
6. Albion, R G The Rise of New York Port (1815–1860). (New York, Scribner, 1939).
7. Alschuler, A ‘Plea Bargaining and its History.’ Law & Society Review 13 (1979) 211.
8. Alschuler, A ‘The Defense Attorney’s Role in Plea Bargaining.’ Yale Law Journal 84 (1975) 1179.
9. Alschuler, A ‘The Prosecutor’s Role in Plea Bargaining.’ University of Chicago Law Review 36 (1968) 50.
10. Alschuler, A ‘The Trial Judge’s Role in Plea Bargaining.’ Colorado Law Review 76 (1976) 1059.
11. Anbinder, T Five Points: The 19th Century New York Neighborhood that Invented Tap Dance, Stole Elections and Became the World’s Most Notorious Slum, (New York, Free Press, 2002).
12. Asbury, H The Gangs of New York: An Informal History of the Underworld (New York, Knopf, 1928).
13. Ascoli, D The Queen’s Peace: The Origins and development of the Metropolitan Police 1829–1979 (London, H Hamilton, 1979).
14. Auerbach, J Unequal Justice (New York, Oxford University Press, 1976).
15. Bacon, D The New York Judicial Repository (New York, Gould and Banks, 1818–1819).
16. Barak, G In Defense of Whom? (Berkeley, Anderson, 1980).
17. Barbour, O A Treatise on Criminal Law of the State of New York (New York, Gould, Banks, 1852).
18. Barnes, H ‘The Origins of Prison Reform in New York State’. Quarterly Journal of the New York State Historical Association 2 (1921) 89.
19. Barnes, H The Repression of Crime: studies in historical penology (New York, G H Doran, 1926).
20. Barnes, Thurlow W Memoir of Thurlow Weed (Boston, Houghton Mifflin and company, 1884).
21. Battestin, M C Henry Fielding: A Life (London, Routledge, 1989).
22. Beaney, W The Right to Counsel in American Courts (Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1955).
23. Beattie, J M ‘Crime and Courts in Surrey, 1736–1753’ in J S Cockburn (ed.) Crime in England, 1550–1800 (London, Methuen, 1977).
24. Beattie, J M Crime and Courts in England, 1660–1800 (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1986).
25. Beattie, J M Policing and Punishment in London, 1660–1750 (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001).
26. Beirne, P Inventing Criminology: Essays on the rise of ‘Homo criminalis’ (Albany, State University of New York Press, 1993).
27. Beirne, P ‘A note on Quetelet and the Development of Criminological statistics’, Journal of Criminal Justice 14 (1986) 459.
28. Beirne, P (ed) The Origins and Growth of Criminology: Essay on Intellectual History, 1760–1945 (England, Dartmouth, 1994).
29. Bentham, J ‘Theorie des Peines et des Recompense’, 43 Edinburgh Review.
30. Bloomfield, M American Lawyers in a Changing Society, 1776–1876 (Cambridge, Mass, Harvard University Press, 1976).
31. Blumberg, A Criminal Justice (Chicago, Quadrangle Books, 1967).
32. Bodenhamer, David J Fair Trial: The Rights of the Accused in American History (New York, Oxford University Press, 1992).
33. Bowen, C The Elegant Oakey (New York, Oxford University Press, 1956).
34. Brewer, J and J Sykes (1980) An Ungovernable People: The English and Their Law in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University Press).
35. Bridges, A A City in the Republic—Antebellum New York and the Origins of Machine Politics (Cambridge, Cambridge Press, 1984).
36. Brooks, J W History of the Court of Common Pleas of the City and County of New York with Full Reports of All Proceedings (New York, Subscription, 1896).
37. Brown, R M (Ed.) American Violence (Englewood Cliffs, Hemel Hempstead, PrenticeHall, 1970).
38. Buntline, N The Mystery and Myseries of New York (New York, W F Burgess, 1848).
39. Callahan, Raymond E Education and the Cult of Efficiency: A Study of the Social Forces that Have Shaped the Administration of the Public Schools (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1962).
40. Callow, A B (1966) The Tweed Ring (New York, Oxford University Press).
41. Carr-Saunders, A and Wilson, P The Professions (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1933).
42. Casper, J American Criminal Justice: The Defendant’s Perspective (Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall, 1972).
43. Chadwick, Kathryn and Scraton, Phil ‘The theoretical and Political Priorities of Critical Criminology’ in (eds) K Stenson and D Cowell, The Politics of Crime Control (London, Sage Publications, 1991).
