Sediment Record and Storage of Organic Carbon and the Nutrient Elements (N, P, and Si) in Estuaries and Near-Coastal Seas

Treatise on Estuarine and Coastal Science

Volumn 4, Issue , 2012, Pages 9-38

  Andrews, J E ^a   Jickells, T D ^a   Adams, C A ^a   Parkes, D J ^a   Kelly, S D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84961157896     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-374711-2.00402-2     Document Type: Chapter

References (178)

1. Abril, G., Etcheber, H., Hir, P.L., Bassoulet, P., Boutier, B., Frankignoulle, M., 1999. Oxic/ anoxic oscillations and organic carbon mineralization in an estuarine maximum turbidity zone (The Gironde, France). Limnology and Oceanography 44, 1304-1315.
2. Adams, C.A., 2008. Carbon Burial and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes of New Intertidal and Saltmarsh Sediments. Ph.D. Thesis, University of East Anglia, Norwich, 219 pp.
3. Al-Agha, M.R., Burley, S.D., Curtis, C.D., Esson, J., 1995. Complex cementation textures and authigenic mineral assemblages in recent concretions from the Lincolnshire Wash (east coast, UK) driven by Fe(0) to Fe(II) oxidation. Journal of the Geological Society of London 152, 157-171.
4. Aller, R.C., Blair, N.E., 2006. Carbon remineralization in the Amazon-Guianas tropical mobile mudbelt: a sedimentary incinerator. Continental Shelf Research 26, 2241-2259.
5. Anderson, W.T., Fourqurean, J.W., 2003. Intra-and interannual variability in seagrass carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes from South Florida: a preliminary study. Organic Geochemistry 34, 185-194.
6. Andrews, J.E., Burgess, D., Cave, R.R., Coombes, E.G., Jickells, T.D., Parkes, D.J., Turner, R.K., 2006. Biogeochemical value of managed realignment, Humber estuary, UK. Science of the Total Environment 371, 19-30.
7. Andrews, J.E., Greenaway, A.M., Dennis, P.F., 1998. Combined carbon isotope and C/N ratios as indicators of source and fate of organic matter in a poorly flushed, tropical estuary: Hunts Bay, Kingston Harbour, Jamaica. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 46, 743-756.
8. Andrews, J.E., Samways, G., Dennis, P.F., Maher, B.A., 2000. Origin, abundance and storage of organic carbon and sulphur in the Holocene Humber estuary: emphasizing human impact on storage changes. In: Shennan, I., Andrews, J.E. (Eds.), Holocene Land-Ocean Interaction and Environmental Change Around the North Sea. Special Publication 166. Geological Society, London, pp. 145-170.
9. Andrews, J.E., Samways, G., Shimmield, G.B., 2008. Historical storage budgets of organic carbon, nutrient and contaminant elements in saltmarsh sediments: biogeochemical context for managed realignment, Humber Estuary, UK. Science of the Total Environment 405, 1-13.
10. Armstrong, W., 1988. Life in the Humber (A): salt-marshes. In: Jones, N.V. (Ed.), A Dynamic Estuary: Man, Nature and the Humber. Hull University Press, Hull, pp. 46-57.
11. Bada, J., Scoeninger, M., Schimmelmann, A., 1989. Isotopic fractionation during peptide bond hydrolysis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53, 3337-3341.
12. Bannon, R.O., Roman, C.T., 2008. Using stable isotopes to monitor anthropogenic nitrogen inputs to estuaries. Ecological Applications 18, 22-30.
13. Bartlett, K.B., Bartlett, D.S., Harriss, R.C., Sebacher, D.I., 1987. Methane emissions along a salt marsh salinity gradient. Biogeochemistry 4, 183-202.
14. Bartlett, K.H., Harriss, R.C., 1993. Review and assessment of methane emissions from wetlands. Chemosphere 26, 261-320.
15. Bartlett, K.B., Harriss, R.C., Sebacher, D.I., 1985. Methane flux from coastal salt marshes. Journal of Geophysical Research 90, 5710-5720.
16. Barrón, C., Middelburg, J.J., Duarte, C.M., 2006. Phytoplankton trapped within seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) sediments are a nitrogen source: an in situ isotope labeling experiment. Limnology and Oceanography 51, 1648-1653.
17. Benner, R., Fogel, M.L., Sprague, E.K., 2001. Diagenesis of below ground biomass of Spartina alterniflora in salt-marsh sediments. Limnology and Oceanography 36, 1358-1374.
18. Benner, R., Fogel, M.L., Sprague, E.K., Hudson, R.E., 1987. Depletion of 13C in lignin and its implications for stable carbon isotope studies. Nature 329, 708-710.
19. Benner, R., Hodson, R.E., 1985. Microbial degradation of the leachable and lignocellulosic components of leaves and wood from Rhizophora mangrove in a tropical mangrove swamp. Marine Ecology Progress Series 23, 221-230.
20. Bianchi, T.S., 2007. Biogeochemistry of Estuaries. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 706 pp.
21. Boomer, I., Woodcock, L., 1999. The nature and origin of Stiffkey meals. Bulletin of the Norfolk Geological Society 49, 3-13.
