2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: Executive summary: A report of the American college of cardiology/American heart association task force on practice guidelines and the heart rhythm society

Journal of the American College of Cardiology

Volumn 64, Issue 21, 2014, Pages 2246-2280

  January, Craig T ^a   Wann, L Samuel ^a   Alpert, Joseph S ^a   Calkins, Hugh ^a   Cigarroa, Joaquin E ^a   Cleveland, Joseph C ^a   Conti, Jamie B ^a   Ellinor, Patrick T ^a   Ezekowitz, Michael D ^a   Field, Michael E ^a   Murray, Katherine T ^a   Sacco, Ralph L ^a   Stevenson, William G ^a   Tchou, Patrick J ^a   Tracy, Cynthia M ^a   Yancy, Clyde W ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMIODARONE; DISOPYRAMIDE; DOFETILIDE; DRONEDARONE; FLECAINIDE; PROPAFENONE; QUINIDINE; SOTALOL;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; ARTICLE; CARDIOVERSION; CATHETER ABLATION; CLINICAL EVALUATION; DIRECT CURRENT; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DRUG CHOICE; DRUG SAFETY; EMBOLISM PREVENTION; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART PREEXCITATION; HEART SURGERY; HUMAN; HYPERTHYROIDISM; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; LUNG DISEASE; MANAGED CARE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT SELECTION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; RISK FACTOR; SINUS RHYTHM; THORAX SURGERY; THROMBOEMBOLISM; WOLFF PARKINSON WHITE SYNDROME;

EID: 84961296726     PISSN: 07351097     EISSN: 15583597     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.03.021     Document Type: Article

References (202)

1. ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Methodology Manual and Policies From the ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines. American College of Cardiology Foundation and American Heart Association. Cardiosource.com and My.americanheart.org. 2010. Available at: http://assets.cardiosource.com/Methodology-Manual-for-ACC-AHA-Writing-Committees.pdf and http://my.americanheart.org/idc/groups/ahamah-public/@wcm/@sop/documents/downloadable/ucm-319826.pdf. Accessed May 9, 2014.
2. Committee on Standards for Systematic Reviews of Comparative Effectiveness Research, Institute of Medicine Finding What Works in Health Care: Standards for Systematic Reviews 2011 The National Academies Press Washington, DC
3. Committee on Standards for Developing Trustworthy Clinical Practice Guidelines, Institute of Medicine Clinical Practice Guidelines We Can Trust 2011 The National Academies Press Washington, DC
4. C.T. January, L.S. Wann, and J.S. Alpert 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Developed in Collaboration With the Society of Thoracic Surgeons J Am Coll Cardiol 64 2014 e1 76
5. V. Fuster, L.E. Ryden, and D.S. Cannom 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines developed in partnership with the European Society of Cardiology and in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society J Am Coll Cardiol 48 2011 e149 246
6. L.S. Wann, A.B. Curtis, and K.A. Ellenbogen 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused update on the management of patients with atrial fibrillation (update on dabigatran): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines J Am Coll Cardiol 57 2011 1330 1337
7. L.S. Wann, A.B. Curtis, and C.T. January 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused update on the management of patients with atrial fibrillation (updating the 2006 guideline): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines J Am Coll Cardiol 57 2011 223 242
8. Al-Khatib SM, Allen Lapointe N, Chatterjee R, et al. Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation. Comparative Effectiveness Review 119. (Prepared by the Duke Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. 290-2007-10066-I.) AHRQ Publication No.13-EHC095-EF. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; June 2013. Available at: http://www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/reports/final.cfm. Accessed August 14, 2014.
9. Lopes RD, Crowley MJ, Shah BR, et al. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation. Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 123. (Prepared by the Duke Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. 290-2007-10066-I.) AHRQ Publication No. 13-EHC113-EF. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; August 2013. Available at: http://www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/reports/final.cfm. Accessed August 14, 2014.
