Hepatitis e virus: An ancient hidden enemy in Latin America

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 22, Issue 7, 2016, Pages 2271-2283

  Fierro, Nora A ^a   Realpe, Mauricio ^b   Meraz Medina, Tzintli ^c   Roman, Sonia ^b   Panduro, Arturo ^b  

^a HOSPITAL CIVIL DE GUADALAJARA FRAY ANTONIO ALCALDE   (Mexico)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GUADALAJARA   (Mexico)

^c Faculty of Civil Engineering   (Mexico)

Author keywords

Emerging diseases; Hepatitis E virus chronic infection; Mexico; Viral genotypes; Zoonosis

Indexed keywords

HEPATITIS E ANTIBODY; HEPATITIS E VACCINE; ANTIVIRUS AGENT;

ANTIVIRAL THERAPY; CONTROL STRATEGY; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HEPATITIS E; HEPATITIS E VIRUS; HUMAN; HYGIENE; IMMUNOCOMPROMIZED PATIENT; INFECTION CONTROL; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; MIXED INFECTION; PHYLOGENY; REVIEW; SEROEPIDEMIOLOGY; SEROPREVALENCE; SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA; VIRUS PATHOGENESIS; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; WATER SUPPLY; ZOONOSIS; ANIMAL; GENETIC VARIATION; GENETICS; GENOTYPE; HEPATITIS, CHRONIC; PATHOGENICITY; RISK FACTOR; TRANSMISSION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VIROLOGY;

ANIMALS; ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; GENETIC VARIATION; GENOTYPE; HEPATITIS E; HEPATITIS E VIRUS; HEPATITIS, CHRONIC; HUMANS; LATIN AMERICA; RISK FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; ZOONOSES;

EID: 84959925040     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: 22192840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i7.2271     Document Type: Review

References (103)

1. Schmid R. History of viral hepatitis: a tale of dogmas and misinterpretations. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 16: 718-722 [PMID: 11446877]
2. Panduro A, Escobedo Meléndez G, Fierro NA, Ruiz Madrigal B, Zepeda-Carrillo EA, Román S. [Epidemiology of viral hepatitis in Mexico]. Salud Publica Mex 2011; 53 Suppl 1: S37-S45 [PMID: 21877071]
3. Dalton HR, Hunter JG, Bendall RP. Hepatitis E. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2013; 26: 471-478 [PMID: 23982238 DOI: 10.1097/01. qco.0000433308.83029.97]
4. Riveiro-Barciela M, Rodríguez-Frías F, Buti M. Hepatitis E virus: new faces of an old infection. Ann Hepatol 2013; 12: 861-870 [PMID: 24114815]
5. Purcell RH, Emerson SU. Hepatitis E: an emerging awareness of an old disease. J Hepatol 2008; 48: 494-503 [PMID: 18192058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2007.12.008]
6. Mirazo S, Ramos N, Mainardi V, Gerona S, Arbiza J. Transmission, diagnosis, and management of hepatitis E: an update. Hepat Med 2014; 6: 45-59 [PMID: 24966702 DOI: 10.2147/HMER.S63417]
7. Jagjit Singh GK, Ijaz S, Rockwood N, Farnworth SP, Devitt E, Atkins M, Tedder R, Nelson M. Chronic Hepatitis E as a cause for cryptogenic cirrhosis in HIV. J Infect 2013; 66: 103-106 [PMID: 22166370]
8. Shu X, Duan X, Song C, Li J, Jiang L, Yin G, Li W. Genetic heterogeneity of swine hepatitis E virus isolates from Yunnan province, China in 2011-2012. Virol J 2014; 11: 162 [PMID: 25187005 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422X-11-162]
9. Martínez Wassaf MG, Pisano MB, Barril PA, Elbarcha OC, Pinto MA, Mendes de Oliveira J, Digiusto P, Nates SV, Ré VE. First detection of hepatitis E virus in Central Argentina: environmental and serological survey. J Clin Virol 2014; 61: 334-339 [PMID: 25213209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.08.016]
