메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 164, Issue , 2016, Pages 439-444

The safety and regulatory process for low calorie sweeteners in the United States

Author keywords

Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS); Potency; Regulatory; Safety

Indexed keywords

ACESULFAME; ASPARTAME; FOOD ADDITIVE; NEOTAME; SACCHARIN; SUCRALOSE; SWEETENING AGENT; NONNUTRITIVE SWEETENER;

EID: 84960157841     PISSN: 00319384     EISSN: 1873507X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.02.039     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (49)

References (32)
  • 1
    • 84979145620 scopus 로고
    • Ueber die Oxydation des Orthotoluolsulfamide
    • cited in: Kauffman and Priebe, 1978 [Ref. #84]
    • [1] Fahlberg, C., Remsen, I., Ueber die Oxydation des Orthotoluolsulfamide. Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. Berlin 12 (1879), 469–473 cited in: Kauffman and Priebe, 1978 [Ref. #84].
    • (1879) Ber. Dtsch. Chem. Ges. Berlin , vol.12 , pp. 469-473
    • Fahlberg, C.1    Remsen, I.2
  • 2
    • 84989800922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the oxidation of substitution products of aromatic hydrocarbons, IV.-On the oxidation of orthotoluenesulphamide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1 (1880) 426–438, cited in: Kauffman and Priebe, 1978 [Ref. #85 as: Am Chem J].
    • [2] I. Remsen, C. Fahlberg, On the oxidation of substitution products of aromatic hydrocarbons, IV.-On the oxidation of orthotoluenesulphamide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1 (1880) 426–438, cited in: Kauffman and Priebe, 1978 [Ref. #85 as: Am Chem J].
    • Remsen, I.1    Fahlberg, C.2
  • 3
    • 84989791749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C. Fahlberg (Inventor); New York. Saccharine Compound. US Patent 326,281, 1885, [Sep. 15, 1885].
    • [3] C. Fahlberg (Inventor); New York. Saccharine Compound. US Patent 326,281, 1885, http://www.freepatentsonline.com/0326281.html [Sep. 15, 1885].
  • 4
    • 0018042292 scopus 로고
    • The discovery of saccharin: a centennial retrospect
    • [4] Kauffman, G.B., Priebe, P.M., The discovery of saccharin: a centennial retrospect. Ambix 25 (1978), 191–207.
    • (1978) Ambix , vol.25 , pp. 191-207
    • Kauffman, G.B.1    Priebe, P.M.2
  • 6
    • 77957329681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gain weight by “going diet?” Artificial sweeteners and the neurobiology of sugar cravings: neuroscience 2010
    • [6] Yang, Q., Gain weight by “going diet?” Artificial sweeteners and the neurobiology of sugar cravings: neuroscience 2010. Yale J. Biol. Med. 83 (2010), 101–108.
    • (2010) Yale J. Biol. Med. , vol.83 , pp. 101-108
    • Yang, Q.1
  • 7
    • 84876015230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adverse effects of high-intensity sweeteners on energy intake and weight control in male and obesity-prone female rats
    • [7] Swithers, S.E., Sample, C.H., Davidson, T.L., Adverse effects of high-intensity sweeteners on energy intake and weight control in male and obesity-prone female rats. Behav. Neurosci. 127 (2013), 262–274.
    • (2013) Behav. Neurosci. , vol.127 , pp. 262-274
    • Swithers, S.E.1    Sample, C.H.2    Davidson, T.L.3
  • 8
    • 84876021542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutrition therapy [Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee]
    • [8] Dworatzek, P.D., Arcudi, K., Gougeon, R., Husein, N., Sievenpiper, J.L., Williams, S.L., Nutrition therapy [Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee]. Can. J. Diabetes 37 (2013), S45–S55.
    • (2013) Can. J. Diabetes , vol.37 , pp. S45-S55
    • Dworatzek, P.D.1    Arcudi, K.2    Gougeon, R.3    Husein, N.4    Sievenpiper, J.L.5    Williams, S.L.6
  • 9
    • 0642294255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advances in Sweeteners
    • Blackie Academic and Professional, London, UK London, UK
    • [9] Grenby, T.H., Advances in Sweeteners. 1996, Blackie Academic and Professional, London, UK, London, UK.
    • (1996)
    • Grenby, T.H.1
  • 10
    • 84920300157 scopus 로고
    • Cyclamic acids and its salts [No longer GRAS] [21 CFR Part 121—food additives]
    • [10] U.S. FDA, Cyclamic acids and its salts [No longer GRAS] [21 CFR Part 121—food additives]. Fed. Regist. (US) 34 (1969), 17063–17064.
    • (1969) Fed. Regist. (US) , vol.34 , pp. 17063-17064
    • U.S. FDA1
  • 11
    • 84989791740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Part 189—Substances prohibited from use in human food. §189.135—Cyclamate and its derivatives, in: U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Title 21: Food and Drugs (Food and Drug Administration). U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC,.
    • [11] U.S. FDA, Part 189—Substances prohibited from use in human food. §189.135—Cyclamate and its derivatives, in: U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Title 21: Food and Drugs (Food and Drug Administration). U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?collectionCode=CFR.
    • FDA, U.S.1
  • 12
    • 84889519025 scopus 로고
    • The search for sweetness
    • [12] Chedd, G., The search for sweetness. New Sci. 62 (1974), 299–302.
    • (1974) New Sci. , vol.62 , pp. 299-302
    • Chedd, G.1
  • 13
    • 84944656608 scopus 로고
    • Saccharin, cyclamate and human bladder cancer: no evidence of an association