44. Chester, A Legal and Judicial History of New York (New York, National American Society, 1911).
45. Chester, A Courts and Lawyers of New York, A History, 1609–1925 (New York, Historical Society, 1925).
46. Christian, C A Brief Treatise on the Police of the City of New York (New York, Southwick & Pelsue, 1812).
47. Colby, John H A Practical Treatise Upon the Criminal Law and Practice (Albany, W C Little, 1868).
48. Cole, George F ‘The Decision to Prosecute.’ Law & Society Review 4 (1970) 331.
49. Cole, S A Suspect Identities: A History of Fingerprinting and Criminal Identification (Cambridge, Mass, Harvard University Press, 2001).
50. Cook, C The American Codification Movement: A Study of Antebellum Legal Reform (Westport, Conn, Greenwood Press, 1981).
51. Cooley R (1958) ‘Predecessors of the Federal Attorney General: The Attorney General in England and the American Colonies’ American Journal of Legal History 2 (1958) 304.
52. Colquhoun, P A Treatise on the Police of the Metropolis (London, 1795).
53. Colquhoun, P A Treatise on the Commerce and Police of the River Thames (London, 1800).
54. Conley Carolyn, A The Unwritten Law: Criminal Justice in Victorian Kent (New York, Oxford University Press, 1991).
55. Costello, A Our Police Protectors: History of the New York Police from the Earliest Period to the Present Time (New York, Chas F Roper & Co, 1885).
56. Crapsey, E The Netherside of New York (Montclair, 1872, Reprint 1969).
57. Cray, R Paupers and Poor Relief in New York City and its Rural Environs, 1700–1830 (Philadelphia, Temple University Press, 1988).
58. Critchley, T A A History of Police in England and Wales (London, Constable, 1978).
59. Cullen, M J The Statistical Movement in Early Victorian Britain: The Foundations of Empirical Social Research (Hassocks, Harvester Press, 1975).
60. Curtis C P ‘The Legal Aid Society, New York City—A Review’ The Record 9 (1924) 224.
61. Curry L P The Corporate City: The American City as a Political Entity, 1800–1850 (Westport, Conn, Greenwood Press, 1997).
62. Daly C P Historical Sketch of the Judicial Tribunals of New York, From 1623 to 1846 (New York, J W Amerman, 1855).
63. Donnan, George R Annotated Code of Criminal Procedure and Penal Law of the State of New York (Albany, H B Parsons, 1887).
64. Downie, L Justice Denied (New York, Praeger, 1971).
65. Dunn, Thomas L Democracy and Punishment: Disciplinary Origins of the United States (Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1987).
66. Durey, M ‘Thomas Paine’s Apostles: Radical Emigres and the Triumph of Jeffersonian Republicanism’ William and Mary Quarterly 44 (1987).
67. Eisenstein, J and Jacob, H Felony Justice, (Boston, Little, Brown, 1977).
68. Ekirch, A E Jr ‘Thomas Eddy and the Beginnings of Prison Reform in New York’ New York History 24 (1943) 376.
69. Emsley, C The English Police: A Political and Social History (London, Pearson) (1991).
70. Ernst, R Immigrant Life in New York City: 1825–1863 (New York, Octagon Books, 1949).
71. Faulds, H ‘On the Skin Furrows of the Hand’ Nature 22 (1880) 605.
72. Feeley, M ‘Legal Complexity and the Transformation of the Criminal Process: The Origins of Plea Bargaining’, Israeli Law Review 31(1–3) (1997) 183.
73. Feeley, M ‘Plea Bargaining and The Structure of The Criminal Process.’ Journal of Justice Systems 73 (1982) 338.
74. Feeley, M ‘The Concept of Laws In Social Science: A Critique and Notes On An Expanded View’, Law and Society Review 10(4) (1976) 497.
75. Feeley, M The Process Is The Punishment: handling cases in a lower criminal court (New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 1979).
76. Feeley, M ‘Two Models of the Criminal Justice System: An Organizational Perspective.’ Law and Society Review 7 (1973) 407.
77. Feeley, M and Lester, C ‘Legal Complexity and the Transformation of the Criminal Process’ Subjektivierung des Justiziellen Beweisverfahrens 334. (André Gouron et al, eds,) (Frankfurt, Vittorio Klostermann, 1994).
78. Feldberg, M The Turbulent Era: Riot and Disorder in Jacksonian America (New York, Oxford University Press, 1980).
79. Ferdinand, T Boston’s Lower Criminal Courts 1814–1850 (Newark, University of Delaware Press; London, Cranbury, NJ, Associated University Presses, 1992).
80. Field, H The Life of David Dudley Field (New York, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1898).
81. Fisher, G ‘Plea Bargaining’s Triumph’, Yale Law Journal 109 (2000) 857.
82. Fisher, G Plea Bargaining’s Triumph: A History of Plea Bargaining in America (Stanford, Stanford University Press, 2003).
