Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression in adult and youth populations: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis

Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry

Volumn 17, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 379-388

  Leggett, Laura E ^a,b   Soril, Lesley J J ^a,b   Coward, Stephanie ^a,b   Lorenzetti, Diane L ^a,c   Mackean, Gail ^a,b   Clement, Fiona M ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^c INSTITUTE OF HEALTH ECONOMICS   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; DISEASE SEVERITY; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; HUMAN; META ANALYSIS; MOOD DISORDER ASSESSMENT; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; TREATMENT RESISTANT DEPRESSION;

EID: 84961373508     PISSN: 15235998     EISSN: 1555211X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4088/PCC.15r01807     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Depression. World Health Organization Web site. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs369/en/.Updated October 2012. Accessed August 1, 2014.
2. Facts about depression and bipolar disorder. 2014. Canadian Mental Health Association Web site. http://www.cmha.ca/mental_health/facts-about-depression-and-bipolar-disorder/#.VaPZKvlVhBd. Accessed August 1, 2014.
3. Kennedy SH, Giacobbe P, Rizvi SJ, et al. Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: follow-up after 3 to 6 years. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168(5):502-510. PubMed doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10081187 Show Abstract
4. Fava M. Diagnosis and definition of treatment-resistant depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;53(8):649-659. PubMed doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00231-2 ShowAbstract
5. Kennedy SH, Milev R, Giacobbe P, et al; Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT). Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) Clinical guidelines for the management of major depressive disorder in adults, 4: neurostimulation therapies. J Affect Disord. 2009;117(suppl 1):S44-S53. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.039 Show Abstract
6. McLoughlin DM, Mogg A, Eranti S, et al. The clinical effectiveness and cost of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation versus electroconvulsive therapy in severe depression: a multicentre pragmatic randomised controlled trial and economic analysis. Health Technol Assess. 2007;11(24):1-54.
7. Berlim MT, van den Eynde F, Tovar-Perdomo S, et al. Response, remission and drop-out rates following high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for treating major depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind and sham-controlled trials. Psychol Med. 2014;44(2):225-239. PubMed doi:10.1017/S0033291713000512 Show Abstract
8. Berlim MT, Van den Eynde F, Jeff Daskalakis Z. Clinically meaningful efficacy and acceptability of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for treating primary major depression: a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind and sham-controlled trials. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013;38(4):543-551. PubMed doi:10.1038/npp.2012.237 Show Abstract
9. Gaynes BN, Lloyd SW, Lux L, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75(5):477-489, quiz 489. PubMed doi:10.4088/JCP.13r08815 Show Abstract
10. Higgins J, Altman DG. Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins J, Altman DJ, eds. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions: Cochrane Book Series. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2008;187-241.
11. Downs SH, Black N. The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1998;52(6):377-384. PubMed doi:10.1136/jech.52.6.377 Show Abstract
12. Berlim MT, Van den Eynde F, Daskalakis ZJ. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy and acceptability of bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for treating major depression. Psychol Med. 2013;43(11):2245-2254. PubMed doi:10.1017/S0033291712002802 Show Abstract
13. Herrmann LL, Ebmeier KP. Factors modifying the efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression: a review. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67(12):1870-1876. PubMed doi:10.4088/JCP.v67n1206 Show Abstract
14. Berlim MT, Van den Eynde F, Daskalakis ZJ. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation accelerates and enhances the clinical response to antidepressants in major depression: a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, and sham-controlled trials. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74(2):e122-e129. PubMed doi:10.4088/JCP.12r07996 Show Abstract
15. Fitzgerald P. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroconvulsive therapy: complementary or competitive therapeutic options in depression? Australas Psychiatry. 2004;12(3):234-238. PubMed doi:10.1080/j.1039-8562.2004.02113.x Show Abstract
16. Blumberger DM, Mulsant BH, Fitzgerald PB, et al. A randomized double-blind sham-controlled comparison of unilateral and bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant major depression. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2012;13(6):423-435. PubMed doi:10.3109/15622975.2011.579163 Show Abstract
