Functional Neuroimaging in CFS: Applications and Limitations

Journal Of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Volumn 1, Issue 42067, 1995, Pages 9-20

  Mayberg, Helen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84961415227     PISSN: 10573321     EISSN: 15470660     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1300/J092v01n03_03     Document Type: Article

References (222)

1. Jackson JH. On the anatomical and physiological localization of move-ments in the brain. In: Taylor J, ed. Selective Writings of Johns Hughlings Jack-son. New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1958:37–76.
2. Geschwind N, Galaburda AM. Cerebral lateralization: Biological mecha-nisms, associations, and pathology. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1987.
3. Luria AR. Higher cortical functions in man. New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1962_
4. Mesulam MM. Patterns in behavioral neuroanatomy: Association areas, the limbic system and hemispheric specialization. In; Mesulam, MM, ed. Prin-ciples of Behavioral Neurology. Philadelphia: FA Davis Co., 1985:1–70.
5. Damasio H. Damasio R. Lesion analysis in neuropsychology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.
6. Penfield W, Jasper H. Epilepsy and functional anatomy of human brain. Boston: Little Brown, 1954.
7. Evans EV, Shinoda Y. Wise SP. Neurophysiological approaches to higher brain functions. New York: Wiley & Sons, 1984.
8. De Long MR, Alexander GE. The basal ganglia and sensorimotor integra-tion. In: Struppler A, Weindl A, eds. Clinical Aspects of Sensory Motor Integra-tion. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 1987.
9. Phelps ME, Mazziotta JC. Schelbert HR. Positron Emission Tomography and Autoradiography: Principal Applications for the Brain and Heart. New York: Raven Press, 1986.
10. Holman LB, Tumeh SS. Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT): applications and potentialJAMA 1990; 263:561–564.
11. Frost JJ, Wagner HN. Quantitative Imaging: Neuroreceptors, neurotrans-mitters and enzymes. New York: Raven Press, 1990:51–79.
12. Holman BL, Devous MD. Functional brain SPECT: The emergence of a powerful clinical method., Nucl Med 1992 33:1888-1904.
13. Alavi A, Hirsch LL Studies of central nervous system disorders with single photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography: evolu-tion over the past two decadesSemin Mice Med 1991; 21:58–91
14. American Academy of Neurology, Therapeutics and Technology Assess-ment Subcommittee Assessment: Positron emission tomographyNeurology 1991; 41:163–167.
15. Masdeu IC, Brass LM, Holman BL, et al. Brain single-photon emission computed tomographyNeurology 1994; 44:1970–1977.
16. Fox PT. Functional brain mapping with PETSeminars in Neurology 1989; 9:323–329.
17. Posner MI, Petersen SE. Fox P1', et alLocalization of cognitive functions in the human brain. Science 1988; 240:1627–1631.
18. Fisher RS, Frost LI. Epilepsy. J Nucl Med 1991; 32:651–659.
19. Coleman RE, Hoffman JM. Hanson MW Clinical application of PET for the evaluation of brain tumors. JNuc Med 1991; 32:616–622.
20. Duara R, editor. Positron Emission Tomography in Dementia. Frontiers of Clinical Neuroscience Series Vol 10. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1990.
21. Baron JC. Positron tomography in cerebral ischemiaNeuroradiology 1985; 27:509–516.
22. Brooks DJ. Functional imaging of movement disorders. In: Marsden CD, Fahn S., eds. Movement Disorders 3. Butterworths, 1993: 65–87.
23. khise M, Chung DG, Wang P Wortzman G, Gray BG, Franks W. Techne-tium-99m-H1v1PAO SPECT, CT and MRI in the evaluation of patients with chron- ic traumatic brain injury: A correlation with neuropsychological performance. J Nucl Med 1994; 35:217–226.
24. Frackowiak RSJ, Pozzili C. Legg NJ et al. Regional cerebral oxygen sup-ply and utilization in dementia, a clinical and physiological study with oxygen-15 and positron tomography. Brain 1981; 104:753–778.
25. Foster NL, Chase TN, Mansi L, et al. Cortical abnormalities in Alzhei-mer's disease. Ann Neurol 1984; 16:649–654.
26. Friedland RP, Budinger TF, Koss E, et al. Alzheimer's disease: anterior-posterior and lateral hemispheric alterations in cortical glucose utilizationNeuro-science Letters 1985; 53:235–240.