83. Fishman, E New York City’s Criminal Justice System 1895–1932 (Ann Arbor, University Microfilm, 1980).
84. Fogelson, R Big City Police (Cambridge, Mass, Harvard University Press, 1977).
85. Foltz, C ‘Public Defenders’ American Law Review 31 (1897) 393.
86. Fosdick, R American Police Systems (New York, The Century Co. 1920).
87. Freestone, D and Richardson J (1980) ‘The Making of English Criminal Law: Sir John Jervis and his Acts’ [1980] Criminal Law Review 5.
88. Friedman, L and Percival R, The Roots of Justice: Crime and Punishment in Alameda County, California, 1870–1910 (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1981).
89. Friedman, L A History of American Law (New York, Simon and Schuster, 1973).
90. Friedman, L ‘Plea Bargaining in Historical Perspective’, Law & Society Review 13 (1979) 247.
91. Friedman, L ‘Courts Over Time: A Survey of Theories and Research’ in (eds. K O Boyum and L Mather) Empirical Theories About Courts 38 (1983).
92. Friedman, L Crime and Punishment in American History (New York, Basic Books, 1993).
93. Garland, D ‘The development of British Criminology’ in (eds) M Maguire, R Morgan and R Reiner The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, (Oxford, Clarendon Press; New York, Oxford University Press, 1994).
94. Garland, D Punishment and Welfare: A History of Penal Strategies (Aldershot, Gower, 1985).
95. Gatrell, V The Hanging Tree (Oxford, New York, Oxford University Press, 1994).
96. Gawalt, G W (ed) The New High Priests: Lawyers in Post-Civil War America (Westport, Conn, Greenwood Press Westport, 1984).
97. Gerrard, J W London and New York, Their Crime and Police, (New York, W C Bryant, 1853).
98. Gilfoyle, T City of Eros, New York City, Prostitution and the Commercialization of Sex, 1790–1920 (New York, W W Norton, 1992).
99. Gilje, Paul A The Road to Mobocracy: Popular Disorder in New York City 1763–1834 (Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Press, 1987a).
100. Gilje, P Mobocracy: Popular Disturbances in Post-Revolutionary New York, 1783–1829 (Chapel Hill, London, University of North Carolina Press, 1987b).
101. Goebel, J and Naughton, R Law Enforcement in Colonial New York (New York, Commonwealth Fund, 1944, reprinted, Patterson Smith, 1972).
102. Goode, W ‘Community Within a Community: The Professions’, American Sociological Review 20 (1957) 194.
103. Goode, W ‘The Theoretical Limits of Professionalization’, in A Etzioni (ed) The SemiProfessions and their Organization: Teachers, Nurses, Social Workers (New York, Free Press, 1969).
104. Gould, J S et al, Report on Common Jails and the Administration of Criminal Justice (1866) reprinted in N Y Assembly Doc No 50.
105. Graham, H and Gurr, T The History of Violence in America (New York, F A Praeger, 1969).
106. Greenberg, D Crime and Law Enforcement in the Colony of New York, 1691–1776 (Ithaca, London, Cornell University Press, 1976).
107. Greenwood, C ‘Attributes of a profession’, Social Work 2 (1957) 45.
108. Griffin, C ‘Religious Benevolence as Social Control, 1815–1860’ The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 44(3) (1957).
109. Griffin, C Their Brothers’ Keepers: Moral Stewardship in the United States, 1800–1865 (New Brunswick, New Jersey, Rutgers University Press, 1960).
110. Griffith, Ernest S A History of American City Government: The Conspicuous Failure, 1870–1900 (New York, Praeger, 1974).
111. Guerry, A M Essay Sur la Statistique Moral de la France (Paris, Didot, 1833).
112. Haller, Mark H ‘Plea Bargaining: The Nineteenth Century Context.’ Law & Society Review 13 (1979) 273.
113. Handlin, O Race and Nationality in American Life (1941) [Race and nationality in American life. [1st ed.], Publisher, Boston, Little, Brown, 1957/Race and nationality in American life /by Oscar Handlin, Publisher Garden City, New York, Doubleday, 1957].
114. Harring, Sidney L Policing a Class Society: The Experience of American Cities 1865–1915 (New Brunswick, New Jersey, Rutgers University Press, 1983).
115. Hartley, Issac S (ed) Memorial of Robert Milham Hartley (New York, Utica, 1882).
116. Hartog, H Public Property and Private Power: The Corporation of the City of New York in American Law, 1730–1870 (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1983).
117. Harts, L Economic Policy and Democratic Thought in Philadelphia, 1776–1860 (Cambridge, Mass, Harvard University Press, 1948).
118. Hay, D ‘Property, Authority, and the Criminal Law’, in D Hay, et al Albion’s Fatal Tree: Crime and Society in Eighteenth-Century England (New York, Pantheon Books, 1975).