    • [13] Kessler, I.S., Clark, J.P., Saccharin, cyclamate and human bladder cancer: no evidence of an association. JAMA 240 (1978), 349–355.
    • (1978) JAMA , vol.240 , pp. 349-355
    • Kessler, I.S.1    Clark, J.P.2
  • 14
    • 84989771195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cyclamates, in: Some Chemicals that Cause Tumours of the Kidney or Urinary Bladder in Rodents and Some Other Substances, Meeting Oct. 13–20, 1998. (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol 73). World Health Organization (WHO), International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
    • [14] IARC, Cyclamates, in: Some Chemicals that Cause Tumours of the Kidney or Urinary Bladder in Rodents and Some Other Substances, Meeting Oct. 13–20, 1998. (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol 73). World Health Organization (WHO), International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France. 1999, 195–222 http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol73/index.php.
    • (1999) , pp. 195-222
    • IARC1
  • 15
    • 0040602052 scopus 로고
    • History of the commercial development of low-calorie foods [Cyclamates]
    • Altschul AM Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York (See p. 98)
    • [15] O'Brien Nabors, L., Lemieux, R., History of the commercial development of low-calorie foods [Cyclamates]. AM, Altschul, (eds.) Low Calorie Foods Handbook Food Science and Technology, Vol 56, 1993, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 91–108 (See p. 98).
    • (1993) Low Calorie Foods Handbook, Food Science and Technology , vol.56 , pp. 91-108
    • O'Brien Nabors, L.1    Lemieux, R.2
  • 16
    • 84989797914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence on the Carcinogenicity of Sodium Saccharin: Final. (Reconsideration). California Environmental Protection Agency (Cal/EPA), Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), Reproductive and Cancer Hazard Assessment Section, Sacramento
    • [16] Cal/EPA, Evidence on the Carcinogenicity of Sodium Saccharin: Final. (Reconsideration). California Environmental Protection Agency (Cal/EPA), Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA), Reproductive and Cancer Hazard Assessment Section, Sacramento. http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/hazard_ident/pdf_zip/SodiumSaccharin_FinalHID.pdf, 2003.
    • (2003)
    • Cal/EPA1
  • 17
    • 34748919072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The sweet taste receptor: a single receptor with multiple sites and modes of interaction
    • [17] Temussi, P., The sweet taste receptor: a single receptor with multiple sites and modes of interaction. Adv. Food Nutr. Res. 53 (2007), 199–239.
    • (2007) Adv. Food Nutr. Res. , vol.53 , pp. 199-239
    • Temussi, P.1
  • 18
    • 58749100809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FDA's food ingredient approval process: safety assurance based on scientific assessment
    • [18] Rulis, A.M., Levitt, J.A., FDA's food ingredient approval process: safety assurance based on scientific assessment. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 53 (2009), 20–31.
    • (2009) Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , vol.53 , pp. 20-31
    • Rulis, A.M.1    Levitt, J.A.2
  • 19
    • 84989771191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Part 180—Food additives permitted in food or in contact with food on an interim basis pending additional study. §180.37—Saccharin, ammonium saccharin, calcium saccharin, and sodium saccharin, in: U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Title 21: Food and Drugs (Food and Drug Administration), in: U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Title 21: Food and Drugs (Food and Drug Administration). U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC,.
    • [19] U.S. FDA, Part 180—Food additives permitted in food or in contact with food on an interim basis pending additional study. §180.37—Saccharin, ammonium saccharin, calcium saccharin, and sodium saccharin, in: U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Title 21: Food and Drugs (Food and Drug Administration), in: U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Title 21: Food and Drugs (Food and Drug Administration). U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?collectionCode=CFR.
    • FDA, U.S.1
  • 20
    • 84989800921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Part 170—Food additives. §170.30—Eligibility for classification as generally recognized as safe (GRAS), in: U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Title 21: Food and Drugs (Food and Drug Administration). U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC,.
    • [20] U.S. FDA, Part 170—Food additives. §170.30—Eligibility for classification as generally recognized as safe (GRAS), in: U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Title 21: Food and Drugs (Food and Drug Administration). U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC, http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?collectionCode=CFR.
    • FDA, U.S.1
  • 21
    • 85014662317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidance for Industry and Other Stakeholders: Toxicological Principles for the Safety Assessment of Food Ingredients: Redbook 2000 [Updated to July, 2007]