27. Duara R, Grady C, Haxby JV, et al. Positron emission tomography in Alz-heimer's diseaseNeurology 1986; 36:879–887.
28. Bonte FJ, Ross ED, Chehabi H, et al. SPECT study of regional cerebral blood flow in Alzheimer disease. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1986; 10:579–583.
29. Johnson KA, Kijewski MF, Becker JA, et al. Quantitative brain SPECT in Alzheimer's disease and normal aging. J Nucl Med 1993; 34:2044–2048.
30. Pearson RCA, Esiri MM, Horns RW, et al. Anatomical correlates of the distribution of the pathological changes in the neocortex in Alzheimer diseaseProc Nail Acad Sci USA 1985; 82:4531–4534.
31. Friedland RP, Jagust WI Positron and Single Photon Emission Tomogra-phy in the Differential Diagnosis of Dementia. In: Duara R, ed., Positron Emis-sion Tomography in Dementia. Frontiers of Clinical Neuroscience Series Vol 10. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1990:161–177.
32. Kuhl DE, Metter EJ, Benson DF, et al. Similarities of cerebral glucose me-tabolism in Alzheimer's and Parkinsonian dementia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1985; 5(suppl 1):S169.
33. Jagust WJ, Reed BR, Seab JP, et al. Clinical-physiological correlates of Alzheimer's disease and frontal lobe dementiaAm J Physiological Imaging 1989; 4:89–96.
34. Foster NL, Gilman S. Berent S, et al. Cerebral hypometabolism in progres-sive supranuclear palsy studies with PETAnn Neural 1988; 24:399–406.
35. Fazio F, Perani D, Gitardi MC, et al. Metabolic impairment in human am-nesia: A PET study of memory networks. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1992; 12:353–358.
36. Holman BL, Garada B, Johnson KA, Mendelson J, et al. Comparison of brain perfusion SPECT in cocaine abuse and AIDS dementia complex. J Nucl Med 1992; 33: 1312–1315.
37. Baxter LR, Schwartz JM, Phelps ME, et al. Reduction of prefrontal cortex glucose metabolism common to three types of depressionArch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46:243–250.
38. Mayberg HS, Lewis PJ. Regenold W, Wagner 1-INParalimbic Hypoperfu-sion in Unipolar Depression. JNuc Med 1994; 35(6):929–934.
39. Reiman EM, Raichle ME, Butler FK, et al. A focal brain abnormality in panic disorder, a severe form of anxiety. Nature 1984; 310:683.
40. Buchsbaum MS. The frontal lobes, basal ganglia and temporal lobes as sites for schizophreniaSchizophrenia Bulletin 1990; 16(30):379–391.
41. Weinberger OR, Berman KF, Suddath R, et al. Evidence of dysfunction of a prefrontal-limbic network in schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging and regional cerebral blood flow study of discordant monozygotic twinsAm J Psy-chiatry 1992; 149:890–897.
42. Tamminga CA, Thaker GK, Buchanan R, et al. Limbic system abnormali-ties identified in schizophrenia using positron emission tomography with fluoro-deoxyglucose and neocortical alterations with deficit syndromeArch Gen Psy-chiatry 1992; 49:522–30.
43. Liddle PF, Friston KS, Frith CD, et al. Patterns of cerebral blood flow in schizophrenia Br J Psychiatry 1992; 160:179–86.
44. Zametkin AJ, Nordahl TE, Gross M, et al. Cerebral glucose metabolism in adults with hyperactivity of childhood onsetN Engl J Med 1990; 323:1361–1366.
45. Baxter LR Jr, Schwartz JM, Mazziotta JC, et al. Cerebral glucose metabol-ic rates in nondepressed patients with obsessive-compulsive disorderAm J Psy-chiatry 1988; 145:1560–1563.
46. Rauch SL, Jenike MA, Alpert NM, et al. Regional cerebral blood flow measured during symptom provocation in obsessive-compulsive disorder using oxygen 15-labeled carbon dioxide and positron emission tomographyArch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51:62–70.
47. Volkow ND, Hitzemann R, Wang GJ, Wolf AP. Dewey SiDecreased brain metabolism in neurologically intact healthy alcoholics. Am I Psychiatry 1992; 149:1016–1022.
48. Volkow ND, Fowler IS, Wolf AP, Hitzemann R, et al. Changes in brain glucose metabolism in cocaine dependence and withdrawalAm J Psychiatry 1991; 148:621–626.