17. Avery DH, Claypoole K, Robinson L, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of medication-resistant depression: preliminary data. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1999;187(2):114-117. PubMed doi:10.1097/00005053-199902000-00009 Show Abstract
18. Avery DH, Holtzheimer PE 3rd, Fawaz W, et al. A controlled study of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in medication-resistant major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;59(2):187-194. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.07.003 Show Abstract
19. Boutros NN, Gueorguieva R, Hoffman RE, et al. Lack of a therapeutic effect of a 2-week sub-threshold transcranial magnetic stimulation course for treatment-resistant depression. Psychiatry Res. 2002;113(3):245-254. PubMed doi:10.1016/S0165-1781(02)00267-6 Show Abstract
20. Berman RM, Narasimhan M, Sanacora G, et al. A randomized clinical trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;47(4):332-337. PubMed doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00243-7 Show Abstract
21. George MS, Lisanby SH, Avery D, et al. Daily left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy for major depressive disorder: a sham-controlled randomized trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(5):507-516. PubMed doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.46 Show Abstract
22. Holtzheimer PE, Avery D, Schlaepfer TE. Antidepressant effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Br J Psychiatry. 2004;184(6):541-542. PubMed doi:10.1192/bjp.184.6.541 Show Abstract
23. Jorge RE, Moser DJ, Acion L, et al. Treatment of vascular depression using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65(3):268-276. PubMed doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.45 Show Abstract
24. Jorge RE, Robinson RG, Tateno A, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as treatment of poststroke depression: a preliminary study. Biol Psychiatry. 2004;55(4):398-405. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.08.017 Show Abstract
25. Kauffmann CD, Cheema MA, Miller BE. Slow right prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation as a treatment for medication-resistant depression: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Depress Anxiety. 2004;19(1):59-62. PubMed doi:10.1002/da.10144 Show Abstract
26. Lisanby SH, Husain MM, Rosenquist PB, et al. Daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: clinical predictors of outcome in a multisite, randomized controlled clinical trial. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009;34(2):522-534. PubMed doi:10.1038/npp.2008.118 Show Abstract
27. Loo C, Mitchell P, Sachdev P, et al. Double-blind controlled investigation of transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of resistant major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(6):946-948. PubMed doi:10.1176/ajp.156.6.946 Show Abstract
28. Manes F, Jorge R, Morcuende M, et al. A controlled study of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as a treatment of depression in the elderly. Int Psychogeriatr. 2001;13(2):225-231. PubMed doi:10.1017/S1041610201007608 Show Abstract
29. Mantovani A, Aly M, Dagan Y, et al. Randomized sham controlled trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for the treatment of panic disorder with comorbid major depression.. J Affect Disord. 2013;144(1-2):153-159. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.05.038
30. McDonald WM, Easley K, Byrd EH, et al. Combination rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment refractory depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2006;2(1):85-94 PubMed Show Abstract
31. Moser DJ, Jorge RE, Manes F, et al. Improved executive functioning following repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neurology. 2002;58(8):1288-1290. PubMed doi:10.1212/WNL.58.8.1288 Show Abstract
32. Mosimann UP, Schmitt W, Greenberg BD, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: a putative add-on treatment for major depression in elderly patients. Psychiatry Res. 2004;126(2):123-133. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2003.10.006 Show Abstract
33. Speer AM, Benson BE, Kimbrell TK, et al. Opposite effects of high and low frequency rTMS on mood in depressed patients: relationship to baseline cerebral activity on PET. J Affect Disord. 2009;115(3):386-394. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.10.006 Show Abstract
34. Speer AM, Wassermann EM, Benson BE, et al. Antidepressant efficacy of high and low frequency rTMS at 110% of motor threshold versus sham stimulation over left prefrontal cortex. Brain Stimulat. 2014;7(1):36-41. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.brs.2013.07.004 Show Abstract
35. Stern WM, Tormos JM, Press DZ, et al. Antidepressant effects of high and low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2007;19(2):179-186. PubMed doi:10.1176/jnp.2007.19.2.179 Show Abstract