22. Bordovsky, O.K., 1965. Sources of organic matter in marine basins. Marine Geology 3, 5-31.
23. Bouillon, S., Borges, A.V., Castaneda-Moya, E., Diele, K., Dittmar, T., Duke, N.C., Kristensen, E., Lee, S.Y., Marchand, C., Middelburg, J.J., Rivera-Monroy, V.H., Smith, T.J., Twilley, R.R., 2008. Mangrove production and carbon sinks: a revision of global budget estimates. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 22, GB2013. doi:10.1029/ 2007GB003052.
24. Bouillon, S., Rivera-Monroy, V.H., Twilley, R.R., Kairo, J.G., 2009. Mangroves. In: Laffoley, D.d'A., Grimsditch, G. (Eds.), The Management of Natural Coastal Carbon Sinks. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland, pp. 13-20.
25. Brandes, J.A., Devol, A.H., 1995. Simultaneous nitrate and oxygen respiration in coastal marine sediments: evidence for discrete diagenesis. Journal of Marine Research 53, 771-797.
26. Bratton, J.F., Colman, S.M., Seal, R.R., II, 2003. Eutrophication and carbon sources in Chesapeake Bay over the last 2700 yr: human impact in context. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 76, 3385-3402.
27. Brevick, E.C., Homburg, J.A., 2004. A 5000 year record of carbon sequestration from a coastal lagoon and wetland complex, Southern California, USA. Catena 57, 221-232.
28. Bridgham, S.D., Megonigal, J.P., Keller, J.K., Bliss, N.B., Trettin, C., 2006. The carbon balance of North American wetlands. Wetlands 26, 889-916.
29. Broecker, W.S., Peng, T.-H., 1982. Tracers in the Sea. Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Palisades. Eldigio Press, Palisades, NY, 690 pp.
30. Buda, A.R., DeWalle, D.R., 2009. Using atmospheric chemistry and storm track information to explain the variation of nitrate stable isotopes in precipitation at a site in central Pennsylvania, USA. Atmospheric Environment 43, 4453-4464.
31. Burnett, W.C., Aggarwal, P.K., Aureli, A., Bokuniewicz, H., Cable, J.E., Charette, M.A., Kontar, E., Krupa, S., Kulkarni, K.M., Loveless, A., Moore, W.S., Oberdorfer, J.A., Oliveira, J., Ozyurt, N., Povinec, P., Privitera, A.M.G., Rajar, R., Ramessur, R.T., Scholten, J., Stieglitz, T., Taniguchi, M., Turner, J.V., 1996. Quantifying submarine groundwater discharge in the coastal zone via multiple methods. Science of the Total Environment 367, 498-543.
32. Canfield, D.E., 1994. Factors influencing organic carbon preservation in marine sediments. Chemical Geology 114, 315-329.
33. Cartaxana, P., Lloyd, D., 1999. N2,N2O and O2 profiles in a Tagus estuary salt marsh. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 48, 751-756.
34. Cave, R.R., Andrews, J.E., Jickells, T.D., Coombes, E.G., 2005. A review of sediment contamination by trace metals in the Humber catchment and estuary, and implications for future estuary water quality. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 62, 547-557.
35. Chapman, V.J., 1977. Chapter 1. Introduction. In: Chapman, V.J., (ed.), Wet Coastal Ecosystems. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 1-27.
36. Cifuentes, L.A., Coffin, R.B., Solorzano, L., Cardenas, W., Espinoza, J., Twilley, R.R., 1996. Isotopic and elemental variations of carbon and nitrogen in a mangrove estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 43, 781-800.
37. Chmura, G.L., 2009. Tidal salt marshes. In: Laffoley, D.d'A., Grimsditch, G. (Eds.), The Management of Natural Coastal Carbon Sinks. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland. pp. 5-11.
38. Chmura, G.L., Aharon, P., 1995. Stable carbon isotope signatures of sedimentary carbon in coastal wetlands as indicators of salinity regime. Journal of Coastal Research 11, 124-135.
39. Chmura, D.G.L., Anisfeld, S.C., Cahoon, D.R., Lynch, J.C., 2003. Global carbon sequestration in tidal, saline wetland soils. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 17, 1111. doi:10.1029/2002GB001917.
40. Choi, Y., Wang, Y., 2004. Dynamics of carbon sequestration in a coastal wetland using radiocarbon measurements. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 18, GB4016. doi:10.1029/2004GB002261.
41. Choi, Y., Wang, Y., Hsieh, Y.P., Robinson, L., 2001. Vegetation succession and carbon sequestration in a coastal wetland in northwest Florida: evidence from carbon isotopes. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 15, 311-319.
42. Church, T.M., 1996. An underground route for the water cycle. Nature 380, 579-580.
43. Coffin, R.B., Fry, B., Peterson, B.J., Wright, R.T., 1989. Carbon isotope composition of estuarine bacteria. Limnology and Oceanography 34, 1305-1310.
44. Coleman, M.L., Hedrick, D.B., Lovley, D.R., White, D.C., Pye, K., 1993. Reduction of Fe III in sediments by sulfate reducing bacteria. Nature 361, 436-438.
