A medical-toxicological view of tattooing

The Lancet

Volumn 387, Issue 10016, 2016, Pages 395-402

  Laux, Peter ^a   Tralau, Tewes ^a   Tentschert, Jutta ^a   Blume, Annegret ^a   Dahouk, Sascha Al ^a   Bäumler, Wolfgang ^b   Bernstein, Eric ^c   Bocca, Beatrice ^d   Alimonti, Alessandro ^d   Colebrook, Helen ^e   De Cuyper, Christa ^f   Dähne, Lars ^g   Hauri, Urs ^h   Howard, Paul C ⁱ   Janssen, Paul ^j   Katz, Linda ^k   Klitzman, Bruce ^l   Kluger, Nicolas ^m   Krutak, Lars ⁿ   Platzek, Thomas ^a   Scott Lang, Victoria ^o   Serup, Jørgen ^p   Teubner, Wera ^q   Schreiver, Ines ^a   Wilkniß, Elena ^a   Luch, Andreas ^a   more..

^a FEDERAL INSTITUTE FOR RISK ASSESSMENT   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF REGENSBURG   (Germany)

^c Main Line Center for Laser Surgery   (United States)

^d ISTITUTO SUPERIORE DI SANITÀ   (Italy)

^e MINISTRY OF HEALTH   (New Zealand)

^f AZ Sint Jan   (Belgium)

^g SURFLAY NANOTEC GMBH   (Germany)

^h Kantonales Laboratorium Basel Stadt   (Switzerland)

ⁱ NATIONAL CENTER FOR TOXICOLOGICAL RESEARCH   (United States)

^j NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT   (Netherlands)

^k CENTER FOR DRUG EVALUATION AND RESEARCH   (United States)

^l DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^m UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

ⁿ SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION   (United States)

^o ROYAL INFIRMARY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^p BISPEBJERG HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^q CIBA GEIGY LTD   (Switzerland)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALLERGEN; CARBON; DISPERSANT; DYE; FRAGRANCE; INK; IRON OXIDE; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON; POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBON; PRESERVATIVE; TITANIUM DIOXIDE; COLORING AGENT;

BACTERIAL SKIN DISEASE; BACTERIUM CONTAMINATION; CARCINOGENICITY; CARDIOTOXICITY; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; HUMAN; IMMUNOTOXICITY; LAW; LIVER TOXICITY; METABOLISM; MYCOBACTERIUM CHELONAE; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUROTOXICITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY; REVIEW; TATTOOING; TOXICITY ASSAY; CARCINOGENESIS; DERMATITIS, ALLERGIC CONTACT; GOVERNMENT REGULATION; INFECTION; LEGISLATION AND JURISPRUDENCE; LOW LEVEL LASER THERAPY; MEDICAL DEVICE CONTAMINATION;

CARCINOGENESIS; COLORING AGENTS; DERMATITIS, ALLERGIC CONTACT; EQUIPMENT CONTAMINATION; GOVERNMENT REGULATION; HUMANS; INFECTION; INK; LASER THERAPY; TATTOOING;

EID: 84959483412     PISSN: 01406736     EISSN: 1474547X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60215-X     Document Type: Review

References (88)