10. Echevarría JM, González JE, Lewis-Ximenez LL, Dos Santos DR, Munné MS, Pinto MA, Pujol FH, Rodríguez-Lay LA. Hepatitis E virus infection in Latin America: a review. J Med Virol 2013; 85: 1037-1045 [PMID: 23588729 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23526]
11. León P, Venegas E, Bengoechea L, Rojas E, López JA, Elola C, Echevarría JM. [Prevalence of infections by hepatitis B, C, D and E viruses in Bolivia]. Rev Panam Salud Publica 1999; 5: 144-151 [PMID: 10355311 DOI: 10.1590/S1020-49891999000300002]
12. Cao D, Meng XJ. Molecular biology and replication of hepatitis E virus. Emerg Microbes Infect 2012; 1: e17 [PMID: 26038426 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2012.7]
13. Kamar N, Dalton HR, Abravanel F, Izopet J. Hepatitis E virus infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2014; 27: 116-138 [PMID: 24396139 DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00057-13]
14. Velázquez O, Stetler HC, Avila C, Ornelas G, Alvarez C, Hadler SC, Bradley DW, Sepúlveda J. Epidemic transmission of enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis in Mexico, 1986-1987. JAMA 1990; 263: 3281-3285 [PMID: 2112204 DOI: 10.1001/jama.1990.03440240071018]
15. Alvarez-Muñoz MT, Torres J, Damasio L, Gómez A, Tapia-Conyer R, Muñoz O. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis E virus infection in Mexican subjects 1 to 29 years of age. Arch Med Res 1999; 30: 251-254 [PMID: 10427876 DOI: 10.1016/S0188-0128(99)00019-6]
16. Bernal Reyes R, Licona Solís JE. [Seroepidemiology of hepatitis E in the State of Hidalgo]. Rev Gastroenterol Mex 1996; 61: 233-238 [PMID: 9102746]
17. Cooper K, Huang FF, Batista L, Rayo CD, Bezanilla JC, Toth TE, Meng XJ. Identification of genotype 3 hepatitis E virus (HEV) in serum and fecal samples from pigs in Thailand and Mexico, where genotype 1 and 2 HEV strains are prevalent in the respective human populations. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 1684-1688 [PMID: 15814985]
18. Redlinger T, O'Rourke K, Nickey L, Martinez G. Elevated hepatitis A and E seroprevalence rates in a Texas-Mexico border community. Texas Medicine 1998; 5: 68-71
19. Alvarado-Esquivel C, Sanchez-Anguiano LF, Hernandez-Tinoco J. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis e virus infection in general population in rural durango, Mexico. Hepat Mon 2014; 14: e16876 [PMID: 24976837 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.16876]
20. Alvarado-Esquivel C, Sanchez-Anguiano LF, Hernandez-Tinoco J. Seroepidemiology of hepatitis e virus infection in mennonites in Mexico. J Clin Med Res 2015; 7: 103-108 [PMID: 25436027 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr1993w]
21. Alvarado-Esquivel C, Sánchez-Anguiano LF, Hernández-Tinoco J. Hepatitis E virus exposure in pregnant women in rural Durango, Mexico. Ann Hepatol 2014; 13: 510-517 [PMID: 25152983]
22. Parana R, Cotrim HP, Cortey-Boennec ML, Trepo C, Lyra L. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus IgG antibodies in patients from a referral unit of liver diseases in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1997; 57: 60-61 [PMID: 9242319]
23. Vitral CL, da Silva-Nunes M, Pinto MA, de Oliveira JM, Gaspar AM, Pereira RC, Ferreira MU. Hepatitis A and E seroprevalence and associated risk factors: a community-based cross-sectional survey in rural Amazonia. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14: 458 [PMID: 25149658 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-458]
24. Ibarra H, Riedemann S, Reinhardt G, Frieck P, Siegel F, Toledo C, Calvo M, Froösner G. [Prevalence of hepatitis E virus antibodies in blood donors and other population groups in southern Chile]. Rev Med Chil 1997; 125: 275-278 [PMID: 9460262]