45. Colman, A.S., Blake, R.E., Karl, D.M., Fogel, M.L., Turekian, K.K., 2005. Marine phosphate oxygen isotopes and organic matter remineralization in the oceans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102, 13023-13028.
46. Conley, D.J., Paerl, H.W., Howarth, R.W., Boesch, D.F., Saitzinger, S.P., Havens, K.E., Lancelot, C., Likens, G.E., 2009. Controlling eutrophication: nitrogen and phosphorus. Science 323, 1014-1015.
47. Connor, R.F., Chmura, G.L., Beecher, C.B., 2001. Carbon accumulation in Bay of Fundy salt marshes: implications for restoration of reclaimed marshes. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 15, 943-954.
48. Constanza, R., D'ardge, R., Degroot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Limburg, K., Naeem, S., O'neill, R.V., Paruelo, J., Raskin, R.G., Sutton, P., Belt, M.V.D., 1997. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387, 253-260.
49. Davis, R.A., Clifton, H.E., 1987. Sea-level change and the preservation of wave-dominated and tide-dominated coastal sequences. In: Nummendal, D., Pilkey, O.H., Howard, J.D. (Eds.), Sea-level Fluctuation and Coastal Evolution. Special Publication 41. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Tulsa, pp. 167-178.
50. Deines, P., 1980. The isotopic composition of reduced organic carbon. In: Fritz, P., Fontes, J.C. (Eds.), Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry. Elsevier, Switzerland, Amsterdam, vol. 1, pp. 329-406.
51. De La Rocha, C.L., Brzezinski, M.A., DeNiro, M.J., 2000. A first look at the distribution of the stable isotopes of silicon in natural waters. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 64, 2467-2477.
52. DeLaune, R.D., Patrick, W.H., Lindau, C.W., Smith, C.J., 1990. Nitrous oxide and methane emission from Gulf Coast wetlands. In: Bouwman, A.F. (Ed.), Soils and the Greenhouse Effect. Wiley, New York, NY, pp. 497-502.
53. DeLaune, R.D., Smith, C.J., Patrick, W.H., 1983. Methane release from Gulf coast wetlands. Tellus 35B, 8-15.
54. Dittmar, T., Lara, R.J., 2001. Molecular evidence for lignin degradation in sulfate reducing mangrove sediments (Amazonia, Brazil). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 65, 1403-1414.
55. Dixon, A.M., Leggett, D.J., Weight, R.C., 2007. Habitat creation opportunities for landward coastal re-alignment: Essex case studies. Water and Environment Journal 12, 107-112.
56. Donato, D.C., Kauffman, J.B., Murdiyarso, D., Kurnianto, S., Stidham, M., Kanninen, M., 2011. Mangroves among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics. Nature Geoscience 4, 293-297.
57. Dong, L.F., Nedwell, D.B., Underwood, G.J.C., Thornton, D.C.O., Iman, R., 2002. Nitrous oxide formation in the Colne estuary, England. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, 1240-1249.
58. Duarte, C.M., Chiscano, C.L., 1999. Seagrass biomass and production: a reassessment. Aquatic Botany 65, 159-174.
59. Duarte, C.M., Dennison, W.C., Orth, R.J.W., Carruthers, T.J.B., 2008. The charisma of coastal ecosystems: addressing the imbalance. Estuaries and Coasts 31, 233-238.
60. Duarte, C.M., Gattuso, J.P., 2008. Seagrass meadows. In: Cutler, J. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Earth. Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington, DC. http://www.eoearth.org/article/Seagrass_meadows (accessed September 2010).
61. Duarte, C.M., Middelburg, J., Caraco, N., 2005. Major role of marine vegetation on the oceanic carbon cycle. Biogeosciences 2, 1-8.
62. Emmett-Mattox, S., Crooks, S., Findsen, J., 2010. Wetland grasses and gases: are tidal wetlands ready for the carbon markets National Wetlands Newsletter 32, 6-10.
63. Fabre, A., Fromard, F., Trichon, V., 1999. Fractionation of phosphate in sediments of four representative mangrove stages (French Guiana). Hydrobiologia 392, 13-19.
64. Fenchel, T.M., King, G.M., Blackburn, T.H., 1998. Bacterial Biogeochemistry: The Ecophysiology of Mineral Cycling. Academic Press, New York, NY.
65. French, P.W., 2006. Managed realignment-the developing story of a comparatively new approach to soft engineering. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 67, 409-423.
66. Galloway, J.N., Schlesinger, W.H., Levy II, H., Michaels, A., Schnoor, J.L., 1995. Nitrogen fixation: anthropogenic enhancement-environmental response. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 9, 235-252.
67. Galloway, J.N., Townsend, A.R., Erisman, J.W., Bekunda, M., Cai, Z., Freney, J.R., Martinelli, L.A., Seitzinger, S.P., Sutton, M.A., 2008. Transformation of the nitrogen cycle: recent trends, questions and potential solutions. Science 320, 889-892.
