Impact of conflict on medical education: A cross-sectional survey of students and institutions in Iraq

BMJ Open

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2016, Pages

  Barnett Vanes, Ashton ^a,b,c   Hassounah, Sondus ^a   Shawki, Marwan ^d   Ismail, Omar Abdulkadir ^d   Fung, Chi ^a   Kedia, Tara ^e   Rawaf, Salman ^a   Majeed, Azeem ^a  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b ST GEORGE'S UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c ROYAL SOCIETY OF MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF BAGHDAD   (Iraq)

^e DARTMOUTH MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CAREER; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIRECTORY; E-MAIL; HUMAN; IRAQ; LANDSCAPE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MEDICAL SCHOOL; MENTAL CAPACITY; MENTAL STRESS; SAFETY; STAFF; STATISTICS; STUDENT; WELFARE; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; CURRICULUM; HEALTH PERSONNEL ATTITUDE; MEDICAL STUDENT; PSYCHOLOGY; STANDARDS; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; WAR;

ARMED CONFLICTS; ATTITUDE OF HEALTH PERSONNEL; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; CURRICULUM; EDUCATION, MEDICAL; HUMANS; IRAQ; SCHOOLS, MEDICAL; STUDENTS, MEDICAL;

EID: 84960460829     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20446055     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010460     Document Type: Review

References (47)