25. Kase JA, Correa MT, Luna C, Sobsey MD. Isolation, detection and characterization of swine hepatitis E virus from herds in Costa Rica. Int J Environ Health Res 2008; 18: 165-176 [PMID: 18569145 DOI: 10.1080/09603120701498311]
26. Mirazo S, Mainardi V, Ramos N, Gerona S, Rocca A, Arbiza J. Indigenous hepatitis E virus genotype 1 infection, Uruguay. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20: 171-173 [PMID: 24378037 DOI: 10.3201/eid2001.131471]
27. Mirazo S, Ramos N, Russi JC, Arbiza J. Genetic heterogeneity and subtyping of human Hepatitis E virus isolates from Uruguay. Virus Res 2013; 173: 364-370 [PMID: 23339897 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.01.005]
28. Smith DB, Purdy MA, Simmonds P. Genetic variability and the classification of hepatitis E virus. J Virol 2013; 87: 4161-4169 [PMID: 23388713 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02762-12]
29. Smith DB, Simmonds P, Jameel S, Emerson SU, Harrison TJ, Meng XJ, Okamoto H, Van der Poel WH, Purdy MA. Consensus proposals for classification of the family Hepeviridae. J Gen Virol 2014; 95: 2223-2232 [PMID: 24989172 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.068429-0]
30. Tang X, Yang C, Gu Y, Song C, Zhang X, Wang Y, Zhang J, Hew CL, Li S, Xia N, Sivaraman J. Structural basis for the neutralization and genotype specificity of hepatitis E virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108: 10266-10271 [PMID: 21642534 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1101309108]
31. Zhao Q, Zhang J, Wu T, Li SW, Ng MH, Xia NS, Shih JW. Antigenic determinants of hepatitis E virus and vaccine-induced immunogenicity and efficacy. J Gastroenterol 2013; 48: 159-168 [PMID: 23149436 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-012-0701-1]
32. Guindon S, Dufayard JF, Lefort V, Anisimova M, Hordijk W, Gascuel O. New algorithms and methods to estimate maximumlikelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0. Syst Biol 2010; 59: 307-321 [PMID: 20525638 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syq010]
33. Pina S, Jofre J, Emerson SU, Purcell RH, Girones R. Characterization of a strain of infectious hepatitis E virus isolated from sewage in an area where hepatitis E is not endemic. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64: 4485-4488 [PMID: 9797311]
34. Pina S, Buti M, Cotrina M, Piella J, Girones R. HEV identified in serum from humans with acute hepatitis and in sewage of animal origin in Spain. J Hepatol 2000; 33: 826-833 [PMID: 11097493 DOI: 10.1016/S0168-8278(00)80316-5]
35. Kasorndorkbua C, Opriessnig T, Huang FF, Guenette DK, Thomas PJ, Meng XJ, Halbur PG. Infectious swine hepatitis E virus is present in pig manure storage facilities on United States farms, but evidence of water contamination is lacking. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71: 7831-7837 [PMID: 16332757 DOI: 10.1128/AEM.71.12.7831-7837.2005]
36. Kumar A, Beniwal M, Kar P, Sharma JB, Murthy NS. Hepatitis E in pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2004; 85: 240-244 [PMID: 15145258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2003.11.018]
37. Khuroo MS, Kamili S, Jameel S. Vertical transmission of hepatitis E virus. Lancet 1995; 345: 1025-1026 [PMID: 7723501 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)90761-0]
38. Behrendt P, Steinmann E, Manns MP, Wedemeyer H. The impact of hepatitis E in the liver transplant setting. J Hepatol 2014; 61: 1418-1429 [PMID: 25195557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.08.047]
39. de Niet A, Zaaijer HL, ten Berge I, Weegink CJ, Reesink HW, Beuers U. Chronic hepatitis E after solid organ transplantation. Neth J Med 2012; 70: 261-266 [PMID: 22859417]