68. Galy, V., France-Lanord, C., Bayssac, O., Faure, P., Kudraa, H., Palhol, F., 2007. Efficient organic carbon burial in the Bengal Fan sustained by the Himalayan erosional system. Nature 450, 407-410.
69. Gattuso, J.P., Gentili, B., Duarte, C.M., Kleypas, J.A., Middelburg, J.J., Antoine, D., 2006. Light availability in the coastal ocean: Impact on the distribution of benthic photosynthetic organisms and their contribution to primary production. Biogeosciences 3, 489-513.
70. Giani, L., Dittrich, K.,Martsfeld-Hartmann, A., Peters, G., 1996. Methonogenesis in slatmarsh soils of the North Sea coast of Germany. European Journal of Soil Science 47, 175-182.
71. Gonneea, M.E., Paytan, A., Herrera-Silveira, J.A., 2004. Tracing organic matter sources and carbon burial in mangrove sediments over the past 160 years. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 61, 211-227.
72. Grace, J., Lloyd, J., Mcintyre, J., Miranda, A.C., Meir, P., Miranda, H.S., Nobre, C., Moncrieff, J., Massheder, J., Malhi, Y., Wright, I., Gash, J., 1993. Carbon dioxide uptake by an undisturbed tropical rain forest in Southwest Amazonia, 1992 to 1993. Science 270, 778-780.
73. Green, E.P., Short, F.T., 2003. World Atlas of Seagrasses. University of California Press.
74. Halim, Y., 1991. The impact of human alterations of the hydrological cycle on ocean margins. In: Mantoura, R.F.C., Martin, J.-M., Wollast, R. (Eds.), Ocean Margin Processes in Global Change. Wiley, Chichester, pp. 301-327.
75. Harvey, H., Tuttle, J., Bell, J., 1995. Kinetics of phytoplankton decay during simulated sedimentation: changes in biochemical composition and microbial activity under oxic and anoxic conditions. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta 59, 3367-3377.
76. Hayes, J.M., 1983. Practice and principles of isotopic measurements in organic geochemistry. In: Meinschein, W.G. (Ed.), Organic Geochemistry of Contemporaneous and Ancient Sediments. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Bloomington, IN, 31 pp.
77. Heathwaite, A.L., Johnes, P.J., Peters, N.E., 1996. Trends in nutrients. Hydrological Processes 10, 263-293.
78. Hedges, J.I., 1992. Global biogeochemical cycles: progress and problems. Marine Chemistry 39, 67-93.
79. Hedges, J.I., Clark, W., Cowie, G., 1988. Fluxes and reactivities of organic matter in a coastal marine bay. Limnology and Oceanography 33, 1137-1152.
80. Hedges, J.I., Keil, R.G., 1995. Sedimentary organic matter preservation: an assessment and speculative synthesis. Marine Chemistry 49, 81-115.
81. Henrichs, S.M., Reeburgh, W.S., 1987. Anaerobic mineralization of marine sediment organic matter: rates and the role of anaerobic processes in the oceanic carbon economy. Geomicrobiology Journal 5, 191-237.
82. Hemminga, M.A., Mateo, M.A., 1996. Stable carbon isotopes in seagrasses: variability in ratios and use in ecological studies. Marine Ecology Progress Series 140, 285-298.
83. Hou, L.J., Liu, M., Yang, Y., Ou, D.N., Lin, X., Chen, H., Xu, S.Y., 2009. Phosphorus speciation and availability in intertidal sediments of the Yangtze Estuary, China. Applied Geochemistry 24, 120-128.
84. Houghton, J.T., Filho, L.G.M., Callander, B.A., Harris, N., Kattenburg, A., Maskell, K., 1995. The Science of Climate Change: Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 584 pp.
85. Howard, J.D., Frey, R.W., Reineck, H.E., 1972. Georgia coastal region, Sapelo Island, USA. Sedimentology and biology, 1. Introduction. Senckenbergiana Maritima 4, 3-14.
86. Howarth, R.W., 2008. Coastal nitrogen pollution: a review of sources and trends globally and regionally. Harmful Algae 8, 14-20.
87. Howes, B.L., Dacey, J.W.H., Teal, J.M., 1985. Annual carbon mineralization and belowground production of Spartina alterniflora. Ecology 66, 595-605.
88. Hulme, M., Jenkins, G., Lu, X., Turnpenny, J.R., Mitchell, T.D., Jones, R.G., Lowe, J., Murphy, J.M., Hassell, D., Boorman, P., Mcdonald, R., Hill, S., 2002. Climate change scenarios for the United Kingdom. The UKCIP02 Scientific Report. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich.
89. Humborg, C., Conley, D.J., Rahm, L., Wulff, F., Cociasu, A., Ittekkot, V., 2000. Silicon retention in river basins: far-reaching effects on biogeochemistry and aquatic food webs in coastal marine environments. AMBIO 29, 45-50.
90. Hussein, A.H., Rabenhorst, M.C., 2002. Modeling of nitrogen sequestration in coastal marsh soils. Soil Science America Journal 66, 324-330.
91. Inman, D.L., Jenkins, S.A., 1999. Climate change and the episodicity of sediment flux of small California rivers. Journal of Geology 107, 251-270.