119. Headley, J The Great Riots of New York, 1712–1873 (New York, E B Treat 1873).
120. Heale, M ‘From City Fathers to Social Critics: Humanitarianism and Government in New York, 1790–1860’, The Journal of American History, 63(1) (1976) 21.
121. Heale, M ‘Humanitarianism in the Early Republic: The Moral Reformers of New York, 1776–1825’, Journal of American Studies, 2 (October) (1968)161.
122. Heumann, M Plea Bargaining: The Experience of Prosecutors, Judges and Defense Attorneys (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1978).
123. Heumann, M ‘A note on plea bargaining and case pressure’ 9 Law and Society Review 515.
124. Hill, M W Their Sisters’ Keepers: Prostitution in New York City, 1830–1870, (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1993).
125. Hindus, M S Prison and Plantation: Crime, Justice, and Authority in Massachusetts and South Carolina, 1767–1878 (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1980).
126. Hindus, M S ‘Crime and History’: Book Review of The Root of Justice, 34 Stanford Law Review (1982) 923.
127. Hirsch, L H ‘The Negro and New York’, Journal of Negro History 16 (1931) 382.
128. Homberger, E Scenes From the Life of a City: Corruption and Conscience in Old New York (New Haven, London, Yale University Press, 1994).
129. Humphries, D and Greenberg, D F ‘The Dialectics of Crime Control’ in Crime and Capitalism (1981).
130. Hunt, C H Life of Edward Livingston (New York, D Appleton & Co 1870).
131. Ireland, R M ‘The Nineteenth Century Criminal Jury: Kentucky in the Context of the American Experience’, Kentucky Review 4 (1962) 55.
132. Ireland, R M ‘Privately Funded Prosecution of Crime in the Nineteenth-Century United States’, American Journal of Legal History 39 (1995) 43.
133. Ireland, R M ‘Publically Funded Prosecution of Crime in the Nineteenth-Century United States’, American Journal of Legal History 39 (1995) 43.
134. Jackson, F The United States 1830–1850 (New York, Henry Holt & Co, 1935).
135. Jacoby, Joan E The American Prosecutor: A Search for Identity (Lexington, Mass, Lexington Books, 1980).
136. Johnson, David R Policing the Urban Underworld, The Impact of Crime on the Development of the American Police, 1800–1887 (Philadelphia, Temple University Press, 1979).
137. Johnstone, T Professions and Power (London, Macmillan, 1972).
138. Jones, M A American Immigration (Chicago and London, University of Chicago Press, 1960).
139. Katz, J Poor People’s Lawyers In Transition (New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press, 1982).
140. Kaye, B Science and the Detective (Weinheim, VCH, 1995).
141. Ketcham, G Municipal Police Reform: A Comparative Study of Law Enforcement in Cincinnati, Chicago, New Orleans, New York and St. Louis 1844–1877 (Ms. PhD Dissertation, 1967).
142. King, P ‘Decision Makers and Decision Making in English Criminal Law’, Historical Journal 27 (1984) 25.
143. King, P ‘Prosecution associations and their impact in eighteenth-century Essex’ in D Hay and F Snyder (eds) Policing and Prosecution in Britain, 1750–1850. (Oxford, Clarendon, 1989).
144. King, P Crime, Justice, and Discretion in England, 1740–1820 (Oxford, New York, Oxford University Press, 2000).
145. Knapp, S L The Life of Thomas Eddy (New York, Conner & Cooke, 1834).
146. Knight, B ‘Murder in the Laboratory’, New Scientist 23 December 1986.
147. Kress, J M ‘Progress and Prosecution’, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 423 (1976) 100–116.
148. Kross, M and Grossman, M, ‘Magistrates’ Courts of the City of New York: History and Organization’, 7 Brooklyn Law Review 133 (1937).
149. Kuntz, W F Criminal Sentencing in Three Nineteenth Century Cities: Social History of Punishment in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia 1830–1880. (New York, Garland Publishing, 1988).
150. Lamb, M History of the City of New York, 3 vols (New York, A S Barnes and company, 1877–1896).
151. Landsman, S (1990) ‘The rise of the contentious spirit. Adversary procedure in eighteenth century England’ Cornell Law Review 75:497.
152. Lane, R Policing the City: Boston 1822–1855. (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1967).
153. Lane, R ‘Crime and Criminal Statistics in Nineteenth Century Massachusetts’, Journal of Social History 2 (1968) 156–63.