40. Kamar N, Garrouste C, Haagsma EB, Garrigue V, Pischke S, Chauvet C, Dumortier J, Cannesson A, Cassuto-Viguier E, Thervet E, Conti F, Lebray P, Dalton HR, Santella R, Kanaan N, Essig M, Mousson C, Radenne S, Roque-Afonso AM, Izopet J, Rostaing L. Factors associated with chronic hepatitis in patients with hepatitis E virus infection who have received solid organ transplants. Gastroenterology 2011; 140: 1481-1489 [PMID: 21354150 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.02.050]
41. Koning L, Pas SD, de Man RA, Balk AH, de Knegt RJ, ten Kate FJ, Osterhaus AD, van der Eijk AA. Clinical implications of chronic hepatitis E virus infection in heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2013; 32: 78-85 [PMID: 23260707 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2012.10.008]
42. Pischke S, Stiefel P, Franz B, Bremer B, Suneetha PV, Heim A, Ganzenmueller T, Schlue J, Horn-Wichmann R, Raupach R, Darnedde M, Scheibner Y, Taubert R, Haverich A, Manns MP, Wedemeyer H, Bara CL. Chronic hepatitis e in heart transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2012; 12: 3128-3133 [PMID: 22823202 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04200.x]
43. Te HS, Drobeniuc J, Kamili S, Dong C, Hart J, Sharapov UM. Hepatitis E virus infection in a liver transplant recipient in the United States: a case report. Transplant Proc 2013; 45: 810-813 [PMID: 23498824 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.08.020]
44. Geng Y, Zhang H, Huang W, J Harrison T, Geng K, Li Z, Wang Y. Persistent hepatitis e virus genotype 4 infection in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hepat Mon 2014; 14: e15618 [PMID: 24596581]
45. Dalton HR, Bendall RP, Keane FE, Tedder RS, Ijaz S. Persistent carriage of hepatitis E virus in patients with HIV infection. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 1025-1027 [PMID: 19726781 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc0903778]
46. Lhomme S, Abravanel F, Dubois M, Sandres-Saune K, Mansuy JM, Rostaing L, Kamar N, Izopet J. Characterization of the polyproline region of the hepatitis E virus in immunocompromised patients. J Virol 2014; 88: 12017-12025 [PMID: 25100839 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01625-14]
47. Legrand-Abravanel F, Kamar N, Sandres-Saune K, Lhomme S, Mansuy JM, Muscari F, Sallusto F, Rostaing L, Izopet J. Hepatitis E virus infection without reactivation in solid-organ transplant recipients, France. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17: 30-37 [PMID: 21192851 DOI: 10.3201/eid1701.100527]
48. Buti M, Cabrera C, Jardi R, Castells L, Esteban R. Are recipients of solid organ transplantation a high-risk population for hepatitis E virus infection? Liver Transpl 2010; 16: 106-107; author reply 108 [PMID: 20035519 DOI: 10.1002/lt.21925]
49. Moal V, Legris T, Burtey S, Morange S, Purgus R, Dussol B, Garcia S, Motte A, Gérolami R, Berland Y, Colson P. Infection with hepatitis E virus in kidney transplant recipients in southeastern France. J Med Virol 2013; 85: 462-471 [PMID: 23239466 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23469]
50. Pas SD, de Man RA, Mulders C, Balk AH, van Hal PT, Weimar W, Koopmans MP, Osterhaus AD, van der Eijk AA. Hepatitis E virus infection among solid organ transplant recipients, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18: 869-872 [PMID: 22516170 DOI: 10.3201/eid1805.111712]