92. Jensen, L.A., Schmidt, L.B., Hollesen, J., Eberling, B., 2006. Accumulation of soil organic carbon linked to Holocene sea level changes in West Greenland. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 38, 378-383.
93. Jickells, T., 2005. External inputs as a contributor to eutrophication problems. Journal of Sea Research 54, 58-69.
94. Jickells, T., Andrews, J., Samways, G., Sanders, R., Malcom, S., Sivyer, D., Parker, R., Nedwell, D., Trimmer, M., Ridgway, J., 2000. Nutrient fluxes through the Humber Estuary-past, present and future. AMBIO 29, 130-135.
95. Jickells, T.D., 1998. Nutrient biogeochemistry of the coastal zone. Science 281, 217-222.
96. Jickells, T.D., Kelly, S.D., Baker, A.R., Biswas, K.F., Dennis, P.F., Spokes, L.J., Witt, M., Yeatman, S.G., 2003. Isotopic evidence for a marine ammonia source. Geophysical Research Letters 30, 1374. doi:10.1029/2002GL016728.
97. Jickells, T.D., Rae, J.E., 1997. Biogeochemistry of intertidal sediments. In: Jickells, T.D., Rae, J.E. (Eds.), Biogeochemistry of Intertidal Sediments. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1-15.
98. Johannsen, A., Dähnke, K., Emis, K., 2008. Isotopic composition of nitrate in five German rivers discharging into the North Sea. Organic Geochemistry 39, 1678-1689.
99. Kaplan, I., 1983. Stable isotopes of sulfur, nitrogen and deuterium in recent marine environments. In: Arthur, M.A., Anderson, T.F., Kaplan, I.R., Veizer, J., Land, L.S. (Eds.), Stable Isotopes in Sedimentary Geology. Short Course Notes 10. Society of Economic and Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Dallas, pp. 2-1-2-108.
100. Keil, R.G., Mayer, L.M., Quay, P.D., Richey, J.E., Hedges, J.I., 1997. Loss of organic matter from riverine particles in deltas. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61, 1507-1511.
101. Kemp, W.M., Boynton, W.R., Adolf, J.E., Boesch, D.F., Boicourt, W.C., Brush, G., Cornwell, J.C., Fisher, T.R., Glibert, P.M., Hagy, J.D., Harding, L.W., Houde, E.D., Kimmel, D.G., Miller, W.D., Newell, R.I.E., Roman, M.R., Smith, E.M., Stevenson, J.C., 2005. Eutrophication of Chesapeake Bay: historical trends and ecological interactions. Marnie Ecology Progress Series 303, 1-29.
102. Kennedy, H., Beggins, J., Duarte, C.M., Fourqurean, J.W., Holmer, M., Marba, N., Middelburg, J.J., 2010. Seagrass sediments as a global carbon sink: isotopic constraints. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 24, GB 4026. doi:4010.1029/2010GB003848.
103. Kim, W., Mohrig, D., Twilley, R., Paola, C., Parker, G., 2009. Is it feasible to build new land in the Mississippi River delta? EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 90, 373-374.
104. Kineke, G.C., Sternberg, R.W., Trowbridge, J.H., Geyer, W.R., 1996. Fluid-mud processes on the Amazon continental shelf. Continental Shelf Research 16, 667-696.
105. Kristensen, E., Bouillon, S., Dittmar, T., Marchand, C., 2008. Organic carbon dynamics in mangrove ecosystems: a review. Aquatic Botany 89, 201-219.
106. Krom, M.D., Stanley, J.D., Cliff, R.A., Woodward, J.C., 2002. Nile river sediment fluctuations over the past 7000 yr and key role in sapropel development. Geology 30, 71-74.
107. Lehmann, M.F., Bernasconi, S., Barbieri, A., Mckenzie, J.A., 2002. Preservation of organic matter and alteration of its carbon and nitrogen isotope composition during simulated and in situ early diagenesis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 66, 3573-3584.
108. Létolle, R., 1980. Nitrogen-15 in the natural environment. In: Fritz, P., Fontes, J.C. (Eds.), Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry. The Terrestrial Environment A. Elsevier, Amsterdam, vol. 1, pp.407-433.
109. Liu, S.M., Yea, X.W., Zhang, J., Zhang, G.S., Wu, Y., 2008. The silicon balance in Jiaozhou Bay, North China. Journal of Marine Systems 74, 639-648.
110. Macko, S.E., Estep, M.L.F., 1984. Microbial alteration of stable nitrogen and carbon isotopic compositions of organic matter. Organic Geochemistry 6, 787-790.
111. Magenheimer, F., Moore, T.R., Chmura, G.L., Daoust, R.J., 1996. Methane and carbon dioxide flux from a macrotidal salt marsh, Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick. Estuaries 19, 139-145.
112. Marchand, C., Disnar, J.-R., Lallier-Verges, E., Lottier, N., 2005. Early diagenesis of carbohydrates and lignin in mangrove sediments subject to variable redox conditions (French Guiana). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 69, 131-142.
113. Masiello, C.A., Druffel, E.R.M., 2001. Isotope geochemistry of the Santa Clara River. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 15, 407-416.