49. Post RM, DeLisi LE, Holcomb HH, et al. Glucose utilization in the tempo-ral cortex of affectively ill patients: positron emission tomographyRiot Psychia-try 1987; 22:545–553.
50. Buchsbaum MS, Wu I, DeLisi LE, et al. Frontal cortex and basal ganglia metabolic rates assessed by positron emission tomography with 18F-2-deoxyglu-cose in affective illness. J of Affective Disorders 1986; 10:137–152.
51. Delvenne V, Delecluse F, Hubaine PP, et al. Regional cerebral blood flow in patients with affective disorders Br J Psychiatry 1990; 157:359–365.
52. Sackeim HA, Prohovnik I, Moeller JR, et al. Regional cerebral blood flow in mood disordersArch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47:60–70.
53. Bench CJ, Friston KJ, Brown RG, et al. The anatomy of melancholia-focal abnormalities of cerebral blood flow in major depression. Psychol Med 1992; 22:607–615.
54. Drevets WC, Videen TO, Price IL, et al. A functional anatomical study of unipolar depression. J Neuroscience 1992; 12:3628–3641.
55. Mayberg HS. Frontal lobe dysfunction in secondary depression. J Neuro-psych Clin Neurosci 1994; 6:428–442.
56. Lesser I, Mena I, Boone KB, et al. Reduction of cerebral blood flow in old-er depressed patientsArch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51:677–686.
57. Cummings JL. Neuroanatomy of Depression. J Clin Psychiatry 1993; 54(S):14–20.
58. Baron JC. Depression of energy metabolism in distant brain structures: studies with positron emission tomography in stroke patientsSeminars in Neurol-ogy 1989; 9:281–285.
59. Metter EJ, Kempler D, Jackson CA, et al. Cerebral glucose metabolism in Weniicke's, Brocas's and conduction aphasiaArch Neurology 1989; 46:27–34.
60. Pappata S, Mazoyer B, Tran Dinh S, et al. Effects of capsular or thalamic stroke on metabolism in cortex and cerebellum: a positron tomography study. Stroke 1990; 21:519–24.
61. •61. Levasseur M, Baron IC, Sette G, et al. Brain energy metabolism in bilateral paramedian thalamic infarcts. A PET study. Brain 1992; 115: 795–807.
62. Haxby IV, Duara R, Grady CL, Cutler NR. Rapoport SI Relations between neuropsych and cerebral metabolic asymmetries in early Alzheimer's disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1985; 5:193–200.
63. Grady CL, Haxby IV, Schlageter NL, et al. Stability of metabolic and neu-ropsychological asymmetries in dementia of the Alzheimer's typeNeurology 1986; 36:1390–1392.
64. Grafton ST, Mazziotta IC, Pahl JJ, et al. A comparison of neurological, metabolic, structural and genetic evaluations in persons at risk for Huntington's Disease. Ann Neurol 1990;28:614–621.
65. Pardo JV, Pardo PJ. Janer KW, Raich1e ME The anterior cingulate cortex mediates processing selection in Stoop attentional conflict paradigm. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87:256–259.
66. Pardo IV, Fox P1' Preoperative assessment of the localization of language functions: a comparison of CBF PET with intracarotid sodium amytal. Hum Brain Map 1993; 1:57–68.
67. Ichise M, Salit 1E, Abbey SE, et al. Assessment of Regional Cerebral Per-fusion by Tc99rn-HMPAO SPECT in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Nuc Med Corn-mun 1992; 13:767–772.
68. Goldstein JA, Mena I, Jouanne E, Lesser I. The Assessment of Vascular Abnormalities in Late Life Chronic Fatigue Syndrome by Brain SPECT: Compar-ison with Late Life Major Depressive Disorder. J Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 1995; l(1):55–79.
69. Schwartz RB, Komaroff AL, Garada BM, et al. SPECT imaging of the brain: comparison of findings in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, AIDS dementia complex and major unipolar depression_ AIR 1994; 162:943–951.
70. Fischler B. D'haenen H, Demets K, et al. Tc-99m-IIMPAO SPECT scan in chronic fatigue syndrome: a comparison with major depression and controls. Pro-ceedings AACFS Conference 1994; 31.
71. Costa DC, Brostoff J. Ell PI Brain stem hypoperfusion in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis-chronic fatigue syndrome. (abstr) Eur J Nucl Med 1992; 19:773.