51. Pischke S, Suneetha PV, Baechlein C, Barg-Hock H, Heim A, Kamar N, Schlue J, Strassburg CP, Lehner F, Raupach R, Bremer B, Magerstedt P, Cornberg M, Seehusen F, Baumgaertner W, Klempnauer J, Izopet J, Manns MP, Grummer B, Wedemeyer H. Hepatitis E virus infection as a cause of graft hepatitis in liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl 2010; 16: 74-82 [PMID: 19866448 DOI: 10.1002/lt.21958]
52. Riezebos-Brilman A, Puchhammer-Stöckl E, van der Weide HY, Haagsma EB, Jaksch P, Bejvl I, Niesters HG, Verschuuren EA. Chronic hepatitis E infection in lung transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2013; 32: 341-346 [PMID: 23415316 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2012.11.027]
53. Moal V, Motte A, Kaba M, Gerolami R, Berland Y, Colson P. Hepatitis E virus serological testing in kidney transplant recipients with elevated liver enzymes in 2007-2011 in southeastern France. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 76: 116-118 [PMID: 23608351 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2013.02.017]
54. Pérez-Gracia MT, García M, Suay B, Mateos-Lindemann ML. Current Knowledge on Hepatitis E. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2015; 3: 117-126 [PMID: 26355220 DOI: 10.14218/JCTH.2015.00009]
55. Kamar N, Abravanel F, Selves J, Garrouste C, Esposito L, Lavayssière L, Cointault O, Ribes D, Cardeau I, Nogier MB, Mansuy JM, Muscari F, Peron JM, Izopet J, Rostaing L. Influence of immunosuppressive therapy on the natural history of genotype 3 hepatitis-E virus infection after organ transplantation. Transplantation 2010; 89: 353-360 [PMID: 20145528 DOI: 10.1097/TP.0b013e3181c4096c]
56. Wang Y, Metselaar HJ, Peppelenbosch MP, Pan Q. Chronic hepatitis E in solid-organ transplantation: the key implications of immunosuppressants. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2014; 27: 303-308 [PMID: 24977682 DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000074]
57. Verna EC. Hepatitis viruses and liver transplantation: evolving trends in antiviral management. Clin Liver Dis 2014; 18: 575-601 [PMID: 25017077 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2014.05.002]
58. van der Eijk AA, Pas SD, Cornelissen JJ, de Man RA. Hepatitis E virus infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2014; 27: 309-315 [PMID: 24977683 DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000076]
59. Alric L, Bonnet D, Beynes-Rauzy O, Izopet J, Kamar N. Definitive clearance of a chronic hepatitis E virus infection with ribavirin treatment. Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106: 1562-1563 [PMID: 21811285 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2011.158]
60. Alric L, Bonnet D, Laurent G, Kamar N, Izopet J. Chronic hepatitis E virus infection: successful virologic response to pegylated interferon-alpha therapy. Ann Intern Med 2010; 153: 135-136 [PMID: 20547885 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-153-2-20100 7200-00256]
61. Gauss A, Wenzel JJ, Flechtenmacher C, Navid MH, Eisenbach C, Jilg W, Stremmel W, Schnitzler P. Chronic hepatitis E virus infection in a patient with leukemia and elevated transaminases: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2012; 6: 334 [PMID: 23031738 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-6-334]
62. Tavitian S, Péron JM, Huynh A, Mansuy JM, Ysebaert L, Huguet F, Vinel JP, Attal M, Izopet J, Récher C. Hepatitis E virus excretion can be prolonged in patients with hematological malignancies. J Clin Virol 2010; 49: 141-144 [PMID: 20678959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2010.06.016]
63. Koenecke C, Pischke S, Heim A, Raggub L, Bremer B, Raupach R, Buchholz S, Schulz T, Manns MP, Ganser A, Wedemeyer H. Chronic hepatitis E in hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients in a low-endemic country? Transpl Infect Dis 2012; 14: 103-106 [PMID: 22212560]