114. Mayer, B., Boyer, E.B., Goodale, C., Jaworski, N.A., van Bremen, N., Howarth, R.W., Seitzinger, S., Billen, G., Lajtha, K., Nadelhoffer, K., van Dam, D., Hetling, L.J., Nosal, M., Paustian, K., 2002. Sources of nitrate in rivers draining sixteen watersheds in the northeastern U.S.: isotopic constraints. Biogeochemistry 57/58, 171-197.
115. Mayer, L.M., 1994. Surface area control of organic carbon accumulation in continental shelf sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58, 1271-1284.
116. Mayer, L.M., 1999. Extent of coverage of mineral surfaces by organic matter in marine sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63, 207-215.
117. McLaughlin, K., Cade-Menuna, B.J., Paytana, A., 2006. The oxygen isotopic composition of phosphate in Elkhorn Slough, California: a tracer for phosphate sources. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 70, 499-506.
118. Metcalfe, S.E., Ellis, S., Horton, B.P., Innes, J.B., McArthur, J., Mitlehner, A., Parkes, A., Pethick, J.S., Rees, J., Ridgway, J., Rutherford, M.M., Shennan, I., Tooley, M.J., 2000. The Holocene evolution of the Humber Estuary: reconstructing change in a dynamic environment. In: Shennan, I., Andrews, J.E. (Eds.), Holocene Land-Ocean Interaction and Environmental Change Around the North Sea. Special Publication 166. Geological Society, London, pp.97-118.
119. Meybeck, M., 2003. Global occurrence of major elements in rivers. In: Drever, J.I. (Ed.), Holland, H.D., Turekian, K.K. (Excec. Eds.), Surface and Ground Water, Weathering, and Soils, Vol. 5, Treatise on Geochemistry. Pergamon, 0xford, pp.207-223.
120. Middelburg, J.J., Nieuwenhuize, J., Lubberts, R.K., van de Plassche, O., 1997. Organic carbon isotope systematics of coastal marshes. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 45, 681-687.
121. Middelburg, J.J., Soetaert, K., Herman, P.M.J., Boschker, H.T.S., Heip, C.H.R., 2004. Burial of nutrients in coastal sediments: the role of primary producers. In: Nielsen, S., Banta, G., Pedersen, M. (Eds.), Estuarine Nutrient Cycling: The Influence of Primary Producers. Kluwer Academic, Amsterdam, pp.217-230.
122. Mitchell, S.B., 2005. Discussion on 'The effect of fresh water flow on siltation in the Humber estuary, Northeast UK' by Pontee NI, Whitehead PA and Hayes CM (ECSS vol. 60, 241-249). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 62, 725-729.
123. Möller, I., Spencer, T., French, J.R., Leggett, D.J., Dixon, M., 2001. The sea-defence values of salt marshes: field evidence from north Norfolk. Journal of the Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management 15, 109-116.
124. Monteith, D.T., Stoddard, J.L., Evans, C.D., de Wit, H.A., Forsius, M., Høgasen, T., Wilander, A., Skjelkvaale, B.-L., Jeffries, D.S., Vuorenmaa, J., Keller, B., Kopacek, J., Vesely, J., 2007. Dissolved organic carbon trends resulting from changes in atmospheric deposition chemistry. Nature 450, 537-540.
125. Mook, W.G., Tan, F.G., 1991. Stable carbon isotopes in rives and estuaries. In: Degens, E.T., Kempe, S., Richey, J.E. (Eds.), Biogeochemistry of Major World Rivers, Scope. Wiley, New York, NY, pp.245-264.
126. Moore, T.R., Heyes, A., Roulet, N.T., 1994. Methane emissions from wetlands, southern Hudson Bay lowland. Journal of Geophysical Research 99, 1455-1468.
127. Nedwell, D.B., Jickells, T.D., Trimmer, M., Sanders, R., 1999. Nutrients in Estuaries. In: Nedwell, D.B., Rafaelli, D.G., (Eds.) Advances in Ecological Research, Estuaries, 43-92. Academic Press, London.
128. Nellemann, C., Corcoran, E., Duarte, C.M., Valdes, L., DeYoung, C., Fonseca, L., Grimsditch, G. (Eds.), 2009. Blue Carbon. A Rapid Response Assessment. United Nations Environment Programme, GRID-Arendal. Birkeland Trykkeri AS, Norway, 80 pp.
129. Nicholls, R.J., Klein, R.J.T., 2005. Climate change and coastal management on Europe's coast. In: Vermat, J.E., Bouwer, L., Turner, K., Salomons, W. (Eds.), Managing European Coasts Past Present and Future. Springer, Berlin, pp.199-225.
130. Owens, N.J.P., 1987. Natural variations in 15N in the marine environment. Advances in Marine Biology 24, 389-451.
131. Paerl, H.W., 2006. Assessing and managing nutrient-enhanced eutrophication in estuarine and coastal waters: interactive effects of human and climatic perturbations. Ecological Engineering 26, 40-54.
132. Parkes, D.J., 2003. Storage and Cycling of Organic Carbon and Nutrients in Holocene Coastal Sediments. Ph.D. Thesis, University of East Anglia, 257 pp.
