The patriotic health movement and China's socialist reconstruction: Fighting disease and transforming society, 1950-80

Public Health and National Reconstruction in Post-War Asia: International Influences, Local Transformations

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 34-51

  Bu, Liping ^a  

^a ALMA COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84961142015     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9781315867694     Document Type: Chapter

References (55)

1. Works on China and the Korean War include Shu Guang Zhang, Mao's Military Romanticism: China and the Korean War, 1950-1953 (University Press of Kansas, 1995);
2. Jian C., China's Road to the Korean War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996);
3. Allen Whiting, China Crosses the Yalu: The Decision to Enter the Korean War (Stanford University Press, 1960);
4. William Stueck, Rethinking the Korean War: A New Diplomatic and Strategic History (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2004)
5. Zhou Enlai Nianpu [Life of Zhou Enlai], vol. 1 (Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian, 1997), 233.
6. Different perspectives on the germ warfare include Yang Nianqun, "Disease Prevention, Social Mobilization and Spatial Politics: The Anti-Germ Warfare Incident of 1952 and the 'Patriotic Health Campaign,'" The Chinese Historical Review 11.2 (2004): 155-82;
7. Ruth Rogaski, "Nature, Annihilation, and Modernity: China's Korean War Germ-Warfare Experience Reconsidered," Journal of Asian Studies 61.2 (2002): 381-415;
8. Kathryn Weathersby, "Deceiving the Deceivers: Moscow, Beijing, Pyongyang, and the Allegations of Bacteriological Weapons Use in Korea," Cold War International History Project Bulletin 11: 176-84;
9. Stephen Ednicott and Edward Hageman, The United States and BiologicalWarfare: Secrets from the Early Cold War and Korea (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998)
10. The Chinese writer Lao She (1899-1966) vividly depicted people's enthusiasm in the public health campaigns to transform their society in the play, Long Xu Gou [Dragon Beard Ditch] (Lao She, Long Xu Gou, Beijing: Foreign Language Press, 1956.) The transformation of Long Xu Gou was presented as an allegory of socialist China.
11. ChenHaifeng, Zhongguo weisheng baojian shi [Medical and Public Health History of China] (Shanghai: Shanghai kexue jishu chubanshe, 1992), 107-27.
12. Corresponding to the Korean War in 1950-53, China carried out three major political campaigns against political enemies, economic abuses, and corruption. They were the Campaign of Suppression of Counterrevolutionaries, the Five-Anti Movement (against bribery, tax evasion, theft of state property, cheating on government contracts, and stealing of state economic information), and Three-Anti Movement (against corruption, waste, and obstructionist bureaucracy). These three campaigns ended when the Korean War was over, but the Patriotic Health Movement continued into the 1980s.
13. Bu L., "Korean War Anti-Germ Warfare Posters," in Hidden Treasure: The National Library of Medicine, Michael Sappol, ed. (New York: Blast Books, 2012): 198-99.
14. Poster 1 of a series of anti-TB posters produced by Shanghai Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 1954, see online exhibit at National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/chineseantitb/fourseries4.html, accessed October 9, 2013.
15. Yang Nianqun, Remaking "Patients" (Beijing: Renmin University Press, 2006), 275.
16. Meeting minutes of Beijing Municipal government-health part, 1949-53, Beijing Municipal Archives, 135-1-16.
17. Yip K.-C., ed., Disease, Colonialism, and the State: Malaria in Modern East Asia (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2009), 8.
18. Liu Yingjie, Zhongguo jiaoyu dashiji [History of Education in China] (Hangzhou: Zhejiang jiaoyu chubanshe, 1993), 1831;
19. Liao Qifa, Dangdai zhongguo saomang he nongcun chengren jiaoyu de huimo yu qianzhan [Literacy and Adult Education in Contemporary Rural China] (Chongqing: Xinan shifan daxue chubanshe, 2002), 10-11
20. Yu Bo and Xie Guodong, Zhongguo saomang jiaoyu [Literacy Education in China] (Harbin: Dongbei linye daxue chubanshe, 1998), 6.
21. Bu L. has researched early public health education in China. Her publications include "Public Health and Modernization: The First Campaigns in China, 1915-16," Social History of Medicine 22.2 (2009): 305-19;
22. "Cultural Communication in Picturing Health: W. W. Peter and the Public Health Campaigns in China, 1912-26," in Imagining Illness: Public Health and Visual Culture, David Serlin, ed. (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2010): 24-39;
23. "Social Darwinism, Public Health and Modernization in China, 1895-1925" in Uneasy Encounters: The Politics of Medicine and Health in China 1900-1937, Iris Borowy, ed. (Germany: Peter Lang, 2009): 93-124.
24. For images of germs and parasites displayed in Chinese health posters, targeting specific diseases, see website http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/chineseposters/prevention. html, accessed October 9, 2013. The National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health at Bethesda, Maryland, USA has a large collection of Chinese public health materials including posters, pamphlets and books.