36. O’Reardon JP, Solvason HB, Janicak PG, et al. Efficacy and safety of transcranial magnetic stimulation in the acute treatment of major depression: a multisite randomized controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;62(11):1208-1216. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.01.018 Show Abstract
37. Triggs WJ, Ricciuti N, Ward HE, et al. Right and left dorsolateral pre-frontal rTMS treatment of refractory depression: a randomized, sham-controlled trial. Psychiatry Res. 2010;178(3):467-474. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.05.009 Show Abstract
38. Fitzgerald PB, Brown TL, Marston NAU, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(10):1002-1008 PubMed Show Abstract
39. Fitzgerald PB, Benitez J, de Castella A, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of sequential bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(1):88-94. PubMed doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.1.88 Show Abstract
40. Fitzgerald PB, Hoy KE, Herring SE, et al. A double blind randomized trial of unilateral left and bilateral prefrontal cortex transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment resistant major depression. J Affect Disord. 2012;139(2):193-198. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.02.017 Show Abstract
41. Loo CK, Mitchell PB, McFarquhar TF, et al. A sham-controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of twice-daily rTMS in major depression. Psychol Med. 2007;37(3):341-349. PubMed doi:10.1017/S0033291706009597 Show Abstract
42. Loo CK, Mitchell PB, Croker VM, et al. Double-blind controlled investigation of bilateral prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of resistant major depression. Psychol Med. 2003;33(1):33-40. PubMed doi:10.1017/S0033291702006839 Show Abstract
43. Garcia-Toro M, Mayol A, Arnillas H, et al. Modest adjunctive benefit with transcranial magnetic stimulation in medication-resistant depression. J Affect Disord. 2001;64(2-3):271-275. PubMed doi:10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00223-8 Show Abstract
44. Garcia-Toro M, Salva J, Daumal J, et al. High (20-Hz) and low (1-Hz) frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation as adjuvant treatment in medication-resistant depression. Psychiatry Res. 2006;146(1):53-57. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2004.08.005 Show Abstract
45. Hernández-Ribas R, Deus J, Pujol J, et al. Identifying brain imaging correlates of clinical response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in major depression. Brain Stimulat. 2013;6(1):54-61. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.brs.2012.01.001 Show Abstract
46. Pascual-Leone A, Rubio B, Pallardó F, et al. Rapid-rate transcranial magnetic stimulation of left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in drug-resistant depression. Lancet. 1996;348(9022):233-237. PubMed doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)01219-6 Show Abstract
47. Chen SJ, Chang CH, Tsai HC, et al. Superior antidepressant effect occurring 1 month after rTMS: add-on rTMS for subjects with medication-resistant depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2013;9:397-401. PubMed doi:10.2147/NDT.S40466 Show Abstract
48. Peng H, Zheng H, Li L, et al. High-frequency rTMS treatment increases white matter FA in the left middle frontal gyrus in young patients with treatment-resistant depression. J Affect Disord. 2012;136(3):249-257. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.12.006 Show Abstract
49. Su TP, Huang CC, Wei IH. Add-on rTMS for medication-resistant depression: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial in Chinese patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(7):930-937. PubMed doi:10.4088/JCP.v66n0718 Show Abstract
50. Zheng H, Zhang L, Li L, et al. High-frequency rTMS treatment increases left prefrontal myo-inositol in young patients with treatment-resistant depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2010;34(7):1189-1195. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.06.009 Show Abstract
51. Padberg F, Zwanzger P, Keck ME, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in major depression: relation between efficacy and stimulation intensity. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2002;27(4):638-645 PubMed Show Abstract
52. Bortolomasi M, Minelli A, Fuggetta G, et al. Long-lasting effects of high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in major depressed patients. Psychiatry Res. 2007;150(2):181-186. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.04.010 Show Abstract
53. Rossini D, Lucca A, Zanardi R, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant depressed patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Psychiatry Res. 2005;137(1-2):1-10. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2005.06.008 Show Abstract
54. Bakim B, Uzun UE, Karamustafalioglu O, et al. The combination of antidepressant drug therapy and high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in medication-resistant depression. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bulteni. 2012;22:244-253.