10. A.V. Chobanian, G.L. Bakris, and H.R. Black Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure Hypertension 42 2003 1206 1252
11. P. Greenland, J.S. Alpert, and G.A. Beller 2010 ACCF/AHA guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines J Am Coll Cardiol 56 2010 e50 103
12. L.D. Hillis, P.K. Smith, and J.L. Anderson 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons J Am Coll Cardiol 58 2011 e123 210
13. B.J. Gersh, B.J. Maron, and R.O. Bonow 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines J Am Coll Cardiol 58 2011 e212 e260
14. G.N. Levine, E.R. Bates, and J.C. Blankenship 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI guideline for percutaneous coronary intervention: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions J Am Coll Cardiol 58 2011 e44 122
15. S.C. Smith Jr., E.J. Benjamin, and R.O. Bonow AHA/ACCF secondary prevention and risk reduction therapy for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2011 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Foundation J Am Coll Cardiol 58 2011 2432 2446
16. A.C. Skanes, J.S. Healey, and J.A. Cairns Focused 2012 update of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society atrial fibrillation guidelines: recommendations for stroke prevention and rate/rhythm control Can J Cardiol 28 2012 125 136
17. A.J. Camm, G.Y. Lip, and R. De Caterina 2012 Focused update of the ESC guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: an update of the 2010 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation. Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association Eur Heart J 33 2012 2719 2747
18. S.D. Fihn, J.M. Gardin, and J. Abrams 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons J Am Coll Cardiol 60 2012 e44 e164
19. J.W. Eikelboom, J. Hirsh, and F.A. Spencer Antiplatelet drugs: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines Chest 141 2012 e89-119S
20. C.M. Tracy, A.E. Epstein, and D. Darbar 2012 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused update incorporated into the ACCF/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society J Am Coll Cardiol 61 2013 e6 75
21. C.W. Yancy, M. Jessup, and B. Bozkurt 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines J Am Coll Cardiol 62 2013 e147 239
22. P.T. O'Gara, F.G. Kushner, and D.D. Ascheim 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines J Am Coll Cardiol 61 2013 e78 e140
23. J.L. Anderson, C.D. Adams, and E.M. Antman 2012 ACCF/AHA focused update incorporated into the ACCF/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines J Am Coll Cardiol 61 2013 e179 348
24. R.A. Nishimura, C.M. Otto, and R.O. Bonow 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines J Am Coll Cardiol 63 2014 e57 e185
25. D.C. Goff Jr., D.M. Lloyd-Jones, and G. Bennett 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines J Am Coll Cardiol 63 2014 2935 2959
26. R.H. Eckel, J.M. Jakicic, and J.D. Ard 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines J Am Coll Cardiol 63 2014 2960 2984
27. M.D. Jensen, D.H. Ryan, and C.M. Apovian 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society J Am Coll Cardiol 63 2013 2985 3023
28. N.J. Stone, J. Robinson, and A.H. Lichtenstein 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines J Am Coll Cardiol 63 2014 2889 2934
29. K.L. Furie, L.B. Goldstein, and G.W. Albers Oral antithrombotic agents for the prevention of stroke in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: a science advisory for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke 43 2012 3442 3453
30. H. Calkins, K.H. Kuck, and R. Cappato 2012 HRS/EHRA/ECAS expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation: recommendations for patient selection, procedural techniques, patient management and follow-up, definitions, endpoints, and research trial design: a report of the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) Task Force on Catheter and Surgical Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation. Developed in partnership with the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Cardiac Arrhythmia Society (ECAS); and in collaboration with the American College of Cardiology (ACC), American Heart Association (AHA), the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) Heart Rhythm 9 2012 632 696
31. A.J. Camm, P. Kirchhof, and G.Y. Lip Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: the Task Force for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Eur Heart J 31 2010 2369 2429
32. J.S. Healey, S.J. Connolly, and M.R. Gold Subclinical atrial fibrillation and the risk of stroke N Engl J Med 366 2012 120 129
33. M. Santini, M. Gasparini, and M. Landolina Device-detected atrial tachyarrhythmias predict adverse outcome in real-world patients with implantable biventricular defibrillators J Am Coll Cardiol 57 2011 167 172
34. I. Savelieva, N. Kakouros, and A. Kourliouros Upstream therapies for management of atrial fibrillation: review of clinical evidence and implications for European Society of Cardiology guidelines: part I: primary prevention Europace 13 2011 308 328
35. R. Wakili, N. Voigt, and S. Kaab Recent advances in the molecular pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation J Clin Invest 121 2011 2955 2968
36. E.J. Benjamin, D. Levy, and S.M. Vaziri Independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation in a population-based cohort: the Framingham Heart Study JAMA 271 1994 840 844
