Diabetic retinopathy in Tanzania: Prevalence and risk factors at entry into a regional screening programme

Tropical Medicine and International Health

Volumn 21, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 417-426

  Cleland, Charles R ^a   Burton, Matthew J ^b   Hall, Claudette ^c   Hall, Anthony ^d   Courtright, Paul ^e   Makupa, William U ^a   Philippin, Heiko ^a,b  

^a Eye Department   (Tanzania)

^b LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^c MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^d Newcastle Eye Hospital Research Foundation   (Australia)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Africa; Diabetic retinopathy; Screening

Indexed keywords

GLUCOSE; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL;

BLOOD; DIABETES; DISEASE PREVALENCE; EYE DISEASE; GOVERNMENT; HEALTH POLICY; HOSPITAL SECTOR; POLICY MAKING; RISK FACTOR; SUGAR;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING; BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT; BODY MASS; COMORBIDITY; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE DURATION; FEMALE; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HEALTH PROGRAM; HUMAN; LASER COAGULATION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MASS SCREENING; MIDDLE AGED; PATIENT REFERRAL; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PREVALENCE; PRIVATE HOSPITAL; PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; PROLIFERATIVE RETINOPATHY; PUBLIC HOSPITAL; RETINA MACULOPATHY; RISK FACTOR; TANZANIA; TERTIARY CARE CENTER; VISUAL ACUITY; VITREORETINAL SURGERY; ANALYSIS; BLOOD PRESSURE;

KILIMANJARO [TANZANIA]; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; TANZANIA;

BLOOD GLUCOSE; BLOOD PRESSURE; BODY MASS INDEX; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MASS SCREENING; MIDDLE AGED; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS; TANZANIA; VISUAL ACUITY;

EID: 84959562086     PISSN: 13602276     EISSN: 13653156     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12652     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. Ezzati M, Vander Hoorn S, Lawes CMM et al. Rethinking the 'diseases of affluence' paradigm: global patterns of nutritional risks in relation to economic development. PLoS Med 2005: 2: e133.
2. Mensah GA. Ischaemic heart disease in Africa. Heart Br Card Soc 2008: 94: 836-843.
3. Parkin DM, Sitas F, Chirenje M, Stein L, Abratt R, Wabinga H. Part I: cancer in Indigenous Africans-burden, distribution, and trends. Lancet Oncol 2008: 9: 683-692.
4. Connor MD, Walker R, Modi G, Warlow CP. Burden of stroke in black populations in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet Neurol 2007: 6: 269-278.
5. Dalal S, Beunza JJ, Volmink J et al. Non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: what we know now. Int J Epidemiol 2011: 40: 885-901.
6. Adeyi O, World Bank. Public policy and the challenge of chronic noncommunicable diseases. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2007.
7. Vorster HH. The emergence of cardiovascular disease during urbanisation of Africans. Public Health Nutr 2002: 5: 239-243.
8. Steyn K, Sliwa K, Hawken S et al. Risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in Africa: the INTERHEART Africa study. Circulation 2005: 112: 3554-3561.
9. International Diabetes Federation. International Diabetes Federation. Africa Factsheet 2014.
10. Ciulla TA, Amador AG, Zinman B. Diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema: pathophysiology, screening, and novel therapies. Diabetes Care 2003: 26: 2653-2664.
11. Bailey CC, Sparrow JM, Grey RH, Cheng H. The national diabetic retinopathy laser treatment audit. III. Clinical outcomes. Eye Lond Engl 1999: 13: 151-159.
12. Burgess PI, MacCormick IJC, Harding SP, Bastawrous A, Beare NAV & Garner P. Epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy in Africa: a systematic review. 2013; 30: 399-412.
13. National Bureau of Statistics. United Republic of Tanzania Population Census 2012.
14. Harding S, Greenwood R, Aldington S et al. Grading and disease management in national screening for diabetic retinopathy in England and Wales. Diabet Med J Br Diabet Assoc 2003: 20: 965-971.
15. Mathenge W, Bastawrous A, Peto T et al. Prevalence and correlates of diabetic retinopathy in a population-based survey of older people in Nakuru, Kenya. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2014: 21: 169-177.
16. WHO STEPS chronic disease risk factor surveillance. Tanzania STEPS Survery-2012.
17. Misra A, Bachmann MO, Greenwood RH et al. Trends in yield and effects of screening intervals during 17 years of a large UK community-based diabetic retinopathy screening programme. Diabet Med J Br Diabet Assoc 2009: 26: 1040-1047.
18. Looker HC, Nyangoma SO, Cromie D et al. Diabetic retinopathy at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in Scotland. Diabetologia 2012: 55: 2335-2342.
19. Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, Davis MD, DeMets DL. The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy. II. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is less than 30 years. Arch Ophthalmol 1984: 102: 520-526.
20. Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, Davis MD, DeMets DL. The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy. III. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is 30 or more years. Arch Ophthalmol 1984: 102: 527-532.
21. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 977-986.
22. Stratton IM, Kohner EM, Aldington SJ et al. UKPDS 50: risk factors for incidence and progression of retinopathy in Type II diabetes over 6 years from diagnosis. Diabetologia 2001: 44: 156-163.
23. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998; 317: 703-713.
24. Castro-Leal F, Dayton J, Demery L, Mehra K. Public spending on health care in Africa: do the poor benefit? Bull World Health Organ 2000: 78: 66-74.
25. World Health Organization. Global Burden of Disease. Projections of mortality and burden of disease, 2002-2030.
26. Scanlon PH, Foy C, Malhotra R, Aldington SJ. The influence of age, duration of diabetes, cataract, and pupil size on image quality in digital photographic retinal screening. Diabetes Care 2005: 28: 2448-2453.
27. Rasmussen JB, Nordin LS, Rasmussen NS et al. Random blood glucose may be used to assess long-term glycaemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a rural African clinical setting. Trop Med Int Health TM IH 2014: 19: 1515-1519.