72. Aitchison F, Patterson J, Hadley DM, et al. SPECT and MR Imaging of the Brain in patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Proceedings AACFS Confer-ence 1994; 32.
73. Goldberg M, Mena I. Darcourt J Neurospect findings in Children with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Proceedings AACFS Conference 1994; 79.
74. Mayberg H. Critique: SPEC.'” studies of Multiple Chemical Sensitivity. Toxicology and Industrial Health 1994; 10: 661–666.
75. Jackson JH. On the anatomical and physiological localization of move-ments in the brain. In: Taylor J, ed. Selective Writings of Johns Hughlings Jack-son. New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1958:37–76.
76. Geschwind N, Galaburda AM. Cerebral lateralization: Biological mecha-nisms, associations, and pathology. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1987.
77. Luria AR. Higher cortical functions in man. New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1962_
78. Mesulam MM. Patterns in behavioral neuroanatomy: Association areas, the limbic system and hemispheric specialization. In; Mesulam, MM, ed. Prin-ciples of Behavioral Neurology. Philadelphia: FA Davis Co., 1985:1–70.
79. Damasio H. Damasio R. Lesion analysis in neuropsychology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.
80. Penfield W, Jasper H. Epilepsy and functional anatomy of human brain. Boston: Little Brown, 1954.
81. Evans EV, Shinoda Y. Wise SP. Neurophysiological approaches to higher brain functions. New York: Wiley & Sons, 1984.
82. De Long MR, Alexander GE. The basal ganglia and sensorimotor integra-tion. In: Struppler A, Weindl A, eds. Clinical Aspects of Sensory Motor Integra-tion. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 1987.
83. Phelps ME, Mazziotta JC. Schelbert HR. Positron Emission Tomography and Autoradiography: Principal Applications for the Brain and Heart. New York: Raven Press, 1986.
84. Holman LB, Tumeh SS. Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT): applications and potentialJAMA 1990; 263:561–564.
85. Frost JJ, Wagner HN. Quantitative Imaging: Neuroreceptors, neurotrans-mitters and enzymes. New York: Raven Press, 1990:51–79.
86. Holman BL, Devous MD. Functional brain SPECT: The emergence of a powerful clinical method., Nucl Med 1992 33:1888-1904.
87. Alavi A, Hirsch LL Studies of central nervous system disorders with single photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography: evolu-tion over the past two decadesSemin Mice Med 1991; 21:58–91
88. American Academy of Neurology, Therapeutics and Technology Assess-ment Subcommittee Assessment: Positron emission tomographyNeurology 1991; 41:163–167.
89. Masdeu IC, Brass LM, Holman BL, et al. Brain single-photon emission computed tomographyNeurology 1994; 44:1970–1977.
90. Fox PT. Functional brain mapping with PETSeminars in Neurology 1989; 9:323–329.
91. Posner MI, Petersen SE. Fox P1', et alLocalization of cognitive functions in the human brain. Science 1988; 240:1627–1631.
92. Fisher RS, Frost LI. Epilepsy. J Nucl Med 1991; 32:651–659.
93. Coleman RE, Hoffman JM. Hanson MW Clinical application of PET for the evaluation of brain tumors. JNuc Med 1991; 32:616–622.
94. Duara R, editor. Positron Emission Tomography in Dementia. Frontiers of Clinical Neuroscience Series Vol 10. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1990.
95. Baron JC. Positron tomography in cerebral ischemiaNeuroradiology 1985; 27:509–516.
96. Brooks DJ. Functional imaging of movement disorders. In: Marsden CD, Fahn S., eds. Movement Disorders 3. Butterworths, 1993: 65–87.
97. khise M, Chung DG, Wang P. Wortzman G, Gray BG, Franks W. Techne-tium-99m-H1v1PAO SPECT, CT and MRI in the evaluation of patients with chronic traumatic brain injury: A correlation with neuropsychological performance. J Nucl Med 1994; 35:217–226.
98. Frackowiak RSJ, Pozzili C. Legg NJ et al. Regional cerebral oxygen sup-ply and utilization in dementia, a clinical and physiological study with oxygen-15 and positron tomography. Brain 1981; 104:753–778.
99. Foster NL, Chase TN, Mansi L, et al. Cortical abnormalities in Alzhei-mer's disease. Ann Neurol 1984; 16:649–654.
100. Friedland RP, Budinger TF, Koss E, et al. Alzheimer's disease: anterior-posterior and lateral hemispheric alterations in cortical glucose utilizationNeuro-science Letters 1985; 53:235–240.