37. T.J. Wang, M.G. Larson, and D. Levy Temporal relations of atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure and their joint influence on mortality: the Framingham Heart Study Circulation 107 2003 2920 2925
38. L. Frost, Hune L.J., and P. Vestergaard Overweight and obesity as risk factors for atrial fibrillation or flutter: the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study Am J Med 118 2005 489 495
39. T.J. Wang, H. Parise, and D. Levy Obesity and the risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation JAMA 292 2004 2471 2477
40. A.S. Gami, D.O. Hodge, and R.M. Herges Obstructive sleep apnea, obesity, and the risk of incident atrial fibrillation J Am Coll Cardiol 49 2007 565 571
41. J.P. Mathew, M.L. Fontes, and I.C. Tudor A multicenter risk index for atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery JAMA 291 2004 1720 1729
42. J. Heeringa, J.A. Kors, and A. Hofman Cigarette smoking and risk of atrial fibrillation: the Rotterdam Study Am Heart J 156 2008 1163 1169
43. A. Aizer, J.M. Gaziano, and N.R. Cook Relation of vigorous exercise to risk of atrial fibrillation Am J Cardiol 103 2009 1572 1577
44. L. Mont, A. Sambola, and J. Brugada Long-lasting sport practice and lone atrial fibrillation Eur Heart J 23 2002 477 482
45. L. Frost, P. Frost, and P. Vestergaard Work related physical activity and risk of a hospital discharge diagnosis of atrial fibrillation or flutter: the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study Occup Environ Med 62 2005 49 53
46. D. Conen, U.B. Tedrow, and N.R. Cook Alcohol consumption and risk of incident atrial fibrillation in women JAMA 300 2008 2489 2496
47. L. Frost, and P. Vestergaard Alcohol and risk of atrial fibrillation or flutter: a cohort study Arch Intern Med 164 2004 1993 1998
48. S. Kodama, K. Saito, and S. Tanaka Alcohol consumption and risk of atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis J Am Coll Cardiol 57 2011 427 436
49. C.T. Sawin, A. Geller, and P.A. Wolf Low serum thyrotropin concentrations as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in older persons N Engl J Med 331 1994 1249 1252
50. A.R. Cappola, L.P. Fried, and A.M. Arnold Thyroid status, cardiovascular risk, and mortality in older adults JAMA 295 2006 1033 1041
51. L. Frost, P. Vestergaard, and L. Mosekilde Hyperthyroidism and risk of atrial fibrillation or flutter: a population-based study Arch Intern Med 164 2004 1675 1678
52. G.F. Mitchell, R.S. Vasan, and M.J. Keyes Pulse pressure and risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation JAMA 297 2007 709 715
53. G.M. Marcus, A. Alonso, and C.A. Peralta European ancestry as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in African Americans Circulation 122 2010 2009 2015
54. S.A. Lubitz, X. Yin, and J.D. Fontes Association between familial atrial fibrillation and risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation JAMA 304 2010 2263 2269
55. P.T. Ellinor, K.L. Lunetta, and C.M. Albert Meta-analysis identifies six new susceptibility loci for atrial fibrillation Nat Genet 44 2012 670 675
56. D.F. Gudbjartsson, H. Holm, and S. Gretarsdottir A sequence variant in ZFHX3 on 16q22 associates with atrial fibrillation and ischemic stroke Nat Genet 41 2009 876 878
57. D.F. Gudbjartsson, D.O. Arnar, and A. Helgadottir Variants conferring risk of atrial fibrillation on chromosome 4q25 Nature 448 2007 353 357
58. E.J. Benjamin, K.M. Rice, and D.E. Arking Variants in ZFHX3 are associated with atrial fibrillation in individuals of European ancestry Nat Genet 41 2009 879 881
59. W.B. Kannel, P.A. Wolf, and E.J. Benjamin Prevalence, incidence, prognosis, and predisposing conditions for atrial fibrillation: population-based estimates Am J Cardiol 82 1998 2N 9N
60. A.M. Pritchett, S.J. Jacobsen, and D.W. Mahoney Left atrial volume as an index of left atrial size: a population-based study J Am Coll Cardiol 41 2003 1036 1043
61. J.J. Cao, C. Thach, and T.A. Manolio C-reactive protein, carotid intima-media thickness, and incidence of ischemic stroke in the elderly: the Cardiovascular Health Study Circulation 108 2003 166 170
62. R.J. Aviles, D.O. Martin, and C. Apperson-Hansen Inflammation as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation Circulation 108 2003 3006 3010
63. K.K. Patton, P.T. Ellinor, and S.R. Heckbert N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide is a major predictor of the development of atrial fibrillation: the Cardiovascular Health Study Circulation 120 2009 1768 1774
64. T.J. Wang, M.G. Larson, and D. Levy Plasma natriuretic peptide levels and the risk of cardiovascular events and death N Engl J Med 350 2004 655 663
65. Y. Ahmad, G.Y. Lip, and S. Apostolakis New oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: impact of gender, heart failure, diabetes mellitus and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 10 2012 1471 1480
66. C.E. Chiang, L. Naditch-Brule, and J. Murin Distribution and risk profile of paroxysmal, persistent, and permanent atrial fibrillation in routine clinical practice: insight from the real-life global survey evaluating patients with atrial fibrillation international registry Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 5 2012 632 639
67. G. Flaker, M. Ezekowitz, and S. Yusuf Efficacy and safety of dabigatran compared to warfarin in patients with paroxysmal, persistent, and permanent atrial fibrillation: results from the RE-LY (Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy) study J Am Coll Cardiol 59 2012 854 855
