Cherchez la Femme: Gender-Related Issues in Eighteenth-Century Elmina

Itinerario

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 45-57

  Everts, Natalie ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 84961853262     PISSN: 01651153     EISSN: 20412827     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0165115300021525     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. P.E. Isert, Voyages en Guinée et dans les iles Caraibes en Amérique. Introduction et notes de N. Gayibor (Paris 1989) 177–178. (First (German) edition in 1789.
2. [L.F. Romer], Le Golfe de Guinee 1700–1750. Recit de L.F. Rōmer marchand d'esclaves sur la cote ouest-africaine. Traduction, introduction et notes par M. Dige-Hess (Paris 1989) 218. Romer's account was first published in Denmark in 1760.
3. Letter J.P. Huydecoper to N. Heinsius (Elmina) 7 June 1760
4. LetterJ.P. Huydecoper to N. Heinsius (Elmina) 7 June 1760; Letter Heinsius to Huyde-coper (Butri) 23 June 1760, ARA, NBKG, 121.
5. See, for the jurisdiction practised by the Dutch administration towards the local African governments: R. Baesjou, ‘Dutch “Irregular”Jurisdiction on the Nineteenth Century Gold Coast’, in: African Perspectives II (1979) 21–66.
6. Anonymous letter to WIC-Chamber Amsterdam undated 1788, ARA, WIC 500, pp. 1327–1336.
7. K.Y. Daaku, Trade and politics on the Gold Coast, 1600–1720 (Oxford 1970) 1–20
8. H.M. Feinberg, Africans and Europeans in West Africa: Elminans and Dutchmen on lite Gobi Coast during the Eighteenth Century (Philadelphia 1989) chapters II and IV
9. M. Priestley, West African Trtule and Coast Society: A Family Study (London 1969) passim.
10. See for example: letter Huydecoper to the Board of X (Elmina) 8 August 1760, ARA, WIC 114, pp. 1038–1042.
11. W. Bosman, Nauwkeurige Beschrijving van de Cuinese Cowl-, Tantl- en SLavekust (Utrecht 1704) 119, 199
12. D. Escudier ed., Voyage d'Eùstache Delafosse sur la cole de Guinée, au Portugal $ en Espagne 1479–1481 (Paris 1992) 29
13. M. Hemmersham, Reise nach Guinea und Brasilien (1639–1645) S.P. L'Honoré Naber ed. (The Hague 1930) 1–88 (first edition 1663)
14. P. de Marees, Beschryvinghe van Guinea, anders de Goutcust de Mina genaemt liggende in het Deel van Africa. S.P. L'Honore Naber ed. (Werken uitgegeven door de Linschoten Vereeniging V) (The Hague 1912) 24–27 (first edition 1602).
15. Samuel Brun's Schiffarten. S.P. L'Honore Naber ed. (Werken uitgegeven door de Linschoten Vereeniging VI) (The Hague 1913) 57 (first edition 1624).
16. De Marees, Beschryvinghe, 24–27
17. P.E.H. Hair et al. Barbot on Guinea: The writings of Jean Harlot on West Africa 1678–1712 II (London 1992) 495, 505–506.
18. De Marees, Beschryvinghe, 23–25
19. Bosman, Nauwkeurige Beschrijving, 117–119.
20. Romer, Le Golfe de Guinee, 170–219.
21. J. A. de Maree, Reizen op en Beschrijving van de Goudkust van Guinea II (The Hague and Amsterdam 1818) 118.
22. See for the position of the ministers of the Dutch Reformed church in WIC-service: H.W. Debrunner, A History of Christianity in Ghana (Accra 1967).
23. Letter E.Jorck van Slanghenburgh to directors WIC-chamber Amsterdam (Elmina) 6 May 1699, ARA, WIC 97, p. 109.
24. For biographical details, see: A. Eekhoff, De Negerpredikant Jacobus Eliza Capitein, 1717–1747 (The Hague 1917)
25. D.N.A. Kpobi, Mission in Chains: The life, Theology and Ministry of the Ex-Slave Jacobus E.J. Capitein (1717–1747) with a Translation of his Major Publications (doctoral dissertation Utrecht; Zoetermeer 1993).
26. Letter J.EJ. Capitein to Board of X (Elmina) 15 February 1743, ARA, WIC 113, pp. 139–140.
27. Letter J.E.J. Capitein to the directors of the WIC-chamber Amsterdam (Elmina) 1 July 1745, ARA, WIC 113, pp. 381–383.