101. Duara R, Grady C, Haxby JV, et al. Positron emission tomography in Alz-heimer's diseaseNeurology 1986; 36:879–887.
102. Bonte FJ, Ross ED, Chehabi H, et al. SPECT study of regional cerebral blood flow in Alzheimer disease. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1986; 10:579–583.
103. Johnson KA, Kijewski MF, Becker JA, et al. Quantitative brain SPECT in Alzheimer's disease and normal aging. J Nucl Med 1993; 34:2044–2048.
104. Pearson RCA, Esiri MM, Horns RW, et al. Anatomical correlates of the distribution of the pathological changes in the neocortex in Alzheimer diseaseProc Nail Acad Sci USA 1985; 82:4531–4534.
105. Friedland RP, Jagust WI Positron and Single Photon Emission Tomogra-phy in the Differential Diagnosis of Dementia. In: Duara R, ed., Positron Emis-sion Tomography in Dementia. Frontiers of Clinical Neuroscience Series Vol 10. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1990:161–177.
106. Kuhl DE, Metter EJ, Benson DF, et al. Similarities of cerebral glucose me-tabolism in Alzheimer's and Parkinsonian dementia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1985; 5(suppl 1):S169.
107. Jagust WJ, Reed BR, Seab JP, et al. Clinical-physiological correlates of Alzheimer's disease and frontal lobe dementiaAm J Physiological Imaging 1989; 4:89–96.
108. Foster NL, Gilman S. Berent S, et al. Cerebral hypometabolism in progres-sive supranuclear palsy studies with PETAnn Neural 1988; 24:399–406.
109. Fazio F, Perani D, Gitardi MC, et al. Metabolic impairment in human am-nesia: A PET study of memory networks. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1992; 12:353–358.
110. Holman BL, Garada B, Johnson KA, Mendelson J, et al. Comparison of brain perfusion SPECT in cocaine abuse and AIDS dementia complex. J Nucl Med 1992; 33: 1312–1315.
111. Baxter LR, Schwartz JM, Phelps ME, et al. Reduction of prefrontal cortex glucose metabolism common to three types of depressionArch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46:243–250.
112. Mayberg HS, Lewis PJ. Regenold W, Wagner 1-INParalimbic Hypoperfu-sion in Unipolar Depression. JNuc Med 1994; 35(6):929–934.
113. Reiman EM, Raichle ME, Butler FK, et al. A focal brain abnormality in panic disorder, a severe form of anxiety. Nature 1984; 310:683.
114. Buchsbaum MS. The frontal lobes, basal ganglia and temporal lobes as sites for schizophreniaSchizophrenia Bulletin 1990; 16(30):379–391.
115. Weinberger OR, Berman KF, Suddath R, et al. Evidence of dysfunction of a prefrontal-limbic network in schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging and regional cerebral blood flow study of discordant monozygotic twinsAm J Psy-chiatry 1992; 149:890–897.
116. Tamminga CA, Thaker GK, Buchanan R, et al. Limbic system abnormali-ties identified in schizophrenia using positron emission tomography with fluoro-deoxyglucose and neocortical alterations with deficit syndromeArch Gen Psy-chiatry 1992; 49:522–30.
117. Liddle PF, Friston KS, Frith CD, et al. Patterns of cerebral blood flow in schizophrenia Br J Psychiatry 1992; 160:179–86.
118. Zametkin AJ, Nordahl TE, Gross M, et al. Cerebral glucose metabolism in adults with hyperactivity of childhood onsetN Engl J Med 1990; 323:1361–1366.
119. Baxter LR Jr, Schwartz JM, Mazziotta JC, et al. Cerebral glucose metabol-ic rates in nondepressed patients with obsessive-compulsive disorderAm J Psy-chiatry 1988; 145:1560–1563.
120. Rauch SL, Jenike MA, Alpert NM, et al. Regional cerebral blood flow measured during symptom provocation in obsessive-compulsive disorder using oxygen 15-labeled carbon dioxide and positron emission tomographyArch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51:62–70.
121. Volkow ND, Hitzemann R, Wang GJ, Wolf AP. Dewey SiDecreased brain metabolism in neurologically intact healthy alcoholics. Am I Psychiatry 1992; 149:1016–1022.