68. S.H. Hohnloser, G.Z. Duray, and U. Baber Prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: current strategies and future directions Eur Heart J 10 2007 H4 10
69. G.Y. Lip, R. Nieuwlaat, and R. Pisters Refining clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation using a novel risk factor-based approach: the Euro Heart Survey on Atrial Fibrillation Chest 137 2010 263 272
70. J.B. Olesen, C. Torp-Pedersen, and M.L. Hansen The value of the CHA2DS2-VASc score for refining stroke risk stratification in patients with atrial fibrillation with a CHADS2 score 0-1: a nationwide cohort study Thromb Haemost 107 2012 1172 1179
71. P.K. Mason, D.E. Lake, and J.P. DiMarco Impact of the CHA2DS2-VASc score on anticoagulation recommendations for atrial fibrillation Am J Med 125 2012 603 606
72. S.C. Cannegieter, F.R. Rosendaal, and A.R. Wintzen Optimal oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with mechanical heart valves N Engl J Med 333 1995 11 17
73. J. Acar, B. Iung, and J.P. Boissel AREVA: multicenter randomized comparison of low-dose versus standard-dose anticoagulation in patients with mechanical prosthetic heart valves Circulation 94 1996 2107 2112
74. D. Hering, C. Piper, and R. Bergemann Thromboembolic and bleeding complications following St. Jude Medical valve replacement: results of the German Experience With Low-Intensity Anticoagulation Study Chest 127 2005 53 59
75. S.J. Connolly, M.D. Ezekowitz, and S. Yusuf Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation N Engl J Med 361 2009 1139 1151
76. M.R. Patel, K.W. Mahaffey, and J. Garg Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation N Engl J Med 365 2011 883 891
77. C.B. Granger, J.H. Alexander, and J.J. McMurray Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation N Engl J Med 365 2011 981 992
78. D.B. Matchar, A. Jacobson, and R. Dolor Effect of home testing of international normalized ratio on clinical events N Engl J Med 363 2010 1608 1620
79. M.D. Ezekowitz, K.E. James, and M.J. Radford Initiating and maintaining patients on warfarin anticoagulation: the importance of monitoring J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 4 1999 3 8
80. J. Hirsh, and V. Fuster Guide to anticoagulant therapy: part 2: oral anticoagulants Circulation 89 1994 1469 1480
81. M. Aguilar, and R. Hart Antiplatelet therapy for preventing stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and no previous history of stroke or transient ischemic attacks Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4 2005 CD001925
82. R.G. Hart, L.A. Pearce, and M.I. Aguilar Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation Ann Intern Med 146 2007 857 867
83. W.C. Winkelmayer, J. Liu, and S. Setoguchi Effectiveness and safety of warfarin initiation in older hemodialysis patients with incident atrial fibrillation Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6 2011 2662 2668
84. W.J. Dewilde, T. Oirbans, and F.W. Verheugt Use of clopidogrel with or without aspirin in patients taking oral anticoagulant therapy and undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: an open-label, randomised, controlled trial Lancet 381 2013 1107 1115
85. S. Hariharan, and R. Madabushi Clinical pharmacology basis of deriving dosing recommendations for dabigatran in patients with severe renal impairment J Clin Pharmacol 52 2012 119S 125S
86. T. Lehr, S. Haertter, and K.H. Liesenfeld Dabigatran etexilate in atrial fibrillation patients with severe renal impairment: dose identification using pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation J Clin Pharmacol 52 2012 1373 1378
87. S.J. Connolly, J. Eikelboom, and C. Joyner Apixaban in patients with atrial fibrillation N Engl J Med 364 2011 806 817
88. F. Van de Werf, M. Brueckmann, and S.J. Connolly A comparison of dabigatran etexilate with warfarin in patients with mechanical heart valves: the Randomized, phase II study to Evaluate the sAfety and pharmacokinetics of oraL dabIGatran etexilate in patients after heart valve replacemeNt (RE-ALIGN) Am Heart J 163 2012 931 937
89. Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation: analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials Arch Intern Med 154 1994 1449 1457
90. B.F. Gage, A.D. Waterman, and W. Shannon Validation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation JAMA 285 2001 2864 2870
91. G.Y. Lip, H.F. Tse, and D.A. Lane Atrial fibrillation Lancet 379 2012 648 661
92. D.A. Lane, and G.Y. Lip Use of the CHA(2)DS(2)-VASc and HAS-BLED scores to aid decision making for thromboprophylaxis in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation Circulation 126 2012 860 865
93. R.G. Hart, L.A. Pearce, and R.W. Asinger Warfarin in atrial fibrillation patients with moderate chronic kidney disease Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6 2011 2599 2604
94. R. Farshi, D. Kistner, and J.S. Sarma Ventricular rate control in chronic atrial fibrillation during daily activity and programmed exercise: a crossover open-label study of five drug regimens J Am Coll Cardiol 33 1999 304 310
95. J.S. Steinberg, R.J. Katz, and G.B. Bren Efficacy of oral diltiazem to control ventricular response in chronic atrial fibrillation at rest and during exercise J Am Coll Cardiol 9 1987 405 411
96. B. Olshansky, L.E. Rosenfeld, and A.L. Warner The Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) study: approaches to control rate in atrial fibrillation J Am Coll Cardiol 43 2004 1201 1208