25. Ma Longrui, "Training of Village Health Workers and Establishing Village Clinics," East China Health, vol. 1, No. 2 (February 1951): 22.
26. Haifeng C., Zhongguo weisheng baojian shi, 109.
27. Haifeng C., Zhongguo weisheng baojian shi, 111. Few national statistics on TB were available at that time, and the figures should be taken as estimated numbers.
28. Bu L., "Chinese Anti-Tuberculosis Flyers [1940s]," in Hidden Treasures: The National Library of Medicine, Michael Sappol, ed. (New York: Blast Books, 2012), 166.
29. Haifeng C., Zhongguo weisheng baojian shi, 111.
30. Mark Elvin and Ts'ui-jung L., eds., Sediments of Time: Environment and Society in Chinese History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 526.
31. Haifeng C., Zhongguo weisheng baojian shi, 112.
32. Mark Elvin and Ts'ui-jung L., Sediments of Time, 526.
33. Tu Changliang, "On the Size of Labor Union Sanatorium in the Raiway System," Anti-TB Newsletter, 1956, 4th issue.
34. Bu L. and Elizabeth Fee, "Get Well and Go Back to Work!" American Journal of Public Health 101, no. S1 (Supplement 1, December 2011, co-authored with Elizabeth Fee): S165.
35. Haifeng C., Zhongguo weisheng baojian shi, 112.
36. Rachel Core, "Bringing Health to the Masses: Tuberculosis Control in Shanghai, 1914-2014," in Medical Transitions in Twentieth Century China, Mary Bullock and Bridie Andrews, eds. (Indiana University Press, 2014).
37. Anti-Tuberculosis Newsletter, Chinese Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Beijing, 1950-70.
38. See the website "-Consumptive Disease": Chinese Anti-Tuberculosis Posters, 1950-80, at the National Library of Medicine http://www.nlm.nih.gov/ exhibition/chineseantitb/index.html, accessed October 9, 2013.
39. Haifeng C., Zhongguo weisheng baojian shi, 112.
40. Nancy Tomes, "Moralizing the Microbe: The Germ Theory and the Moral Construction of Behavior in the Late Nineteenth Century TuberculosisMovement," in Morality and Health, edited by Allan Brandt and Paul Rozin (Routledge, 1997). See also her book, The Gospel of Germs (Harvard University Press, 1998).
41. Huilin Q.and Linhua T., "Prevention and Control of Malaria in China in the last 50 Years," Chinese Journal of Epidemiology 21.3 (2000): 225-27.
42. Linhua T., "Progress in Malaria Control in China," Chinese Medical Journal 113. 1 (2000): 89-92;
43. Huilin Q.and Linhua T., "Prevention and Control of Malaria in China in the last 50 Years," Chinese Journal of Epidemiology 21.3 (2000): 225.
44. Daniel G. Lai, Yu-Jen Li, and Wei Chang, "Hygiene and Public Health: A Malaria Survey in Kao-Chiao, Shanghai," Chinese Medical Journal 49.5 (1935): 462-69;
45. Stephen M. K. Hu, "Notes on the Relative Adult Density of Anopheles Hyrcanus Var. Sinensis Wiedemann During 1933 with Reference to Malaria Incidence in Kaochiao, Shanghai Area," Chinese Medical Journal 49. 5 (1935): 469-74;
46. Lan-Chou Feng, "Malaria and Its Transmission in Kwangsi China," Chinese Medical Journal 50.12 (1936): 1799-1814.
47. Zhongguo nueji de fangzhi yu yanjiu bianweihui [Editorial Committee on Malaria Prevention and Research in China], Zhongguo nueji de fangzhi yu yanjiu [Malaria Prevention and Research in China] (Beijing: Remin weisheng chubanshe, 1991), 1.
48. Statistics on malaria in China were sporadic and limited until after 1950.For statistics on malaria from 1950 to 2008, see Zhongguo weisheng tongji nianqian [Annual Medical Statistics of China] (Beijing: Zhongguo xiehe yike daxue chubanshe, 2009)
49. Author's interviews in July 2009 with physicians, Drs. Bao Wenjie, Li Quanchang, Tao Zige, and Zhang Xuebing at Nanjing Gulou Hospital who participated in the health campaigns in the 1950s-1970s.
50. On rural healthcare in China, see Xiaoping Fang, Barefoot Doctors and Western Medicine in China (New York: University of Rochester Press, 2012).
51. The WHO's program emphasized house spraying with residual insecticides, drug treatment and surveillance, and successive steps of preparation, attack, consolidation, and maintenance. Drug resistance, insecticide resistance, massive population movements, lack of sustained funding, and inadequate community participation were cited as the difficulties in maintaining the long-term effort of eradication. The WHO's eradication campaign was abandoned in 1968 to the program of control (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, http://www.cdc.gov/Malaria, accessed 8/15/2009).
52. Elisabeth Hsu, "Reflections on the 'Discovery' of the Antimalarial Qinghao," British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 61. 6 (2006): 666-70.
53. 43 Bu L. and Elizabeth Fee, "Communicating With Pictures: The Vision of Chinese Anti-Malaria Posters," American Journal of Public Health 100.3 (2010): 424-25. See also the online exhibition on Chinese anti-malaria campaigns and posters at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/chineseantimalaria/introduction. html, accessed October 9, 2013.
54. See also the online exhibition on Chinese anti-malaria campaigns and posters at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/chineseantimalaria/introduction. html, accessed October 9, 2013.
55. Jing Peng, Sheng Nian Zhang, Wei Lu, and Andrew T. L. Chen, "Public Health in China: The Shanghai CDC Perspective," American Journal of Public Health 93.12 (December 2003): 1991-93.