122. Volkow ND, Fowler IS, Wolf AP, Hitzemann R, et al. Changes in brain glucose metabolism in cocaine dependence and withdrawalAm J Psychiatry 1991; 148:621–626.
123. Post RM, DeLisi LE, Holcomb HH, et al. Glucose utilization in the tempo-ral cortex of affectively ill patients: positron emission tomographyRiot Psychia-try 1987; 22:545–553.
124. Buchsbaum MS, Wu I, DeLisi LE, et al. Frontal cortex and basal ganglia metabolic rates assessed by positron emission tomography with 18F-2-deoxyglu-cose in affective illness. J of Affective Disorders 1986; 10:137–152.
125. Delvenne V, Delecluse F, Hubaine PP, et al. Regional cerebral blood flow in patients with affective disorders Br J Psychiatry 1990; 157:359–365.
126. Sackeim HA, Prohovnik I, Moeller JR, et al. Regional cerebral blood flow in mood disordersArch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47:60–70.
127. Bench CJ, Friston KJ, Brown RG, et al. The anatomy of melancholia-focal abnormalities of cerebral blood flow in major depression. Psychol Med 1992; 22:607–615.
128. Drevets WC, Videen TO, Price IL, et al. A functional anatomical study of unipolar depression. J Neuroscience 1992; 12:3628–3641.
129. Mayberg HS. Frontal lobe dysfunction in secondary depression. J Neuro-psych Clin Neurosci 1994; 6:428–442.
130. Lesser I, Mena I, Boone KB, et al. Reduction of cerebral blood flow in old-er depressed patientsArch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51:677–686.
131. Cummings JL. Neuroanatomy of Depression. J Clin Psychiatry 1993; 54(S): 14–20.
132. Baron JC. Depression of energy metabolism in distant brain structures: studies with positron emission tomography in stroke patientsSeminars in Neurol-ogy 1989; 9:281–285.
133. Metter EJ, Kempler D, Jackson CA, et al. Cerebral glucose metabolism in Weniicke's, Brocas's and conduction aphasiaArch Neurology 1989; 46:27–34.
134. Pappata S, Mazoyer B, Tran Dinh S, et al. Effects of capsular or thalamic stroke on metabolism in cortex and cerebellum: a positron tomography study. Stroke 1990; 21:519–24.
135. •61. Levasseur M, Baron IC, Sette G, et al. Brain energy metabolism in bilateral paramedian thalamic infarcts. A PET study. Brain 1992; 115: 795–807.
136. Haxby IV, Duara R, Grady CL, Cutler NR. Rapoport SI Relations between neuropsych and cerebral metabolic asymmetries in early Alzheimer's disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1985; 5:193–200.
137. Grady CL, Haxby IV, Schlageter NL, et al. Stability of metabolic and neu-ropsychological asymmetries in dementia of the Alzheimer's typeNeurology 1986; 36:1390–1392.
138. Grafton ST, Mazziotta IC, Pahl JJ, et al. A comparison of neurological, metabolic, structural and genetic evaluations in persons at risk for Huntington's Disease. Ann Neurol 1990;28:614–621.
139. Pardo JV, Pardo PJ. Janer KW, Raich1e ME The anterior cingulate cortex mediates processing selection in Stoop attentional conflict paradigm. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87:256–259.
140. Pardo IV, Fox P1'. Preoperative assessment of the localization of language functions: a comparison of CBF PET with intracarotid sodium amytal. Hum Brain Map 1993; 1:57–68.
141. Ichise M, Salit 1E, Abbey SE, et al. Assessment of Regional Cerebral Per-fusion by Tc99rn-HMPAO SPECT in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Nuc Med Corn-mun 1992; 13:767–772.
142. Goldstein JA, Mena I, Jouanne E, Lesser I. The Assessment of Vascular Abnormalities in Late Life Chronic Fatigue Syndrome by Brain SPECT: Compar-ison with Late Life Major Depressive Disorder. J Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 1995; l(1):55–79.
143. Schwartz RB, Komaroff AL, Garada BM, et al. SPECT imaging of the brain: comparison of findings in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, AIDS dementia complex and major unipolar depression_ AIR 1994; 162:943–951.
144. Fischler B. D'haenen H, Demets K, et al. Tc-99m-IIMPAO SPECT scan in chronic fatigue syndrome: a comparison with major depression and controls. Pro-ceedings AACFS Conference 1994; 31.