97. J. Abrams, J. Allen, and D. Allin Efficacy and safety of esmolol vs propranolol in the treatment of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias: a multicenter double-blind clinical trial Am Heart J 110 1985 913 922
98. K.A. Ellenbogen, V.C. Dias, and V.J. Plumb A placebo-controlled trial of continuous intravenous diltiazem infusion for 24-hour heart rate control during atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter: a multicenter study J Am Coll Cardiol 18 1991 891 897
99. C.W. Siu, C.P. Lau, and W.L. Lee Intravenous diltiazem is superior to intravenous amiodarone or digoxin for achieving ventricular rate control in patients with acute uncomplicated atrial fibrillation Crit Care Med 37 2009 2174 2179
100. E.V. Platia, E.L. Michelson, and J.K. Porterfield Esmolol versus verapamil in the acute treatment of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter Am J Cardiol 63 1989 925 929
101. I.C. Van Gelder, H.F. Groenveld, and H.J. Crijns Lenient versus strict rate control in patients with atrial fibrillation N Engl J Med 362 2010 1363 1373
102. K.G. Delle, A. Geppert, and T. Neunteufl Amiodarone versus diltiazem for rate control in critically ill patients with atrial tachyarrhythmias Crit Care Med 29 2001 1149 1153
103. Z.Y. Hou, M.S. Chang, and C.Y. Chen Acute treatment of recent-onset atrial fibrillation and flutter with a tailored dosing regimen of intravenous amiodarone: a randomized, digoxin-controlled study Eur Heart J 16 1995 521 528
104. H.F. Clemo, M.A. Wood, and D.M. Gilligan Intravenous amiodarone for acute heart rate control in the critically ill patient with atrial tachyarrhythmias Am J Cardiol 81 1998 594 598
105. C. Ozcan, A. Jahangir, and P.A. Friedman Long-term survival after ablation of the atrioventricular node and implantation of a permanent pacemaker in patients with atrial fibrillation N Engl J Med 344 2001 1043 1051
106. R. Weerasooriya, M. Davis, and A. Powell The Australian Intervention Randomized Control of Rate in Atrial Fibrillation Trial (AIRCRAFT) J Am Coll Cardiol 41 2003 1697 1702
107. M.A. Wood, C. Brown-Mahoney, and G.N. Kay Clinical outcomes after ablation and pacing therapy for atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis Circulation 101 2000 1138 1144
108. S. Gulamhusein, P. Ko, and S.G. Carruthers Acceleration of the ventricular response during atrial fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome after verapamil Circulation 65 1982 348 354
109. S.J. Connolly, A.J. Camm, and J.L. Halperin Dronedarone in high-risk permanent atrial fibrillation N Engl J Med 365 2011 2268 2276
110. L. Kober, C. Torp-Pedersen, and J.J. McMurray Increased mortality after dronedarone therapy for severe heart failure N Engl J Med 358 2008 2678 2687
111. E. Moreyra, R.S. Finkelhor, and R.D. Cebul Limitations of transesophageal echocardiography in the risk assessment of patients before nonanticoagulated cardioversion from atrial fibrillation and flutter: an analysis of pooled trials Am Heart J 129 1995 71 75
112. M.M. Gallagher, B.J. Hennessy, and N. Edvardsson Embolic complications of direct current cardioversion of atrial arrhythmias: association with low intensity of anticoagulation at the time of cardioversion J Am Coll Cardiol 40 2002 926 933
113. W.A. Jaber, D.L. Prior, and M. Thamilarasan Efficacy of anticoagulation in resolving left atrial and left atrial appendage thrombi: a transesophageal echocardiographic study Am Heart J 140 2000 150 156
114. J.J. You, D.E. Singer, and P.A. Howard Antithrombotic therapy for atrial fibrillation: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines Chest 141 2012 e531-75S
115. A.L. Klein, R.A. Grimm, and R.D. Murray Use of transesophageal echocardiography to guide cardioversion in patients with atrial fibrillation N Engl J Med 344 2001 1411 1420
116. R. Nagarakanti, M.D. Ezekowitz, and J. Oldgren Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: an analysis of patients undergoing cardioversion Circulation 123 2011 131 136
117. J.P. Piccini, S.R. Stevens, and Y. Lokhnygina Outcomes following cardioversion and atrial fibrillation ablation in patients treated with rivaroxaban and warfarin in the ROCKET AF Trial J Am Coll Cardiol 61 2013 1998 2006
118. G. Flaker, R.D. Lopes, and S.M. Al-Khatib Efficacy and safety of apixaban in patients following cardioversion for atrial fibrillation: insights from the ARISTOTLE trial (Apixaban for Reduction in Stroke and Other Thromboembolic Events in Atrial Fibrillation) J Am Coll Cardiol 63 2014 1082 1087
119. K. von Besser, and A.M. Mills Is discharge to home after emergency department cardioversion safe for the treatment of recent-onset atrial fibrillation? Ann Emerg Med 58 2011 517 520
120. H. Oral, J.J. Souza, and G.F. Michaud Facilitating transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation with ibutilide pretreatment N Engl J Med 340 1999 1849 1854
121. P. Alboni, G.L. Botto, and N. Baldi Outpatient treatment of recent-onset atrial fibrillation with the "pill-in-the-pocket" approach N Engl J Med 351 2004 2384 2391
122. K.A. Ellenbogen, H.F. Clemo, and B.S. Stambler Efficacy of ibutilide for termination of atrial fibrillation and flutter Am J Cardiol 78 1996 42 45
123. I.A. Khan Single oral loading dose of propafenone for pharmacological cardioversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation J Am Coll Cardiol 37 2001 542 547