64. Abravanel F, Mansuy JM, Huynh A, Kamar N, Alric L, Peron JM, Récher C, Izopet J. Low risk of hepatitis E virus reactivation after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. J Clin Virol 2012; 54: 152-155 [PMID: 22425538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.02.015]
65. Crum-Cianflone NF, Curry J, Drobeniuc J, Weintrob A, Landrum M, Ganesan A, Bradley W, Agan BK, Kamili S. Hepatitis E virus infection in HIV-infected persons. Emerg Infect Dis 2012; 18: 502-506 [PMID: 22377220 DOI: 10.3201/eid1803.111278]
66. Jardi R, Crespo M, Homs M, van den Eynde E, Girones R, Rodriguez-Manzano J, Caballero A, Buti M, Esteban R, Rodriguez-Frias F. HIV, HEV and cirrhosis: evidence of a possible link from eastern Spain. HIV Med 2012; 13: 379-383 [PMID: 22257075 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2011.00985.x]
67. Kaba M, Richet H, Ravaux I, Moreau J, Poizot-Martin I, Motte A, Nicolino-Brunet C, Dignat-George F, Ménard A, Dhiver C, Brouqui P, Colson P. Hepatitis E virus infection in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. J Med Virol 2011; 83: 1704-1716 [PMID: 21837786 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22177]
68. Keane F, Gompels M, Bendall R, Drayton R, Jennings L, Black J, Baragwanath G, Lin N, Henley W, Ngui SL, Ijaz S, Dalton H. Hepatitis E virus coinfection in patients with HIV infection. HIV Med 2012; 13: 83-88 [PMID: 21819531]
69. Kenfak-Foguena A, Schöni-Affolter F, Bürgisser P, Witteck A, Darling KE, Kovari H, Kaiser L, Evison JM, Elzi L, Gurter-De La Fuente V, Jost J, Moradpour D, Abravanel F, Izpopet J, Cavassini M. Hepatitis E Virus seroprevalence and chronic infections in patients with HIV, Switzerland. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17: 1074-1078 [PMID: 21749774 DOI: 10.3201/eid/1706.101067]
70. Maylin S, Stephan R, Molina JM, Peraldi MN, Scieux C, Nicand E, Simon F, Delaugerre C. Prevalence of antibodies and RNA genome of hepatitis E virus in a cohort of French immunocompromised. J Clin Virol 2012; 53: 346-349 [PMID: 22293627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.01.001]
71. Pischke S, Ho H, Urbanek F, Meyer-Olsen D, Suneetha PV, Manns MP, Stoll M, Wedemeyer H. Hepatitis E in HIV-positive patients in a low-endemic country. J Viral Hepat 2010; 17: 598-599 [PMID: 20002566 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2009.01219.x]
72. Renou C, Lafeuillade A, Cadranel JF, Pavio N, Pariente A, Allègre T, Poggi C, Pénaranda G, Cordier F, Nicand E. Hepatitis E virus in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 2010; 24: 1493-1499 [PMID: 20467291 DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833a29ab]
73. Sellier P, Mazeron MC, Tesse S, Badsi E, Evans J, Magnier JD, Sanson-Le-Pors MJ, Bergmann JF, Nicand E. Hepatitis E virus infection in HIV-infected patients with elevated serum transaminases levels. Virol J 2011; 8: 171 [PMID: 21496215 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422X-8-171]
74. van Welzen BJ, Verduyn Lunel FM, Meindertsma F, Hoepelman AI, Arends JE. Hepatitis E virus as a causative agent of unexplained liver enzyme elevations in HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2012; 60: e65-e67 [PMID: 22622079 DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e318251b01f]
75. Andersson MI, Preiser W, Maponga TG, Heys I, Taljaard JJ, van Rensburg C, Tedder RS, Ijaz S. Immune reconstitution hepatitis E: a neglected complication of antiretroviral therapy in Africa? AIDS 2013; 27: 487-489 [PMID: 23291543 DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32835b1074]