133. Pethick, J.S., 2002. Estuarine and tidal wetland restoration in the United Kingdom: policy versus practice. Restoration Ecology 10, 431-437.
134. Pontee, N.I., Whitehead, P.A., Hayes, C.M., 2004. The effect of freshwater flow on siltation in the Humber Estuary, north east UK. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 60, 241-249.
135. Prastka, K.E., Jickells, T.D., 1995. Sediment geochemistry of phosphorus at two intertidal sites on the Great Ouse estuary, S.E. England. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology 29, 245-255.
136. Prastka, K., Sanders, R., Jickells, T., 1998. Has the role of estuaries as sources or sinks of dissolved inorganic phosphorus changed over time? Results of a Kd study. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36, 718-728.
137. Pye, K., 1981. Marshrock formed by iron sulphide and siderite cementation in saltmarsh sediments. Nature 294, 650-652.
138. Pye, K., Dickson, J.A.D., Schiavon, N., Coleman, M.L., Cox, M., 1990. Formation of siderite-Mg-calcite-iron sulphide concretions in intertidal marsh and sandflat sediments, north Norfolk, England. Sedimentology 37, 325-343.
139. Rabalais, N.N., Atilla, N., Normandeau, C., Tuner, R.E., 2004. Ecosystem history of Mississippi River-influenced continental shelf revealed through preserved phytoplankton pigments. Marine Pollution Bulletin 49, 537-547.
140. Rabalais, N.N., Turner, R.E., Dortch, Q., Justic, D., Bierman, V.J., Wiseman, W.J., 2002. Nutrient-enhanced productivity in the northern Gulf of Mexico: past, present and future. Hydrobiologia 475 (6), 39-63.
141. Rabouille, C., Mackenzie, F.T., Ver, L.M., 2001. Influence of the human perturbation on carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen biogeochemical cycles in the global coastal ocean. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 65, 3615-3641.
142. Ragueneau, O., Conley, D.J., Leynaert, A., Longphuirt, S.N., Slomp, C.P., 2006. Role of diatoms in silicon cycling and coastal marine food webs. In: Ittekkot, V., Unger, D., Humborg, C., An, N.T. (Eds.), The Silicon Cycle: Human Perturbations and Impacts on Aquatic systems. Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) Series Volume 66. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp.163-194.
143. Reading, H.G., Collinson, J.D., 1996. Clastic coasts. In: Reading, H.G. (Ed.), Sedimentary Environments: Processes, Facies and Stratigraphy. Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp.154-231.
144. Roden, E.E., Tuttle, J.H., Boynton, W.R., Kemp, W.M., 1995. Carbon cycling in mesohaline Chesapeake Bay sediments. 1: POC deposition rates and mineralization pathways. Journal of Marine Research 53, 799-819.
145. Ruttenberg, K.C., 1992. Development of a sequential extraction method for different forms of phosphorus in marine sediments. Limnology and Oceanography 37, 1460-1482.
146. Sanchez-Arcilla, A., Jimenez, J., Valdemoro, H.I., 1998. The Ebro delta: morphodynamics and vulnerability. Journal of Coastal Research 14, 754-772.
147. Sanders, R., Klein, C., Jickells, T., 1997. Biogeochemical nutrient cycling in the upper Great Ouse estuary, Norfolk, UK Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 44, 543-555.
148. Seitzinger, S.P., Harrison, J.A., Dumont, E., Beusen, A.H.W., Bouwman, A.F., 2005. Sources and delivery of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus to the coastal zone: an overview of Global Nutrient Export from Watersheds (NEWS) models and their application. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19, GB4S01. doi:10.1029/ 2005GB002606.
149. Seitzinger, S.P., Kroeze, C., Styles, R.V., 2000. Global distribution of N2O emissions from aquatic systems: natural emissions and anthropogenic effects. Chemosphere-Global Change Science 2, 267-279.
150. Senior, E., Lindstrom, E.B., Banat, I.M., Nedwell, D.B., 1982. Sulphate reduction and methanogenesis in the sediment of a saltmarsh on the east coast of the United Kingdom. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 43, 987-996.
151. Sharp, J.H., Culberson, C.H., Church, T.M., 1982. The chemistry of the Delaware Estuary. General considerations. Limnology and Oceanography 27, 1015-1028.
152. Sigleo, A.C., Macko, S.A., 2002. Carbon and nitrogen isotopes in suspended particles and colloids, Chesapeake and San Francisco estuaries, USA. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 54, 701-711.
153. Sigman, D.M., DiFiore, P.J., Hain, M.P., Deutsch, C., Wang, Y., Karl, D.M., Knapp, A.M., Lehmann, M.F., Pantoja, S., 2009. The dual isotopes of deep nitrate as a constraint on the cycle and budget of oceanic fixed nitrogen. Deep Sea Research 56, 1419-1439.
154. Silfer, J., Engel, M., Macko, S., 1992. Kinetic fractionation of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes during peptide bond hydrolysis: experimental evidence and geochemical implications. In: Macko, S., Engel, M. (Eds.), Isotope Fractionations in Organic Matter; Biosynthetic and Diagenetic Processes. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp.211-221.