145. Costa DC, Brostoff J. Ell PI Brain stem hypoperfusion in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis-chronic fatigue syndrome. (abstr) Eur J Nucl Med 1992; 19:773.
146. Aitchison F, Patterson J, Hadley DM, et al. SPECT and MR Imaging of the Brain in patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Proceedings AACFS Confer-ence 1994; 32.
147. Goldberg M, Mena I. Darcourt J Neurospect findings in Children with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Proceedings AACFS Conference 1994; 79.
148. Mayberg H. Critique: SPEC.'” studies of Multiple Chemical Sensitivity. Toxicology and Industrial Health 1994; 10: 661–666.
149. Jackson JH. On the anatomical and physiological localization of move-ments in the brain. In: Taylor J, ed. Selective Writings of Johns Hughlings Jack-son. New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1958:37–76.
150. Geschwind N, Galaburda AM. Cerebral lateralization: Biological mecha-nisms, associations, and pathology. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1987.
151. Luria AR. Higher cortical functions in man. New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1962_
152. Mesulam MM. Patterns in behavioral neuroanatomy: Association areas, the limbic system and hemispheric specialization. In; Mesulam, MM, ed. Prin-ciples of Behavioral Neurology. Philadelphia: FA Davis Co., 1985:1–70.
153. Damasio H. Damasio R. Lesion analysis in neuropsychology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.
154. Penfield W, Jasper H. Epilepsy and functional anatomy of human brain. Boston: Little Brown, 1954.
155. Evans EV, Shinoda Y. Wise SP. Neurophysiological approaches to higher brain functions. New York: Wiley & Sons, 1984.
156. De Long MR, Alexander GE. The basal ganglia and sensorimotor integra-tion. In: Struppler A, Weindl A, eds. Clinical Aspects of Sensory Motor Integra-tion. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 1987.
157. Phelps ME, Mazziotta JC. Schelbert HR. Positron Emission Tomography and Autoradiography: Principal Applications for the Brain and Heart. New York: Raven Press, 1986.
158. Holman LB, Tumeh SS. Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT): applications and potentialJAMA 1990; 263:561–564.
159. Frost JJ, Wagner HN. Quantitative Imaging: Neuroreceptors, neurotrans-mitters and enzymes. New York: Raven Press, 1990:51–79.
160. Holman BL, Devous MD. Functional brain SPECT: The emergence of a powerful clinical method., Nucl Med 1992 33:1888-1904.
161. Alavi A, Hirsch LL Studies of central nervous system disorders with single photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography: evolu-tion over the past two decadesSemin Mice Med 1991; 21:58–91
162. American Academy of Neurology, Therapeutics and Technology Assess-ment Subcommittee Assessment: Positron emission tomographyNeurology 1991; 41:163–167.
163. Masdeu IC, Brass LM, Holman BL, et al. Brain single-photon emission computed tomographyNeurology 1994; 44:1970–1977.
164. Fox PT. Functional brain mapping with PETSeminars in Neurology 1989; 9:323–329.
165. Posner MI, Petersen SE. Fox P1', et alLocalization of cognitive functions in the human brain. Science 1988; 240:1627–1631.
166. Fisher RS, Frost LI. Epilepsy. J Nucl Med 1991; 32:651–659.
167. Coleman RE, Hoffman JM. Hanson MW Clinical application of PET for the evaluation of brain tumors. JNuc Med 1991; 32:616–622.
168. Duara R, editor. Positron Emission Tomography in Dementia. Frontiers of Clinical Neuroscience Series Vol 10. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1990.
169. Baron JC. Positron tomography in cerebral ischemiaNeuroradiology 1985; 27:509–516.
170. Brooks DJ. Functional imaging of movement disorders. In: Marsden CD, Fahn S., eds. Movement Disorders 3. Butterworths, 1993: 65–87.
171. khise M, Chung DG, Wang P. Wortzman G, Gray BG, Franks W. Techne-tium-99m-H1v1PAO SPECT, CT and MRI in the evaluation of patients with chronic traumatic brain injury: A correlation with neuropsychological performance. J Nucl Med 1994; 35:217–226.
172. Frackowiak RSJ, Pozzili C. Legg NJ et al. Regional cerebral oxygen sup-ply and utilization in dementia, a clinical and physiological study with oxygen-15 and positron tomography. Brain 1981; 104:753–778.
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