76. Colson P, Dhiver C, Poizot-Martin I, Tamalet C, Gérolami R. Acute and chronic hepatitis E in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Viral Hepat 2011; 18: 227-228 [PMID: 20384963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2010.01311.x]
77. Hajji H, Gérolami R, Solas C, Moreau J, Colson P. Chronic hepatitis E resolution in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patient treated with ribavirin. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2013; 41: 595-597 [PMID: 23507411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2 013.02.005]
78. Rivero-Juarez A, Martinez-Dueñas L, Martinez-Peinado A, Camacho A, Cifuentes C, Gordon A, Frias M, Torre-Cisneros J, Pineda JA, Rivero A. High hepatitis E virus seroprevalence with absence of chronic infection in HIV-infected patients. J Infect 2015; 70: 624-630 [PMID: 25452042]
79. Merchante N, Parra-Sánchez M, Rivero-Juárez A, Cifuentes C, Camacho Á, Macías J, Martínez-Dueñas L, Pérez-Navarro E, Rivero A, Pineda JA. High prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis E virus in HIV-infected patients with unexplained liver disease. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2015; 33: 532-535 [PMID: 25533742 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2014.10.018]
80. Kamar N, Abravanel F, Lhomme S, Rostaing L, Izopet J. Hepatitis E virus: chronic infection, extra-hepatic manifestations, and treatment. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2015; 39: 20-27 [PMID: 25150374 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2014.07.005]
81. Ditah I, Ditah F, Devaki P, Ditah C, Kamath PS, Charlton M. Current epidemiology of hepatitis E virus infection in the United States: low seroprevalence in the National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey. Hepatology 2014; 60: 815-822 [PMID: 24824965 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27219]
82. Meng XJ. Zoonotic and foodborne transmission of hepatitis E virus. Semin Liver Dis 2013; 33: 41-49 [PMID: 23564388 DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1338113]
83. Mesquita JR, Valente-Gomes G, Conceição-Neto N, Nascimento MS. Pet veterinarians have no increased risk of hepatitis E compared to the general population. J Med Virol 2014; 86: 954-956 [PMID: 24610550 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23927]
84. Meng XJ. Hepatitis E virus: animal reservoirs and zoonotic risk. Vet Microbiol 2010; 140: 256-265 [PMID: 19361937 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.03.017]
85. Meng XJ. Recent advances in Hepatitis E virus. J Viral Hepat 2010; 17: 153-161 [PMID: 20040046 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2009.01257. x]
86. Purdy MA, Khudyakov YE. The molecular epidemiology of hepatitis E virus infection. Virus Res 2011; 161: 31-39 [PMID: 21600939 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.04.030]
87. dos Santos DR, Vitral CL, de Paula VS, Marchevsky RS, Lopes JF, Gaspar AM, Saddi TM, Júnior NC, Guimarães Fde R, Júnior JG, Ximenes LL, Souto FJ, Pinto MA. Serological and molecular evidence of hepatitis E virus in swine in Brazil. Vet J 2009; 182: 474-480 [PMID: 18805029 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.08.001]
88. Munné MS, Altabert NR, Otegui M LO, Vladimirsky SN, Moreiro R, Espul MP, Espul C, Manzur A, Soto SS, Brajterman LS, González JE. Updating the knowledge of hepatitis E: new variants and higher prevalence of anti-HEV in Argentina. Ann Hepatol 2014; 13: 496-502 [PMID: 25152981]