124. S. Patsilinakos, A. Christou, and N. Kafkas Effect of high doses of magnesium on converting ibutilide to a safe and more effective agent Am J Cardiol 106 2010 673 676
125. S. Singh, R.G. Zoble, and L. Yellen Efficacy and safety of oral dofetilide in converting to and maintaining sinus rhythm in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter: the Symptomatic Atrial Fibrillation Investigative Research on Dofetilide (SAFIRE-D) study Circulation 102 2000 2385 2390
126. B.S. Stambler, M.A. Wood, and K.A. Ellenbogen Efficacy and safety of repeated intravenous doses of ibutilide for rapid conversion of atrial flutter or fibrillation. Ibutilide Repeat Dose Study Investigators Circulation 94 1996 1613 1621
127. I.A. Khan, N.J. Mehta, and R.M. Gowda Amiodarone for pharmacological cardioversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation Int J Cardiol 89 2003 239 248
128. L.M. Letelier, K. Udol, and J. Ena Effectiveness of amiodarone for conversion of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm: a meta-analysis Arch Intern Med 163 2003 777 785
129. O.D. Pedersen, H. Bagger, and N. Keller Efficacy of dofetilide in the treatment of atrial fibrillation-flutter in patients with reduced left ventricular function: a Danish Investigations of Arrhythmia and Mortality on Dofetilide (DIAMOND) Substudy Circulation 104 2001 292 296
130. B.N. Singh, S.N. Singh, and D.J. Reda Amiodarone versus sotalol for atrial fibrillation N Engl J Med 352 2005 1861 1872
131. C. Lafuente-Lafuente, S. Mouly, and M.A. Longas-Tejero Antiarrhythmics for maintaining sinus rhythm after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4 2007 CD005049
132. K.S. Channer, A. Birchall, and R.P. Steeds A randomized placebo-controlled trial of pre-treatment and short- or long-term maintenance therapy with amiodarone supporting DC cardioversion for persistent atrial fibrillation Eur Heart J 25 2004 144 150
133. J. Galperin, M.V. Elizari, and P.A. Chiale Efficacy of amiodarone for the termination of chronic atrial fibrillation and maintenance of normal sinus rhythm: a prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled, double blind trial J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 6 2001 341 350
134. S.H. Hohnloser, H.J. Crijns, and M. van Eickels Effect of dronedarone on cardiovascular events in atrial fibrillation N Engl J Med 360 2009 668 678
135. B.N. Singh, S.J. Connolly, and H.J. Crijns Dronedarone for maintenance of sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation or flutter N Engl J Med 357 2007 987 999
136. P. Touboul, J. Brugada, and A. Capucci Dronedarone for prevention of atrial fibrillation: a dose-ranging study Eur Heart J 24 2003 1481 1487
137. I.C. Van Gelder, H.J. Crijns, and W.H. Van Gilst Efficacy and safety of flecainide acetate in the maintenance of sinus rhythm after electrical cardioversion of chronic atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter Am J Cardiol 64 1989 1317 1321
138. D. Roy, M. Talajic, and P. Dorian Amiodarone to prevent recurrence of atrial fibrillation. Canadian Trial of Atrial Fibrillation Investigators N Engl J Med 342 2000 913 920
139. F. Bellandi, I. Simonetti, and M. Leoncini Long-term efficacy and safety of propafenone and sotalol for the maintenance of sinus rhythm after conversion of recurrent symptomatic atrial fibrillation Am J Cardiol 88 2001 640 645
140. A. Dogan, O. Ergene, and C. Nazli Efficacy of propafenone for maintaining sinus rhythm in patients with recent onset or persistent atrial fibrillation after conversion: a randomized, placebo-controlled study Acta Cardiol 59 2004 255 261
141. E.L. Pritchett, R.L. Page, and M. Carlson Efficacy and safety of sustained-release propafenone (propafenone SR) for patients with atrial fibrillation Am J Cardiol 92 2003 941 946
142. D.G. Benditt, J.H. Williams, and J. Jin Maintenance of sinus rhythm with oral d,l-sotalol therapy in patients with symptomatic atrial fibrillation and/or atrial flutter. d,l-Sotalol Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter Study Group Am J Cardiol 84 1999 270 277
143. N. Freemantle, C. Lafuente-Lafuente, and S. Mitchell Mixed treatment comparison of dronedarone, amiodarone, sotalol, flecainide, and propafenone, for the management of atrial fibrillation Europace 13 2011 329 345
144. J.P. Piccini, V. Hasselblad, and E.D. Peterson Comparative efficacy of dronedarone and amiodarone for the maintenance of sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation J Am Coll Cardiol 54 2009 1089 1095
145. J.Y. Le Heuzey, G.M. De Ferrari, and D. Radzik A short-term, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dronedarone versus amiodarone in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation: the DIONYSOS study J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 21 2010 597 605
146. Maintenance of sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation: an AFFIRM substudy of the first antiarrhythmic drug J Am Coll Cardiol 42 2003 20 29
147. D. Roden Antiarrhythmic drugs L. Brunton, J. Lazo, K.L. Parker, Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 2005 McGraw-Hill New York, NY 899 932
148. J.S. Healey, A. Baranchuk, and E. Crystal Prevention of atrial fibrillation with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: a meta-analysis J Am Coll Cardiol 45 2005 1832 1839
149. M.P. Schneider, T.A. Hua, and M. Bohm Prevention of atrial fibrillation by renin-angiotensin system inhibition: a meta-analysis J Am Coll Cardiol 55 2010 2299 2307