    • U.S. Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) Silver Spring
    • [21] U.S. FDA, Guidance for Industry and Other Stakeholders: Toxicological Principles for the Safety Assessment of Food Ingredients: Redbook 2000 [Updated to July, 2007]. 2000, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Silver Spring http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/IngredientsAdditivesGRASPackaging/ucm2006826.htm.
    • (2000)
    • U.S. FDA1
  • 22
    • 0025296895 scopus 로고
    • The health risks of saccharin revisited
    • [22] Ellwein, L.B., Cohen, S.M., The health risks of saccharin revisited. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 20 (1990), 311–326.
    • (1990) Crit. Rev. Toxicol. , vol.20 , pp. 311-326
    • Ellwein, L.B.1    Cohen, S.M.2
  • 23
    • 0025072903 scopus 로고
    • Acceptable daily intake and the regulation of intense sweetners
    • [23] Renwick, A.G., Acceptable daily intake and the regulation of intense sweetners. Food Addit. Contam. 7 (1990), 463–475.
    • (1990) Food Addit. Contam. , vol.7 , pp. 463-475
    • Renwick, A.G.1
  • 24
    • 0027381628 scopus 로고
    • An analysis of the risk of exceeding the acceptable or tolerable daily intake
    • [24] Renwick, A.G., Walker, R., An analysis of the risk of exceeding the acceptable or tolerable daily intake. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 18 (1993), 463–480.
    • (1993) Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , vol.18 , pp. 463-480
    • Renwick, A.G.1    Walker, R.2
  • 25
    • 84989779999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What We Eat in America: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): 2011–2012
    • U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Riverdale, 10/2 Riverdale (MD)
    • [25] USDA, What We Eat in America: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): 2011–2012. 2014, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Riverdale, 10/2, Riverdale (MD) http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=13793#release.
    • (2014)
    • USDA1
  • 26
    • 84989791744 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CDC, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): 2011–2012. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), Hyattsville, August 12, 2015,.
    • [26] CDC, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): 2011–2012. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), Hyattsville, August 12, 2015, http://wwwn.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/search/nhanes11_12.aspx.
  • 27
    • 84989800086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food safety (chapter 5)
    • Oxford University Press New York
    • [27] Pomeranz, J.L., Food safety (chapter 5). Food Law for Public Health, 2016, Oxford University Press, New York, 77–104.
    • (2016) Food Law for Public Health , pp. 77-104
    • Pomeranz, J.L.1
  • 28
    • 84989800920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generally Recognized as Secret: Chemicals Added to Food in the United States. (R:14-03-A)
    • Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) New York
    • [28] NRDC, Generally Recognized as Secret: Chemicals Added to Food in the United States. (R:14-03-A). 2014, Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), New York http://www.nrdc.org/food/files/safety-loophole-for-chemicals-in-food-report.pdf.
    • (2014)
    • NRDC1
  • 29
    • 84989774989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food additives permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption: sucralose; final rule [21 CFR Part 172; Docket No. 87F-0086]. Fed. Regist. (US) 63 (1998) 16417–16433.
    • [29] U.S. FDA, Food additives permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption: sucralose; final rule [21 CFR Part 172; Docket No. 87F-0086]. Fed. Regist. (US) 63 (1998) 16417–16433.
    • FDA, U.S.1
  • 30
    • 84989802110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How to Submit a GRAS Notice. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Silver Spring,.
    • [30] U.S. FDA, How to Submit a GRAS Notice. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Silver Spring, http://www.fda.gov/food/ingredientspackaginglabeling/gras/ucm083062.htm.
    • FDA, U.S.1
  • 31
    • 84989802109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Additional Information about High-Intensity Sweeteners Permitted for use in Food in the United States. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Silver Spring,.
    • [31] U.S. FDA, Additional Information about High-Intensity Sweeteners Permitted for use in Food in the United States. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Silver Spring, http://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/FoodAdditivesIngredients/ucm397725.htm.
    • FDA, U.S.1
  • 32
    • 84908325271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Artificial sweeteners induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota
    • [32] Suez, J., Korem, T., Zeevi, D., Zilberman-Schapira, G., Thaiss, C.A., Maza, O., et al. Artificial sweeteners induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota. Nature 514 (2014), 181–186.
    • (2014) Nature , vol.514 , pp. 181-186
    • Suez, J.1    Korem, T.2    Zeevi, D.3    Zilberman-Schapira, G.4    Thaiss, C.A.5    Maza, O.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.