154. Lane, R ‘Crime and Industrial Revolution: British and American Views’, Journal of Social History 7 (1974) 287–303.
155. Langbein, J H (1973) ‘The Origins of Public Prosecution and Common Law’, American Journal of Legal History 17: 313.
156. Langbein, J H (1978) ‘The Criminal Trial Before Lawyers’, The University of Chicago Law Review. 45: 263.
157. Langbein, J H (1978) ‘Torture and Plea Bargaining’, The University of Chicago Law Review. 46:3.
158. Langbein, J H (1979) ‘Understanding The Short History of Plea Bargaining’, Law & Society Review 13: 261.
159. Langbein, J H (1983) ‘Albion’s Fatal Flaws’, Past and Present, 98: 96.
160. Langbein, J H (1992) ‘On the Myth of Written Constitutions: The Disappearance of the Criminal Jury Trial’, Harvard Journal of Public Law and Policy 15: 119.
161. Langbein, J H (1994) ‘The historical origins of the privilege against self incrimination at common law’ Michigan Law Review 92: 1047.
162. Langbein, J H The Origins of Adversary Criminal Trial (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003).
163. Larson, M The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1977).
164. Lempert, R ‘More Tales of Two Courts: Exploring Changes in the ‘Dispute Settlement’ Function of Trial Courts’ 13 Law and Society Review 91 (1978).
165. Lempert, R ‘Docket Data and Local Knowledge: Studying the Court and Society Link Over Time’ (1990) 24 Law and Society Review 321–32.
166. Leps, M-C Apprehending the Criminal: The Production of Deviance in Nineteenth Century Discourse (Durhman, Duke University Press, 1992).
167. Levett, A Centralization of City Police in the Nineteenth Century (Ann Arbor, Mich, University Microfilms International, 1975).
168. Lewis, O F The Development of American Prisons and Prison Customs, 1776–1845 (New York, Prison Association of New York, 1922).
169. Lewis, W David, From Newgate to Dannemora: The Rise of Penitentiary in New York, 1796–1848 (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1965).
170. Linebaugh, P The London Hanged: Crime and Civil Society in the Eighteenth Century (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1991).
171. Little, Craig B ‘The Criminal Courts in ‘Young America’: Bucks County, Pennsylvania, 1820–1860’ with some comparisons to Massachusetts and South Carolina’ (1991) Social Science History 15(4):457–78.
172. Lincoln, C The Constitutional History of New York (5 vols) (Rochester, Lawyers’ Cooperative Publishing Co 1906).
173. Livingston, E ‘Introductory Report to the Code of Criminal Procedure’ in The Complete Works of Edward Livingston on Criminal Jurisprudence (New York, National prison association of the United States of America 1873).
174. Macdonald, K The Sociology of the Professions (London, Sage Publications, 1995).
175. Martin, E The Secrets of the Great City: A Work Descriptive of the Virtues and Vices, the Mysteries, Miseries and Crimes of New York City, (Philadelphia, Chicago, Jones brothers & Co, 1868).
176. Martin, G Causes and Conflict: The Centennial History of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York, 1870–1970 (Boston, Houghton, Mifflin Co 1970).
177. Masur, L (1987) ‘The Revision of the Criminal Law in Post-Revolutionary America’ Criminal Justice History 8:21.
178. Mather, L ‘Comments on the History of Plea Bargaining’, Law & Society Review 13 (1979) 282.
179. Mather, L Plea Bargaining or Trial (Lexington, MA, Lexington, 1979).
180. Matsell, G W Vocabulum; or the Rogue’s Lexicon (New York, G W Matsell & Co, 1859).
181. McAdam, D Bischoff, H et al (eds) History of the Bench and Bar of the City of New York (2 vols) (New York, New York History Company, 1897–99).
182. McConville, M and Mirsky, C L ‘Criminal Defense of The Poor In New York City’, New York University Review of Law & Social Change, 15 (1986–1987) 582.
183. McConville, M and Mirsky, C L ‘Criminal Defense of the Poor in New York City’, Occasional Papers from The Center for Research in Crime and Justice, New York University School of Law (Ed, G Hughes) (1988).
184. McConville, M and Mirsky, C L ‘Guilty Plea Courts: A Social Disciplinary Model of Criminal Justice’, Social Problems 42 (1995) 216.
185. McConville, M and Mirsky, C L ‘The Rise of Guilty Pleas’, Journal of Law and Society 22(4) (1995) 443.
186. McConville, M and Mirsky, C L ‘Understanding Defense of the Poor in State Courts: The Sociolegal Context of NonAdversarial Advocacy’, A Sarat and S Silby (eds) Studies in Law, Politics and Society 10 (1990).
187. McConville, M and Mirsky, C L ‘The State, the Legal Profession, and the Defence of the Poor’, Journal of Law and Society 15 (1988).