150. A. Ducharme, K. Swedberg, and M.A. Pfeffer Prevention of atrial fibrillation in patients with symptomatic chronic heart failure by candesartan in the Candesartan in Heart failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) program Am Heart J 151 2006 985 991
151. M.B. Jibrini, J. Molnar, and R.R. Arora Prevention of atrial fibrillation by way of abrogation of the renin-angiotensin system: a systematic review and meta-analysis Am J Ther 15 2008 36 43
152. O.J. Liakopoulos, Y.H. Choi, and E.W. Kuhn Statins for prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a systematic literature review J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 138 2009 678 686
153. G. Patti, M. Chello, and D. Candura Randomized trial of atorvastatin for reduction of postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: results of the ARMYDA-3 (Atorvastatin for Reduction of MYocardial Dysrhythmia After cardiac surgery) study Circulation 114 2006 1455 1461
154. A. Goette, N. Schon, and P. Kirchhof Angiotensin II-antagonist in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (ANTIPAF) trial Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 5 2012 43 51
155. H. Calkins, M.R. Reynolds, and P. Spector Treatment of atrial fibrillation with antiarrhythmic drugs or radiofrequency ablation: two systematic literature reviews and meta-analyses Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2 2009 349 361
156. C. Bonanno, M. Paccanaro, and L. La Vecchia Efficacy and safety of catheter ablation versus antiarrhythmic drugs for atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomized trials J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 11 2010 408 418
157. G.M. Nair, P.B. Nery, and S. Diwakaramenon A systematic review of randomized trials comparing radiofrequency ablation with antiarrhythmic medications in patients with atrial fibrillation J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 20 2009 138 144
158. R. Parkash, A.S. Tang, and J.L. Sapp Approach to the catheter ablation technique of paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 22 2011 729 738
159. J.P. Piccini, R.D. Lopes, and M.H. Kong Pulmonary vein isolation for the maintenance of sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2 2009 626 633
160. P. Jais, B. Cauchemez, and L. Macle Catheter ablation versus antiarrhythmic drugs for atrial fibrillation: the A4 study Circulation 118 2008 2498 2505
161. D.J. Wilber, C. Pappone, and P. Neuzil Comparison of antiarrhythmic drug therapy and radiofrequency catheter ablation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: a randomized controlled trial JAMA 303 2010 333 340
162. G. Stabile, E. Bertaglia, and G. Senatore Catheter ablation treatment in patients with drug-refractory atrial fibrillation: a prospective, multi-centre, randomized, controlled study (Catheter Ablation For The Cure Of Atrial Fibrillation Study) Eur Heart J 27 2006 216 221
163. H. Oral, C. Pappone, and A. Chugh Circumferential pulmonary-vein ablation for chronic atrial fibrillation N Engl J Med 354 2006 934 941
164. L. Mont, F. Bisbal, and A. Hernandez-Madrid Catheter ablation vs. antiarrhythmic drug treatment of persistent atrial fibrillation: a multicentre, randomized, controlled trial (SARA study) 35 2014 501 507
165. O.M. Wazni, N.F. Marrouche, and D.O. Martin Radiofrequency ablation vs antiarrhythmic drugs as first-line treatment of symptomatic atrial fibrillation: a randomized trial JAMA 293 2005 2634 2640
166. C. Morillo, A. Verma, and K. Kuck Radiofrequency ablation vs antiarrhythmic drugs as first-line treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (RAAFT 2): a randomized trial JAMA 311 2014 692 700
167. N.J. Cosedis, A. Johannessen, and P. Raatikainen Radiofrequency ablation as initial therapy in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation N Engl J Med 367 2012 1587 1595
168. M. Haissaguerre, M. Hocini, and P. Sanders Catheter ablation of long-lasting persistent atrial fibrillation: clinical outcome and mechanisms of subsequent arrhythmias J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 16 2005 1138 1147
169. L.V. Boersma, M. Castella, and W. van Boven Atrial fibrillation catheter ablation versus surgical ablation treatment (FAST): a 2-center randomized clinical trial Circulation 125 2012 23 30
170. B.J. Maron, I. Olivotto, and P. Bellone Clinical profile of stroke in 900 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy J Am Coll Cardiol 39 2002 301 307
171. I. Olivotto, F. Cecchi, and S.A. Casey Impact of atrial fibrillation on the clinical course of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Circulation 104 2001 2517 2524
172. T.J. Bunch, T.M. Munger, and P.A. Friedman Substrate and procedural predictors of outcomes after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 19 2008 1009 1014
173. P. Di Donna, I. Olivotto, and S.D. Delcre Efficacy of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: impact of age, atrial remodelling, and disease progression Europace 12 2010 347 355
174. F. Gaita, P. Di Donna, and I. Olivotto Usefulness and safety of transcatheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy Am J Cardiol 99 2007 1575 1581
175. F. Kilicaslan, A. Verma, and E. Saad Efficacy of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy Heart Rhythm 3 2006 275 280