55. Baeken C, Vanderhasselt MA, Remue J, et al. Intensive HF-rTMS treatment in refractory medication-resistant unipolar depressed patients. J Affect Disord. 2013;151(2):625-631. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.07.008 Show Abstract
56. Bares M, Kopecek M, Novak T, et al. Low frequency (1-Hz), right prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) compared with venlafaxine ER in the treatment of resistant depression: a double-blind, single-centre, randomized study. J Affect Disord. 2009;118(1-3):94-100. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.01.032 Show Abstract
57. Bretlau LG, Lunde M, Lindberg L, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in combination with escitalopram in patients with treatment-resistant major depression: a double-blind, randomised, sham-controlled trial. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2008;41(2):41-47. PubMed doi:10.1055/s-2007-993210 Show Abstract
58. Paillère Martinot ML, Galinowski A, Ringuenet D, et al. Influence of prefrontal target region on the efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with medication-resistant depression: a [(18)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose PET and MRI study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2010;13(1):45-59. PubMed doi:10.1017/S146114570900008X Show Abstract
59. Möller AL, Hjaltason O, Ivarsson O, et al. The effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on depressive symptoms and the P(300) event-related potential. Nord J Psychiatry. 2006;60(4):282-285. PubMed doi:10.1080/08039480600790119 Show Abstract
60. Holtzheimer PE 3rd, Russo J, Claypoole KH, et al. Shorter duration of depressive episode may predict response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. Depress Anxiety. 2004;19(1):24-30. PubMed doi:10.1002/da.10147 Show Abstract
61. Fitzgerald PB, Hoy K, Gunewardene R, et al. A randomized trial of unilateral and bilateral prefrontal cortex transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant major depression. Psychol Med. 2011;41(6):1187-1196. PubMed doi:10.1017/S0033291710001923 Show Abstract
62. Eche J, Mondino M, Haesebaert F, et al. Low- vs high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as an add-on treatment for refractory depression. Front Psychiatry. 2012;3:13. PubMed doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00013
63. Fitzgerald PB, Huntsman S, Gunewardene R, et al. A randomized trial of low-frequency right-prefrontal-cortex transcranial magnetic stimulation as augmentation in treatment-resistant major depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006;9(6):655-666. PubMed doi:10.1017/S1461145706007176 Show Abstract
64. Fitzgerald PB, Sritharan A, Daskalakis ZJ, et al. A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of the effects of low frequency right prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation in depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007;27(5):488-492. PubMed doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e318151521c Show Abstract
65. Fitzgerald PB, Hoy K, Daskalakis ZJ, et al. A randomized trial of the anti-depressant effects of low- and high-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant depression. Depress Anxiety. 2009;26(3):229-234. PubMed doi:10.1002/da.20454 Show Abstract
66. Isenberg K, Downs D, Pierce K, et al. Low frequency rTMS stimulation of the right frontal cortex is as effective as high frequency rTMS stimulation of the left frontal cortex for antidepressant-free, treatment-resistant depressed patients. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2005;17(3):153-159. PubMed doi:10.1080/10401230591002110 Show Abstract
67. Miniussi C, Bonato C, Bignotti S, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) at high and low frequency: an efficacious therapy for major drug-resistant depression? Clin Neurophysiol. 2005;116(5):1062-1071. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2005.01.002 Show Abstract
68. Padberg F, Zwanzger P, Thoma H, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in pharmacotherapy-refractory major depression: comparative study of fast, slow and sham rTMS. Psychiatry Res. 1999;88(3):163-171. PubMed doi:10.1016/S0165-1781(99)00092-X Show Abstract
69. Richieri R, Boyer L, Padovani R, et al. Equivalent brain SPECT perfusion changes underlying therapeutic efficiency in pharmacoresistant depression using either high-frequency left or low-frequency right prefrontal rTMS. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2012;39(2):364-370. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.07.012 Show Abstract
70. Rossini D, Lucca A, Magri L, et al. A symptom-specific analysis of the effect of high-frequency left or low-frequency right transcranial magnetic stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in major depression. Neuropsychobiology. 2010;62(2):91-97. PubMed doi:10.1159/000315439 Show Abstract
71. Fitzgerald PB, Hoy KE, Singh A, et al. Equivalent beneficial effects of unilateral and bilateral prefrontal cortex transcranial magnetic stimulation in a large randomized trial in treatment-resistant major depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013;16(9):1975-1984. PubMed doi:10.1017/S1461145713000369 Show Abstract
72. Pallanti S, Bernardi S, Di Rollo A, et al. Unilateral low frequency versus sequential bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: is simpler better for treatment of resistant depression? Neuroscience. 2010;167(2):323-328. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.01.063 Show Abstract