188. McDonald, W F ‘The Prosecutor’s Domain’ pp 15–51 in The Prosecutor (ed) W F McDonald (Beverly Hills, Sage, 1979).
189. McDonald, W F ‘In Defense of Inequality: The Legal Profession and Criminal Defense.’ pp 13–38 in The Defense Counsel, (ed) W F McDonald (Beverly Hills, Sage, 1983).
190. McDonald, W F ‘Towards A BiCentennial Revolution in Criminal Justice: The Return of the Victim’, American Criminal Law Review 13 (1976) 649.
191. McGowen, R ‘The body and punishment in Eighteenth Century England’, Journal of Modern History 59 (1987) 651.
192. Millender, M The Transformation of the American Criminal Trial, 1790–1875 (1996) UMI Dissertation Services.
193. Miller, W R Cops and Bobbies: Police Authority in New York and London 1830–1870 (1973) (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1977).
194. Moglen, E (1994) ‘Taking the Fifth: Reconsidering the origins of the privilege against self incrimination’ Michigan Law Review 92: 1086.
195. Moglen, E (1997) ‘The privilege in British North America: The Colonial Period to the Fifth Amendment’ pp 109–144 in R H Helmholz et al (eds) The Privilege Against Self Incrimination (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1997).
196. Mohl, R Poverty in New York 1783–1825 (New York, Oxford University Press, 1971).
197. Moley, R ‘The Vanishing Jury’, Southern California Law Review 2 (1928) 97.
198. Monkkonnen, E H The Dangerous Class: Crime and Poverty in Columbus, Ohio 1860–1885 (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1975).
199. Monkkonnen, E H Police in Urban America, 1860–1920 (New York, Cambridge University Press, 1981).
200. Monkkonnen, E H ‘The Organized Response to Crime in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century America’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History 14 (1983) 113.
201. Munger, F ‘Trial Courts and Social Change: The Evolution of a Field of Study’, Law and Society Review 24 (1990) 17.
202. Mushkat, J Tammany, The Evolution of a Political Machine, 1789–1865 (Syracuse, Syracuse University Press, 1971).
203. Napley, D The Technique of Persuasion (London, Sweet and Maxwell, 1975).
204. Nelson, W E Americanization of the Common Law: The Impact of Legal change on Massachusetts Society, 1760–1830 (Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1975).
205. New York City, Documents of the Board of Aldermen 8 (1842) 57 (New York, Bryant & Boggs).
206. New York Law Institute, Catalogue of the Books in the Library (New York, Martin’s steam printing house, 1874).
207. New York State, Annual Reports of the Secretary of State on Statistics of Crime 1836–1819 (Albany).
208. New York State, Revised Statutes 1829–1865.
209. Nivens, A The Diary of Philip Hone 1821–1851 (New York, Dodd, Mead & Company, 1927).
210. Norcross, F ‘The Crime Problem’ Yale Law Journal 20 (1911) 599.
211. North American Review, ‘The Judiciary of New York City’ North American Review vol.ccxvi (1867, July) 148–176.
212. Oaks, D and Lehman, W 1968. A Criminal Justice System and The Indigent (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1968).
213. Ottley, R and Weatherby, W J The Negro in New York (New York, Oceana Publications, Inc, 1967).
214. Packer, H The Limits of the Criminal Sanction (Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1968).
215. Padgett, J F ‘The Emergent Organization of Plea Bargaining’, American Journal of Sociology 90 (1985) 753–799.
216. Padgett, J F ‘Plea Bargaining and Prohibition in the Federal Courts: 1908–1934.’ Law & Society Review 24 (1990) 413.
217. Paley, R ‘An imperfect and wretched system? Policing London before Peel’ Criminal Justice History 10:102.
218. Parker, A J (1855–1877) Reports of Decisions in Criminal Cases, (vols 1–6) (Albany, William Gould and Son, 1860–1868).
219. Parmalee, M ‘A New System of Criminal Procedure’, Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology 4 (1913–1914) 359.
220. Patterson, E Catalogue of the Books in the Library of the New York Law Institute (New York, Martin’s Steam Printing House, 1874).
221. Pessen, E Riches, Class, and Power Before the Civil War (Lexington, Mass, D C Heath, 1973).
222. Phelps, I N Iconograph of Manhattan Island, 1498–1909, vol V (New York, Arno Press, 1967).
223. Phillips, D ‘Good men to associate and bad men to conspire: associations for the prosecution of felons in England’ pp 113–70 in D Hay and F Snyder (eds) Policing and Prosecution in Britain, 1750–1850 (Oxford, England, Clarendon Press, New York, Oxford University Press, 1989).
224. Phillips, D Crime and Authority in Victorian England: The Black Country 1835–60 (London, Croom Helm, Totowa, N J, Rowman and Littlefield, 1977).