1. World Bank. Fragility, conflict and violence overview. 2015. http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/fragilityconflictviolence/overview.
2. Jackson A. The Cost of War Afghan Experiences of Conflict, 1978-2009. OXFAM, London; 2009.
3. Spiegel PB, Checchi F, Colombo S, etal. Health-care needs of people affected by conflict: future trends and changing frameworks. Lancet 2010;375:341-5.
4. UNESCO. The hidden crisis: Armed conflict and education. UNESCO, Paris; 2011.
5. Krause K, Muggah R, Gilgen E. The Global Burden of Armed Violence. Geneva Declaration, Geneva; 2011.
6. Leaning J, Guha-Sapir D. Natural disasters, armed conflict, and public health. N Engl J Med 2013;369:1836-42.
7. Salama P, Spiegel P, Talley L, et al. Lessons learned from complex emergencies over past decade. Lancet 2004;364:1801-13.
8. Brundtland GH, Glinka E, Hausen HZ, et al. Open letter: let us treat patients in Syria. Lancet 2013;382:1019-20.
9. Arie S. Polio outbreak leads to calls for a "vaccination ceasefire" in Syria. BMJ 2013;347:f6682.
10. Marusic M. War and medical education in Croatia. Acad Med 1994;69:111-13.
11. Marusic A, Marusic M. Clinical teaching in a time of war. Clin Teach 2004;1:19-22.
12. Challoner KR, Forget N. Effect of civil war on medical education in Liberia. Int J Emerg Med 2011;4:6..
13. [No authors listed]. Growth of aid and the decline of humanitarianism. Lancet 2010;375:253.
14. Djalali A, Ingrassia PL, Corte FD, et al. Identifying deficiencies in national and foreign medical team responses through expert opinion surveys: implications for education and training. Prehosp Disaster Med 2014;29:364-8.
15. Chu K, Stokes C, Trelles M, etal. Improving effective surgical delivery in humanitarian disasters: lessons from Haiti. PLoS Med 2011;8(4):e1001025.
16. Rodon J, Maria Serrano JF, Giménez C. Managing cultural conflicts for effective humanitarian aid. IntJ Prod Econ 2012;139:366-76.
17. Diehl HS. The role of medical education in the war. Acad Med 1942;17:917-18.
18. Shehadi SI. Anatomy of a hospital in distress-the story of the American University of Beirut Hospital during the Lebanese civil war. Middle East J Anaesthesiol 1983;7:21-7.
19. Batley NJ, Makhoul J, Latif SA. War as a positive medical educational experience. Med Educ 2008;42:1166-71.
20. Richards LJ, Wall SN. Iraqi medical education under the intellectual embargo. Lancet 2000;355(9209):1093-4.
21. Levy BS, Sidel VW. Adverse health consequences of the Iraq War. Lancet 2013;381:949-58.
22. Relief Web. Iraq: Emergency response by humanitarian partners (March to July 2015). http://reliefweb.int/report/iraq/iraq-emergency-response-humanitarian-partners-march-july-2015 (accessed 17 Sep. 2015).
23. Hasnawi SA. Physicians shortage in Iraq: impact and proposed solutions. Iraqi J Community Med 2013;26:214-18.
24. Frenk J, Chen L, Bhutta ZA, et al. Health professionals for a new century: transforming education to strengthen health systems in an interdependent world. Lancet 2010;376:1923-58.
25. Crisp N, Chen L. Global supply of health professionals. N Engl J Med 2014;370(10):950-7.
26. Castillo-Laborde C. Human resources for health and burden of disease: an econometric approach. Hum Resour Health 2011;9:4.
27. Hasegawa GR. The civil war's medical cadets: medical students serving the Union. J Am Coll Surg 2001;193:81-9.
28. The Guardian. The Iraqi brain drain. http://www.theguardian. com/world/2006/mar/24/iraq.jonathansteele (accessed 16 Sep. 2006).
29. World Health Organization. Conflict and humanitarian crisis in Iraq. http://who.int/hac/crises/irq/iraq-phra-24october2014.pdf (accessed 17th September, 2015).
30. UN agencies 'broke and failing' in face of ever-growing refugee crisis. http://www.theguardian. com/world/2015/sep/06/refugee-crisisun-agencies-broke-failing (accessed 17 Sep. 2015).
31. Abdalla ME, Suliman RA. Overview of medical schools in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of the World Health Organization. East Mediterr Health J 2013;19:1020-5.
32. Iraq launches new offensive to drive Isis from Anbar province. http://www.theguardian. com/world/2015/jul/13/iraq-launches-newoffensive-to-drive-isis-from-anbar-province (accessed 17 Sep. 2015).
33. Engel LC, Rutkowski D, Rutkowski L. The harsher side of globalisation: violent conflict and academic achievement. Global Soc Educ 2009;7:433-56.
34. Webster P. Medical faculties decimated by violence in Iraq. CMAJ 2009;181:576-8.
35. O'Neill LD, Wallstedt B, Eika B, et al. Factors associated with dropout in medical education: a literature review. Med Educ 2011;45:440-54.
36. Martin A, Post N, Martin M. Syria: what should health care professionals do? J Glob Health 2014;4:010302.
37. Burch VC, McKinley D, van Wyk J, et al. Career intentions of medical students trained in six sub-Saharan African countries. Educ Health (Abingdon) 2011;24:614.
38. Eliason S, Tuoyire DA, Awusi-Nti C, et al. Migration intentions of Ghanaian medical students: the influence of existing funding mechanisms of medical education ("the fee factor) ". Ghana Med J 2014;48:78-84.
39. Sheikh A, Naqvi SH, Sheikh K, et al. Physician migration at its roots: a study on the factors contributing towards a career choice abroad among students at a medical school in Pakistan. Global Health 2012;8:43.
40. Al-Khalisi N. The Iraqi medical brain drain: a cross-sectional study. Int J Health Serv 2013;43:363-78.
41. Malik S, Doocy S, Burnham G. Future plans of Iraqi physicians in Jordan: predictors of migration. IntMigr 2014;52:1-8.
42. Ali Jadoo SA, Aljunid SM, Dastan I, et al. Job satisfaction and turnover intention among Iraqi doctors-a descriptive cross-sectional multicentre study. Hum Resour Health 2015;13:21.
43. List of Registered Medical Practitioners-statistics. http://www.gmc-uk.org/doctors/register/search-stats.asp (accessed 31 Aug. 2015).
44. Zarocostas J. Exodus of medical staff strains Iraq's health facilities. BMJ 2007;334(7599):865.
45. World Bank. Data, Physicians (per 1, 000 people). http://data. worldbank.org/indicator/SH. MED. PHYS. ZS (accessed 17 Sep. 2015).
46. Boulet J, Bede C, McKinley D, et al. An overview of the world's medical schools. Med Teach 2007;29:20-6.
47. World Bank. Data-Crude Birth Rate per 1000 people. http://data. worldbank.org/indicator/SP. DYN. CBRT. IN (accessed 26 Nov. 2015).