The height and weight of west point cadets: Dietary change in antebellum america

The Journal of Economic History

Volumn 47, Issue 4, 1987, Pages 897-927

  Komlos, John ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

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EID: 84959589135     PISSN: 00220507     EISSN: 14716372     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S002205070004986X     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Journal of Economic History, Vol. XLVII, No. 4 (Dec. 1987). © The Economic History Association. All rights reserved. ISSN 0022–0507.
2. John Komlos, “Patterns of Children's Growth in East-Central Europe in the Eighteenth Century,” Annals of Human Biology, 13 (Jan./Feb. 1986), pp. 33-48;
3. W. Peter Ward and Patricia C. Ward, “Infant Birth Weight and Nutrition in Industrializing Montreal,” American Historical Review, 89 (Apr. 1984), pp. 324–45.
4. John Komlos, “Stature and Nutrition in the Habsburg Monarchy: The Standard of Living and Economic Development in the Eighteenth Century,” American Historical Review, 90 (Dec. 1985), pp. 1149–61.
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11. James Morrison, Jr., “The Best School in the World”: West Point, the Pre-Civil War Years, 1833–1866 (Kent, 1986), p. 65. Generally, applicants rejected on the basis of the physical examination do not appear on the lists.
12. Archive of the West Point Military Academy, Record Group 404, no. 196. Lists relating to economic and social status of cadets’ parents; Circumstances of Parents of Cadets, 1842–1910.
13. Jean Sutter, René E. Izac, and Tran Ngoc Toan, “L’Evolution de la Taille des Polytechniciens, 1801-1954,” Population, 13 (July/Sept. 1958), pp. 373-406; Vienna, Austria, Kriegsarchiv, Kadettenschule;
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16. Gordon T. Bowles, New Types of Old Americans, p. 20. Only 10 percent of the Harvard fathers were manual workers.
17. Bowles, New Types of Old Americans, p. 25.
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23. It is possible that not many first-generation Americans would have been nominated to West Point, given the political connections needed for appointment to the academy. Morrison, The Best School, p. 62.
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31. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publications, No. 630 (Oct. 1947) p. 3.
32. Lebergott, The Americans, p. 66. Of course, this assertion is not strictly correct because some members of the agricultural labor force did not produce nutrients.
33. Gallman, “The Agricultural Sector and the Pace of Economic Growth,” p. 47.
34. Frank Kidder, The Architect's and Builder's Pocketbook (New York, 1900), p. 721.
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36. U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, National Center for Health Statistics, “NCHS Growth Charts, 1976,” Monthly Vital Statistics Report, 25, No. 3, supplement (June 22, 1976) (HRA 76–1120)
37. U.S. Department of Health Education, and Welfare Publication No. (PHS) 7
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47. Henry Schultz, Theory and Measurement of Demand (Chicago, 1983)
48. M. Wold, Demand Analysis (New York, 1953), p. 265
49. Edwin Mansfield, Microeconomics, Theory and Applications (2nd edn. New York, 1975), p. 109.
50. David and Solar, “A Bicentenary Contribution,” pp. 1–80.
51. Williamson and Lindert, American Inequality, p. 131.
52. Warren and Pearson, Prices, p. 197.
53. Bezanson, et-al., Wholesale Prices, p. 24.
54. Bureau of Statistics and Labor, Seventh Annual Report, Public Document No. 15 (Mar. 1886) p. 254.
55. Wilhelm Abel, Agrarkrisen und Agrarkonjunktur (1935; 2d edn., Hamburg, 1966).
56. Steckel, “Height and Per Capita Income”; Williamson and Lindert, American Inequality, pp. 68–70.
57. Winifred Rothenberg, “A Price Index for Rural Massachusetts, 1750-1855,” this journal, 39 (Dec. 1979), pp. 975–1001.
58. Winifred Rothenberg, “The Market and Massachusetts Farmers, 1750-1855,” this journal, 41 (June 1981), pp. 283–304.
59. Consumption of Food in the United States, 1909–1948, U.S. Department of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication No. 691 (Aug. 1949), p. 99.
60. Robert James McFall, The World's Meat (New York, 1927), p. 116;
61. Holmes, Meat Situation, p. 118. Blood and offal, almost certainly consumed on farms, were turned into fertilizer by some meat packers.
62. Bureau of Statistics and Labor, Seventh Annual Report, Public Document, No. 15 (Boston, 1886), p. 260.
63. Hilliard, Hogmeat and Hoecake, pp. 13, 71, 78.
64. Diane Lindstrom, “American Economic Growth before 1840: New Evidence and New Directions,” this journal, 39 (Mar. 1979), 289-302;
65. Douglass North, The Economic Growth of the United States, 1790 to 1860 (Englewood Cliffs, 1961), pp. 106, 251
66. Christopher Clark, “The Household Economy, Market Exchange and the Rise of Capitalism in the Connecticut Valley, 1800-1860,” Journal of Social History, 13 (Winter 1979), pp. 169–90.
67. Clayne L. Pope, “Native Adult Mortality in the U.S.: 1770-1870,” in R. W. Fogel, ed., Long-Term Changes in Nutrition and the Standard of Living (Berne, 1986), pp. 76–85.
68. Town and Rasmussen, “Farm Gross Product,” p. 283.
69. U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Conversion Factors and Weights and Measures for Agricultural Commodities and Their Products” (Washington, D.C., May 1952).
70. Livestock and Meat Statistics, 1957, p. 2.
71. Richard Sutch, “The Care and Feeding of Slaves,” in Paul A. David et al., eds., Reckoning with Slavery (New York, 1976), pp. 246-47;
72. Robert W. Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman, Time on the Cross: Evidence and Methods—A Supplement (Boston, 1974), p. 95; Gallman, “Self Sufficiency.”
73. Swan, “The Structure and Profitability,” pp. 212, 215. Slaughter ratio in the South was assumed to be 0.5.
74. Hilliard, Hog Meat and Hoecake, pp. 101, 102, 261
75. Town and Rasmussen, “Farm Gross Product,” p. 297.
76. Strauss and Beane, “Gross Farm Income,” p. 37;
77. Bennett and Peirce, “Change in the American National Diet,” p. 115.
78. Hilliard, Hog Meat and Hoecake, p. 101
79. Thomas Berry, Western Prices Before 1861 (Cambridge, Mass., 1943), p. 230.
80. McFall, The World's Meat, p. 141.
81. William Smith, Pork Production (New York, 1937), p. 435.
82. Bogue, From Prairie to Corn Belt, pp. 130, 234;
83. Berry, Western Prices, p. 203.
84. Bogue, From Prairie to Corn Belt, pp. 94, 101.
85. McFall, The World's Meat, p. 143.
86. Bogue, From Prairie to Corn Belt, p. 94.
87. U.S. Census Office, Agriculture of the United States in 1860: Eighth Census (Washington, D.C., 1864), p. cxxxi.
88. Diane Lindstrom, “Southern Dependence upon Interregional Grain Supplies: A Review of the Trade Flows, 1840-1860,” Agricultural History, 44 (Jan. 1970) pp. 101-13;
89. Bogue, From Prairie to Corn Belt, p. 131.
90. Berry, Western Prices, p. 231.
91. Walsh, The Rise of the Midwestern Meat Packing Industry, pp. 20, 34.
92. Smith, Pork Production, p. 143.