225. Pomerantz, S New York: An American City, 1783–1803 (New York, Columbia University Press, 1938).
226. Porter, R English Society in the 18th Century (Halmondsworth, Penguin, 1912).
227. Pound, R. ‘The Causes of Popular Dissatisfaction with the Administration of Justice’, American Bar Association Reports 29 (1906).
228. Pound, R. The Formative Era in American Law (Boston, Little Brown and Co 1912).
229. Pound, R. Criminal Justice in America (New York, Brown University Press, 1930, republished by Da Cappo Press, 1972).
230. Pound, R. Organization of Courts (Boston, Little Brown and Co 1940).
231. Pound, R. The Lawyer from Antiquity to Modern Times (Minnesota, West Publishing Co, 1953).
232. Pound, R and Frankfurter, F Criminal Justice in Cleveland: A Report of the Cleveland Foundation’s Survey of the Administration of Criminal Justice in Cleveland Ohio (Cleveland, Ohio, The Cleveland Foundation, 1922).
233. Pred, A ‘Manufacturing in the Mercantile City’, Annals of the Society of American Geographics 56 (1966) 307–25.
234. Proctor, L B (1870), The Bench and Bar of New York (New York, Diossy & Co).
235. Radzinowicz, L and Hood, R A History of English Criminal Law and Its Administration since 1750, vol 5 (London: Stevens, 1986).
236. Ramsey, C (2002) ‘The Discretionary Power of “Public” Prosecutors in Historical Perspective’ American Criminal Law Review 1309.
237. Rawlings, P J ‘The Idea of Policing: a History, Policing and Society 5 (1995) 129–149.
238. Rawlings, P J Crime and Power: A History of Criminal Justice 1688–1998 (London, New York, Longman, 1999).
239. Reed, A Training for the Public Profession of the Law (Bull No 15 New York Carnegie Foundation, 1921).
240. Reith, C The Blind Eye of History (London: Faber and Faber, 1952).
241. Report of the Trial of Henry Bedlow for Committing a Rape on Lanah Sawyer, New York, 1793.
242. Reynolds, E A (2002) ‘Sir John Fielding, Sir Charles Whitworth, and the Westminster Night Watch Act, 1770–1775’ pp 1–19 in Louis A Knafla (ed), Policing and War in Europe (Westport, CT, Greenwood Press).
243. Richardson, J F The New York Police (New York, Oxford University Press, 1970).
244. Robertson, B and Vignaux, G Interpreting Evidence (Chichester, John Wiley, 1995).
245. Rock, H ‘A delicate balance: The mechanics and the city in the age of Jefferson’, New York Historical Society Quarterly 63 (1979) 93.
246. Rogers, D The New York City Recorder, (vols 1–6) (New York, C N Baldwin, 1817–1822).
247. Rosenburg, C Religion and the Rise of the American City: The New York City Mission Movement, 1812–1870 (Ithaca, London, Cornell University Press, 1971).
248. Rosenwaike, I Population History of New York City (Syracuse, NY, Syracuse University Press, 1972).
249. Rothman, D The Discovery of the Asylum: Social Order and Disorder in the New Republic (Boston, Little Brown, 1971).
250. Salvelsberg, J J ‘Law that Does Not Fit Society: Sentencing Guidelines as a Neoclassical Reaction to the Dilemmas of Substantive Law’ The American Journal of Sociology 1346 (1992).
251. Sampson, W Trial of Robert Goodwin (New York, John Low, 1820).
252. Sanger, W W The History of Prostitution (New York, Arno Press, 1859).
253. Schneider, John C Detroit and the Problem of Order, 1830–1880 (Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, 1980).
254. Scott, H W The Courts of the State of New York (New York, Wilson publishing Co, 1909).
255. Shapiro, B J Beyond Resonable Doubt and Probable Cause (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1991).
256. Sidman, A ‘The Outmoded Concept of Private Prosecution’ American University Law Review 25 (1976) 754.
257. Skillman, J New York Police Reports (New York, Ludwig & Tolefree, 1830).
258. Sklansky, D (1999) ‘The Private Police’, UCLA Law Review 46: 1165.
259. Smith, B Circumventing the Jury: Petty Crime and Summary Jurisdiction in London and New York City, 1790–1855. Unpublished PhD Dissertation; UMI: 9714304 (1996).
260. Smith, Henry E ‘The modern privilege: Its nineteenth-century origins’ pp 145–80 in R H Helmholz et al (eds) The Privilege Against Self Incrimination (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1997.
261. Smith, T Revivalism and Social Reform in Mid-Nineteenth Century America (New York, Abingdon Press, 1957).
262. Spann, E The New Metropolis: New York City 1840–1857 (New York, Columbia University Press, 1981).
263. Spitzer, S and Scull, A ‘Privatization and Capitalist Development: The Case of the Private Police’, Social Problems 25(1) (1977) 18.