155. Silva, C.A.R., Sampaio, L.S., 1998. Speciation of phosphorus in a tidal floodplain forest in the Amazon estuary. Mangroves and Salt Marshes 2, 51-57.
156. Slomp, C.P., Van Cappellen, P., 2004. Nutrient inputs to the coastal ocean through submarine groundwater discharge: controls and potential impact. Journal of Hydrology 295, 64-86.
157. Smith, C.J., Delaune, R.D., Patrick, W.H., 1983. Nitrous oxide emission from Gulf Coast wetlands. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 47, 1805-1814.
158. Spiker, E.C., Hatcher, P., 1987. The effects of early diagenesis on the chemical and stable carbon isotopic composition of wood. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51, 1385-1391.
159. Spokes, L.J., Jickells, T.D., 2005. Is the atmosphere really an important source of reactive nitrogen to coastal waters? Continental Shelf Research 25, 2022-2035.
160. Stanley, D.J., 1996. Nile delta: extreme case of sediment entrapment on a delta plain and consequent costal land loss. Marine Geology 129, 189-195.
161. Syvitski, J.P.M., Vörösmarty, C.J., Kettner, A.J., Green, P., 2005. Impact of humans on the flux of terrestrial sediment to the global coastal ocean. Science 308, 376-380.
162. Tappin, A.D., 2002. An examination of the fluxes of nitrogen and phosphorous in temperate and tropical estuaries: current estimates and uncertainties. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 55, 885-901.
163. Thomas, H., Schiettecatte, L.-S., Suykens, K., Koné, J.M., Shadwick, E.H., Prowe, A.E.F., Bozec, Y., de Baar, H.J.W., Borges, A.V., 2009. Enhanced ocean carbon storage from anaerobic alkalinity generation in coastal sediments. Biogeosciences 3, 267-274.
164. Thornton, S.F., McManus, J., 1994. Application of organic carbon and nitrogen stable isotope and C/N ratios as source indicators of organic matter provenance in estuarine systems: evidence from the Tay Estuary, Scotland. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 38, 219-233.
165. Tõnisson, H., Orviku, K., Jaagus, J., Suursaar, ü., Kont, A., Rivis, R., 2008. Coastal damages on Saaremaa Island, Estonia, caused by the extreme storm and flooding on January 9, 2005. Journal of Coastal Research 24, 602-614.
166. Traykovski, P., Geyer, W.R., Irish, J.D., Lynch, J.F., 2000. The role of wave-induced density-driven fluid mud flows for cross-shelf transport on the Eel River continental shelf. Continental Shelf Research 20, 2113-2140.
167. Turner, G., Bergersen, F., Tantala, H., 1983. Natural enrichment of 15Nduring decomposition of plant material in soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 15, 495-497.
168. Turner, R.E., Rabalais, N.N., 1994. Coastal eutrophication near the Mississippi river delta. Nature 368, 619-621.
169. Turner, R.E., Rabalais, N.N., Justic, D., Dortch, Q., 2003. Global patterns of dissolved N, P and Si in large rivers. Biogeochemistry 64, 297-317.
170. Twilley, R.R., Chen, R.H., Hargis, T., 1992. Carbon sinks in mangroves and their implications to the carbon budget of tropical coastal ecosystems. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 64, 265-288.
171. Valiela, I., Bowen, J.I., Cork, J.K., 2001. Mangrove forests: One of the world's. threatened major tropical environments. Bioscience 51, 807-815.
172. Voss, M., Larson, B., Leivuori, M., Vallius, H., 2000. Stable isotope signals of eutrophication in Baltic Sea sediments. Journal of Marine Systems 25, 287-298.
173. Walsh, J.J., 1991. Importance of continental margins in the marine biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nitrogen. Nature 350, 53-55.
174. Waycott, M., Duarte, C.M., Carruthers, T.J.B., Orth, R.J., Dennison, W.C., Olyarnik, S., Calladine, A., Fourqurean, J.W., Heck, K.L., Hughes, A.R., Kendrick, G.A., Kenworthy, W.J., Short, F.T., Williams, S.L., 2009. Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106, 12377-12381.
175. Whiting, G.J., Chanton, J.P., 2001. Greenhouse carbon balance of wetlands: methane emission versus carbon sequestration. Tellus 53B, 521-528.
176. Wollast, R., 2002. Continental margins-review of geochemical settings. In: Wefer, G., Billet, D., Hebbeln, D., Jørgesen, B.B., Schülter, M., van Weering, T.C.E. (Eds.), Ocean Margin Systems. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 5-31.
177. Zekster, I.S., Loaiciga, H.A., 1993. Groundwater fluxes in eth global hydrological cycle - past, present and future. Journal of Hydrology 144, 405-427.
178. Zhou, J., Wu, Y., Zhang, J., Kang, Q., Liu, Z., 2006. Carbon and nitrogen composition and stable isotope as potential indicators of source and fate of organic matter in the salt marsh of the Changjiang Estuary, China. Chemosphere 65, 310-317.