89. Cantú-Martínez MA, Roig-Sagués AX, Cedillo-Rosales S, Zamora-Ávila DE, Avalos-Ramírez R. [Molecular detection of hepatitis E virus in pig livers destined for human consumption in the state of Nuevo Leon, Mexico]. Salud Publica Mex 2013; 55: 193-195 [PMID: 23546411]
90. Tei S, Kitajima N, Ohara S, Inoue Y, Miki M, Yamatani T, Yamabe H, Mishiro S, Kinoshita Y. Consumption of uncooked deer meat as a risk factor for hepatitis E virus infection: an age-and sexmatched case-control study. J Med Virol 2004; 74: 67-70 [PMID: 15258970 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20147]
91. Cossaboom CM, Córdoba L, Cao D, Ni YY, Meng XJ. Complete genome sequence of hepatitis E virus from rabbits in the United States. J Virol 2012; 86: 13124-13125 [PMID: 23118454 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02414-12]
92. Bilic I, Jaskulska B, Basic A, Morrow CJ, Hess M. Sequence analysis and comparison of avian hepatitis E viruses from Australia and Europe indicate the existence of different genotypes. J Gen Virol 2009; 90: 863-873 [PMID: 19264623 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.007179-0]
93. Marek A, Bilic I, Prokofieva I, Hess M. Phylogenetic analysis of avian hepatitis E virus samples from European and Australian chicken flocks supports the existence of a different genus within the Hepeviridae comprising at least three different genotypes. Vet Microbiol 2010; 145: 54-61 [PMID: 20399575 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.03.014]
94. Hsu IW, Tsai HJ. Avian hepatitis E virus in chickens, Taiwan, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20: 149-151 [PMID: 24378180 DOI: 10.3201/eid2001.131224]
95. Kuno A, Ido K, Isoda N, Satoh Y, Ono K, Satoh S, Inamori H, Sugano K, Kanai N, Nishizawa T, Okamoto H. Sporadic acute hepatitis E of a 47-year-old man whose pet cat was positive for antibody to hepatitis E virus. Hepatol Res 2003; 26: 237-242 [PMID: 12850697 DOI: 10.1016/S1386-6346(03)00197-9]
96. Saxena V, Arora S. Hepatitis E virus infection: A zoonotic threat. Adv Anim Vet Sciences 2014; 2: 582-591 [DOI: 10.14737/journal. aavs/2014/2.10.582.591]
97. Wu T, Li SW, Zhang J, Ng MH, Xia NS, Zhao Q. Hepatitis E vaccine development: a 14 year odyssey. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8: 823-827 [PMID: 22699438 DOI: 10.4161/hv.20042]
98. Zhang X, Wang H, Ding S, Wang X, Chen X, Wo Y, Wang L, Huang D, Liu W, Cao W. Prevalence of enteroviruses in children with and without hand, foot, and mouth disease in China. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13: 606 [PMID: 24370001 DOI: 10.1186/1471-23 34-13-606]
99. Abbas Z, Afzal R. Hepatitis E: when to treat and how to treat. Antivir Ther 2014; 19: 125-131 [PMID: 24192696 DOI: 10.3851/IMP2705]
100. Kamar N, Mallet V, Izopet J. Ribavirin for chronic hepatitis E virus infection. N Engl J Med 2014; 370: 2447-2448 [PMID: 24941183 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1215246]
101. Baylis SA, Blümel J, Mizusawa S, Matsubayashi K, Sakata H, Okada Y, Nübling CM, Hanschmann KM. World Health Organization International Standard to harmonize assays for detection of hepatitis E virus RNA. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19: 729-735 [PMID: 23647659 DOI: 10.3201/eid1905.121845]
102. Rodríguez Lay Lde L, Delgado González G, Bello Corredor M, Montalvo Villalba MC, Frómeta SS, Gutiérrez Moreno A. [Surveillance of viral hepatitis: laboratory results. Cuba, 1992-2004]. Rev Cubana Med Trop 2006; 58: 97-102 [PMID: 23427426]
103. Valenzuela V, Pinto J, Padilla M, Piscoya A, De Los Rios R, Surco Y, Bravo E, Huerta-Mercado J. [Severe decompensation of hepatitis e in a patient with autoimmune hepatitis: a case report]. Rev Gastroenterol Peru 2012; 32: 187-191 [PMID: 23023183]