28. In the Dutch Republic parents who let their children be baptised in the Dutch Reformed Church were obliged to make the promise to bring them up according to the doctrine of that church. Children from parents who did not belong to the Dutch Reformed Church or those who were excommunicated, could be bapdsed in the presence of a witness, who had to make the promise. See for the origins of this tradition: A.T.H. van Deursen, Bavianen en Slijkgeuzen: Kerk en Kerkvolk ten Tijde van Maurits en Oldebarnevelt (Franeker 1991) 136–137.
29. Letter M. Beckeringh to Classis Amsterdam (Elmina) 3 June 1756, Municipal Archive Amsterdam (GAA), PA 379, 210.
30. Letter G. Verbeet to the directors of the WIC-chamber Amsterdam (Elmina) 20 October 1764, ARA, WIC 492, pp. 756–758.
31. See for instance: M.D. McLeod, TheAshanle (London 1981)
32. The obsession with pregnancy and the pschycological pressure it can put on Akan-women, is beautifully described by SA. Konadu in his novel: A Woman in her Prime (London 1981).
33. Rōmer, Le Golfe de Guinée, 170.
34. On an inspection visit to Moree, WIC-employees enjoy the hospitality of ‘Jacob van Dijk his mother’. Letter J. van Rijk to R. Ulsen (Moree) 1 June 1756, ARA, NBKG 117
35. In 1660 an African woman, known to the WIC-officials as ‘Anthonie Baas’ mother’ claims a debt. Elmina Journal 11 June 1660, ARA, NBKG 81.
36. Letter A. Thierens to P. Woortman (Bercu) 2 April 1770, ARA, NBKG 131.
37. Letter D.P. Erasmi to C. Klok (Elmina) 11 April 1761, ARA, NBKG 122.
38. Letters R. Ulsen to J. Bronckhorst (Elmina) 21 and 28 May 1756, ARA, NBKG 117.
39. Many wills of Company servants confirm this. See for instance the wills of CH. Gevert, ARA, NBKG 335, p. 94
40. of W.L. Koch, ARA, NBKG 336, p. 17.
41. See for the death rate of WIC-employees in eighteenth-century Elmina: Feinberg, Africans ami Europeans, 36–38.
42. A few Euro-Africans founded a kind of family networks based in Africa and Surinam as well as in the Netherlands. For their genealogies see: Michel R. Doortmont, Natalie Everts and Jean Jacques Vrij, ‘Tussen de Goudkust, Nederland en Suriname. De Euro-Afrikaanse families Van Bakergem, Rūhle, Woortman en Huydecoper’ (forthcoming article).
43. Biographical data collected by the author for a forthcoming article ‘Omdat ik een Uytlan-der ben’ on the Huydecoper family of Elmina.
44. See for instance: ‘Monsterrol’ 1758, ARA, WIC 491, pp. 296–303.
45. Journal Elmina 31 August and 2 September 1765, ARA, NBKG 126.
46. Examples are to be found in: ARA, NBKG 332, p. 22
47. NBKG 335, p. 94
48. NBKG 337, p. 157.
49. Utter P. Woortman to Board of X (Elmina) 9 November 1767, ARA, WIC 929, p. 262.
50. Wills: Huydecoper 7July 1767, NBKG 335, p. 31
51. Walmbeek 10 August 1765, NBKG 335, p. 17
52. Sulyard van Leefdael 20 June 1767, NBKG 335, p. 29
53. Letter G. Verbeet to Classis Amsterdam (Elmina) 17 November 1766, GAA, Archives Classis Amsterdam, PA 379, no. 210.
54. This estimation is argued on the basis of data about WIC-employees compiled by: Michel R. Doortmont en Natalie Everts, in: ‘Onzichtbare Afrikanen, Euroafrikanen tussen de Goudkust en Nederland, 1750–1850’ (to be published in a forthcoming volume by the Insutuut voor Maatschappijwetenschappen, Amsterdam).
55. GAA, Archives Classis Amsterdam.
56. ARA, NBKG 335, 16–17
57. Anonymous letter to WIC-chamber Amsterdam undated 1788, ARA, WIC 500, pp. 1327–1336
58. Will and estate F.C.E. Oldenburg (Elmina) 5–9 February 1820, ARA, NBKG 982
59. Request J. Kūntzen (Elmina) 4January 1821. ARA, NBKG.
60. Letters J.EJ. Capitein to Board of X (Elmina) 15 February 1743, ARA, WIC 113, pp. 139–140, appendix, paragraphs 12,13,14
61. and to the directors of the WIC-chamber Amsterdam (Elmina) 18 April 1743, ARA, WIC 488, p. 838–839.
62. Letter J.EJ. Capitein to Classis Amsterdam (Elmina) 21 May 1746, GAA, Archives Classis Amsterdam, PA 379, no. 210
63. Letter J.EJ. Capitein to Board of X (Elmina) 15 February 1743, ARA, WIC 113, pp. 139–140, appendix, paragraph 13.
64. Rōmer mentions this aspect as well: Golfs de Guinée, 218–219.