73. Fitzgerald PB, Hoy K, McQueen S, et al. A randomized trial of rTMS targeted with MRI based neuro-navigation in treatment-resistant depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009;34(5):1255-1262. PubMed doi:10.1038/npp.2008.233 Show Abstract
74. Galletly C, Gill S, Clarke P, et al. A randomized trial comparing repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation given 3 days/week and 5 days/week for the treatment of major depression: is efficacy related to the duration of treatment or the number of treatments? Psychol Med. 2012;42(5):981-988. PubMed doi:10.1017/S0033291711001760 Show Abstract
75. Turnier-Shea Y, Bruno R, Pridmore S. Daily and spaced treatment with transcranial magnetic stimulation in major depression: a pilot study. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2006;40(9):759-763. PubMed doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01880.x Show Abstract
76. Price GW, Lee JWY, Garvey CA, et al. The use of background EEG activity to determine stimulus timing as a means of improving rTMS efficacy in the treatment of depression: a controlled comparison with standard techniques. Brain Stimulat. 2010;3(3):140-152. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.brs.2009.08.004 Show Abstract
77. Conca A, Di Pauli J, Beraus W, et al. Combining high and low frequencies in rTMS antidepressive treatment: preliminary results. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2002;17(7):353-356. PubMed doi:10.1002/hup.422 Show Abstract
78. Fitzgerald PB, Hoy K, McQueen S, et al. Priming stimulation enhances the effectiveness of low-frequency right prefrontal cortex transcranial magnetic stimulation in major depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008;28(1):52-58. PubMed doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e3181603f7c Show Abstract
79. Levkovitz Y, Harel EV, Roth Y, et al. Deep transcranial magnetic stimulation over the prefrontal cortex: evaluation of antidepressant and cognitive effects in depressive patients. Brain Stimulat. 2009;2(4):188-200. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.brs.2009.08.002 Show Abstract
80. Rybak M, Bruno R, Turnier-Shea Y, et al. An attempt to increase the rate and magnitude of the antidepressant effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): a pilot study. Ger J Psychiatry. 2005;8:59-65.
81. Grunhaus L, Schreiber S, Dolberg OT, et al. A randomized controlled comparison of electroconvulsive therapy and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in severe and resistant nonpsychotic major depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;53(4):324-331. PubMed doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01499-3 Show Abstract
82. Janicak PG, Dowd SM, Martis B, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation versus electroconvulsive therapy for major depression: preliminary results of a randomized trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;51(8):659-667. PubMed doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01354-3 Show Abstract
83. Pridmore S. Substitution of rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation treatments for electroconvulsive therapy treatments in a course of electroconvulsive therapy. Depress Anxiety. 2000;12(3):118-123. PubMed doi:10.1002/1520-6394(2000)12:3<118::AID-DA2.0.CO;2-G Show Abstract
84. Pridmore S, Bruno R, Turnier-Shea Y, et al. Comparison of unlimited numbers of rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and ECT treatment sessions in major depressive episode. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2000;3(2):129-134. PubMed doi:10.1017/S1461145700001784 Show Abstract
85. Keshtkar M, Ghanizadeh A, Firoozabadi A. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation versus electroconvulsive therapy for the treatment of major depressive disorder, a randomized controlled clinical trial. J ECT. 2011;27(4):310-314. PubMed doi:10.1097/YCT.0b013e318221b31c Show Abstract
86. Rosa MA, Gattaz WF, Pascual-Leone A, et al. Comparison of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroconvulsive therapy in unipolar non-psychotic refractory depression: a randomized, single-blind study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006;9(6):667-676. PubMed doi:10.1017/S1461145706007127 Show Abstract
87. Bloch Y, Grisaru N, Harel EV, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of depression in adolescents: an open-label study. J ECT. 2008;24(2):156-159. PubMed doi:10.1097/YCT.0b013e318156aa49 Show Abstract
88. Croarkin PE, Wall CA, Nakonezny PA, et al. Increased cortical excitability with refrontal high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in adolescents with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2012;22(1):56-64. PubMed doi:10.1089/cap.2011.0054 Show Abstract
89. Mayer G, Aviram S, Walter G, et al. Long-term follow-up of adolescents with resistant depression treated with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. J ECT. 2012;28(2):84-86. PubMed doi:10.1097/YCT.0b013e318238f01a Show Abstract
90. Mayer G, Faivel N, Aviram S, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in depressed adolescents: experience, knowledge, and attitudes of recipients and their parents. J ECT. 2012;28(2):104-107. doi:10.1097/YCT.0b013e318250058c Show Abstract