176. C. Blomstrom-Lundqvist, M.M. Scheinman, and E.M. Aliot ACC/AHA/ESC guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular arrhythmias: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Supraventricular Arrhythmias) developed in collaboration with NASPE-Heart Rhythm Society J Am Coll Cardiol 42 2003 1493 1531
177. G. Boriani, M. Biffi, and L. Frabetti Ventricular fibrillation after intravenous amiodarone in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome with atrial fibrillation Am Heart J 131 1996 1214 1216
178. R.J. Kim, B.R. Gerling, and A.T. Kono Precipitation of ventricular fibrillation by intravenous diltiazem and metoprolol in a young patient with occult Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 31 2008 776 779
179. S.M. Simonian, S. Lotfipour, and C. Wall Challenging the superiority of amiodarone for rate control in Wolff-Parkinson-White and atrial fibrillation Intern Emerg Med 5 2010 421 426
180. J.R. Balser, E.A. Martinez, and B.D. Winters Beta-adrenergic blockade accelerates conversion of postoperative supraventricular tachyarrhythmias Anesthesiology 89 1998 1052 1059
181. L.J. Tamariz, and E.B. Bass Pharmacological rate control of atrial fibrillation Cardiol Clin 22 2004 35 45
182. R.V. Lewis, J. McMurray, and D.G. McDevitt Effects of atenolol, verapamil, and xamoterol on heart rate and exercise tolerance in digitalised patients with chronic atrial fibrillation J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 13 1989 1 6
183. S.A. Hunt, W.T. Abraham, and M.H. Chin 2009 Focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2005 guidelines for the diagnosis and management of heart failure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines J Am Coll Cardiol 53 2009 e1 e90
184. S.A. Roberts, C. Diaz, and P.E. Nolan Effectiveness and costs of digoxin treatment for atrial fibrillation and flutter Am J Cardiol 72 1993 567 573
185. J.B. Segal, R.L. McNamara, and M.R. Miller The evidence regarding the drugs used for ventricular rate control J Fam Pract 49 2000 47 59
186. G.K. Feld, R.P. Fleck, and O. Fujimura Control of rapid ventricular response by radiofrequency catheter modification of the atrioventricular node in patients with medically refractory atrial fibrillation Circulation 90 1994 2299 2307
187. B.D. Williamson, K.C. Man, and E. Daoud Radiofrequency catheter modification of atrioventricular conduction to control the ventricular rate during atrial fibrillation N Engl J Med 331 1994 910 917
188. M.N. Khan, P. Jais, and J. Cummings Pulmonary-vein isolation for atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure N Engl J Med 359 2008 1778 1785
189. P. Nerheim, S. Birger-Botkin, and L. Piracha Heart failure and sudden death in patients with tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy and recurrent tachycardia Circulation 110 2004 247 252
190. P.J. Gentlesk, W.H. Sauer, and E.P. Gerstenfeld Reversal of left ventricular dysfunction following ablation of atrial fibrillation J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 18 2007 9 14
191. E. Crystal, M.S. Garfinkle, and S.S. Connolly Interventions for preventing post-operative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing heart surgery Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4 2004 CD003611
192. I. Yoshioka, M. Sakurai, and A. Namai Postoperative treatment of carvedilol following low dose landiolol has preventive effect for atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 57 2009 464 467
193. E.M. Davis, K.A. Packard, and D.E. Hilleman Pharmacologic prophylaxis of postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: beyond beta-blockers Pharmacotherapy 30 2010 274-318e
194. I. Koniari, E. Apostolakis, and C. Rogkakou Pharmacologic prophylaxis for atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery: a systematic review J Cardiothorac Surg 5 2010 121
195. D.E. Hilleman, C.B. Hunter, and S.M. Mohiuddin Pharmacological management of atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 5 2005 361 369
196. E.G. Daoud, S.A. Strickberger, and K.C. Man Preoperative amiodarone as prophylaxis against atrial fibrillation after heart surgery N Engl J Med 337 1997 1785 1791
197. T. Guarnieri, S. Nolan, and S.O. Gottlieb Intravenous amiodarone for the prevention of atrial fibrillation after open heart surgery: the Amiodarone Reduction in Coronary Heart (ARCH) trial J Am Coll Cardiol 34 1999 343 347
198. L.B. Mitchell, D.V. Exner, and D.G. Wyse Prophylactic Oral Amiodarone for the Prevention of Arrhythmias that Begin Early After Revascularization, Valve Replacement, or Repair: PAPABEAR: a randomized controlled trial JAMA 294 2005 3093 3100
199. J.T. VanderLugt, T. Mattioni, and S. Denker Efficacy and safety of ibutilide fumarate for the conversion of atrial arrhythmias after cardiac surgery Circulation 100 1999 369 375
200. S.M. Al-Khatib, G. Hafley, and R.A. Harrington Patterns of management of atrial fibrillation complicating coronary artery bypass grafting: results from the PRoject of Ex-vivo Vein graft ENgineering via Transfection IV (PREVENT-IV) Trial Am Heart J 158 2009 792 798
201. J. Shepherd, J. Jones, and G.K. Frampton Intravenous magnesium sulphate and sotalol for prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: a systematic review and economic evaluation Health Technol Assess 12 2008 iii iv, ix-95
202. M. Imazio, A. Brucato, and P. Ferrazzi Colchicine reduces postoperative atrial fibrillation: results of the Colchicine for the Prevention of the Postpericardiotomy Syndrome (COPPS) atrial fibrillation substudy Circulation 124 2011 2290 2295