264. Stansell, C City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789–1860 (Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1987).
265. Steinberg, A The Criminal Courts and the Transformation of Criminal Justice in Philadelphia 1815–1874. (Ann Arbor, University Microfilm, 1983).
266. Steinberg, A The Transformation of Criminal Justice, Philadelphia, 1800–1880 (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1989).
267. Steinberg, A ‘From Private Prosecution to Plea Bargaining: Criminal Prosecution, The District Attorney and American Legal History’, Crime & Delinquency 30 (1984) 568.
268. Steinberg, A ‘The Spirit of Litigation: Private Prosecution and Criminal Justice in Nineteenth Century Philadelphia’, Journal of Social History 20 (1985) 231.
269. Stevens, R Law School: Legal Education in America from the 1850s to the 1980s. (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1983).
270. Storch, R ‘The Plague of Blue Locusts: Police Reform and Popular Resistance in Northern England 1840–57’, International Review of Social History 20 (1975) 61.
271. Storch, R ‘The Policeman as Domestic Missionary: Urban Discipline and Popular Culture in Northern England, 1850–1880’, Journal of Social History 9(4) (1976) 481.
272. Styles, J ‘Sir John Fielding and the Problem of Crime Investigation in Eighteenth-Century England’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (5th Series) 33 (1983) 127.
273. Styles, J Brewer, J An Ungovernable people: The English and Their Law in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University Press, 1880).
274. Swaine, R T The Cravath Firm: 1819–1947 (3 vols) (New York, Priv. print. At Ad Press, 1946–48).
275. Taft, H Century and A Half at the New York Bar (New York, Priv. print, 1938).
276. Thayer, J V A Preliminary Treatise on Evidence at the Common Law (London, Sweet & Maxwell, 1898).
277. Thompson, E P Whigs and Hunters: The Origins of the Black Act (New York, Pantheon Books, 1975).
278. Train, A Courts and Criminals, (New York, Scribner’s, 1925).
279. Twomey, R Jacobins and Jeffersonians (London, New York, Garland Publication, 1989).
280. Untermeyer, S ‘Evils and Remedies in the Administration of the Criminal Law’, The Record, 36 (1910) 145.
281. Utz, Pamela Settling The Facts, (Lexington, Mass, Lexington Books, 1978).
282. Van Alstyne, W F ‘The District Attorney—A Historical Puzzle’, Wisconsin Law Review, (1952) 125–138.
283. Vogel, M Courts of Trade: Social Conflict and the Emergence of Plea Bargaining in Boston, Massachusetts, 1830–1890. (Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Harvard University, 1988).
284. Vogel, M ‘The Social Origins of Plea Bargaining: Conflict and the Law in the Process of State Formation, 1830–1860’, Law and Society Review 33(1) (1999) 161.
285. Warren, C A History of the American Bar (Boston, Little, Brown, 1911).
286. Waters, M ‘Collegiality, Bureaucratization and Professionalization: A Weberian Analysis’, American Journal of Sociology 94 (1989) 945.
287. Weinbaum, P Mobs and Demagogues (Ann Arbor, UMI Research Press, 1979).
288. Weiner, M Reconstructing the Criminal: Culture, Law and Policy in England, 1830–1914 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990).
289. Westergaard, H Contributions to the History of Statistics (London, P S King, 1932).
290. Wheeler, Jacob D Reports of Criminal Law Cases (New York, Banks and Brothers, 1851–1860).
291. White, S ‘A Question of Style: Blacks in and around New York City in the late Eighteenth Century’, Journal of American Folklore 102 (1989) 24.
292. White, S Somewhat More Independent: The End of Slavery in New York City, 1770–1810. (Athens, GA, 1991).
293. Wilentz, Sean ‘Crime, Poverty and the Streets of New York City. The Diary of William H Bell 1850–1851’, History Workshop Journal 7 (1979) 126.
294. Wilentz, Sean Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class 1788–1850 (New York, OUP, 1984).
295. Williamson, C American Suffrage from Property to Democracy 1760–1860 (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1960).
296. Wilson, J G Memorial History of the City of New York, (4 vols) (New York, New Yok History Co 1893).
297. Wines, E C Transactions of the National Congress on Penitentiary and Reformatory Discipline (Albany, Weed, Parsons, 1871).
298. Wunder, John Inferior Courts, Superior Justice: A History of Justices of the Peace on the Northwest Frontier 1853–1899. (Westport, Greenwood Press, 1917).
299. Younger, R D The People’s Panel: The Grand Jury in the United States, 1634–1941 (Providence Rhode Is. Brown University Press, 1963).