1. AE Laumann, AJ Derick Tattoos and body piercings in the United States: a national data set J Am Acad Dermatol 55 2006 413 421
2. I Klügl, KA Hiller, M Landthaler, W Bäumler Incidence of health problems associated with tattooed skin: a nation-wide survey in German-speaking countries Dermatology 221 2010 43 50
3. PD Conaglen, IF Laurenson, A Sergeant, SN Thorn, A Rayner, J Stevenson Systematic review of tattoo-associated skin infection with rapidly growing mycobacteria and public health investigation of a cluster in Scotland, 2010 Euro Surveill 18 2013 20553
4. M Kaatz, P Elsner, A Bauer Body-modifying concepts and dermatologic problems: tattooing and piercing Clin Dermatol 26 2008 35 44
5. M Twain How to remove warts and tattoo marks The Sun (New York) 1889 4
6. AE Ortiz, MM Avram Redistribution of ink after laser tattoo removal Dermatol Surg 38 2012 1730 1731
7. Y Cui, MI Churchwell, LH Couch, DR Doerge, PC Howard Metabolism of pigment yellow 74 by rat and human microsomal proteins Drug Metab Dispos 33 2005 1459 1465
8. R Vasold, N Naarmann, H Ulrich et al. Tattoo pigments are cleaved by laser light - the chemical analysis in vitro provide evidence for hazardous compounds Photochem Photobiol 80 2004 185 190
9. Y Cui, AP Spann, LH Couch et al. Photodecomposition of Pigment Yellow 74, a pigment used in tattoo inks Photochem Photobiol 80 2004 175 184
10. TC Beute, CH Miller, AL Timko, EV Ross In vitro spectral analysis of tattoo pigments Dermatol Surg 34 2008 508 515
11. A Humphries, TS Lister, PA Wright, MP Hughes Determination of the thermal and physical properties of black tattoo ink using compound analysis Lasers Med Sci 28 2013 1107 1112
12. JW Kim, JW Lee, YH Won, JH Kim, SC Lee Titanium, a major constituent of blue ink, causes resistance to Nd-YAG (1064 nm) laser: results of animal experiments Acta Derm Venereol 86 2006 110 113
13. J Amberg, A Baumgartner, B Brüschweiler, K-W Lüthi, S Gautsch, U Hauri Konformität von Tätowier- und Permanent-Make-up Farben nicht zufriedenstellend BAG Bulletin 29 2009 535 541
14. G Forte, F Petrucci, A Cristaudo, B Bocca Market survey on toxic metals contained in tattoo inks Sci Total Environ 407 2009 5997 6002
15. G Forte, F Petrucci, A Cristaudo, B Bocca Quantification of sensitizing metals in tattooing pigments by SF-ICP-MS technique Open Chem Biomed Meth J 2 2009 42 47
16. E Jacobsen, K Tønning, E Pedersen et al. Chemical substances in tattoo ink 2012 Danish Environmental Protection Agency Copenhagen
17. S Jafari, JA Buxton, K Afshar, R Copes, S Baharlou Tattooing and risk of hepatitis B: a systematic review and meta-analysis Can J Public Health 103 2012 207 212
18. RA Tohme, SD Holmberg Transmission of hepatitis C virus infection through tattooing and piercing: a critical review Clin Infect Dis 54 2012 1167 1178
19. SM Wenzel, I Rittmann, M Landthaler, W Bäumler Adverse reactions after tattooing: review of the literature and comparison to results of a survey Dermatology 226 2013 138 147
20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Tattoo-associated nontuberculous mycobacterial skin infections-multiple states, 2011-2012 MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 61 2012 653 656
21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections among tattoo recipients-Ohio, Kentucky, and Vermont, 2004-2005 MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 55 2006 677 679
22. J Kazandjieva, N Tsankov Tattoos: dermatological complications Clin Dermatol 25 2007 375 382
23. I Rodríguez-Blanco, LC Fernández, JM Suárez-Peñaranda, ML Pérez del Molino, J Esteban, M Almagro Mycobacterium chelonae infection associated with tattoos Acta Derm Venereol 91 2011 61 62
24. C Charnock Biocidal activity of a bioactive glass-protected, preservative-free tattooing solution Am J Infect Control 34 2006 290 295
25. A Baumgartner, S Gautsch Hygienic-microbiological quality of tattoo- and permanent make-up colours Verbrauch Lebensm 6 2010 319 325
26. T Høgsberg, DM Saunte, N Frimodt-Møller, J Serup Microbial status and product labelling of 58 original tattoo inks J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 27 2013 73 80
27. BS Kennedy, B Bedard, M Younge et al. Outbreak of Mycobacterium chelonae infection associated with tattoo ink N Engl J Med 367 2012 1020 1024
28. LA Drage, PM Ecker, R Orenstein, PK Phillips, RS Edson An outbreak of Mycobacterium chelonae infections in tattoos J Am Acad Dermatol 62 2010 501 506
29. TA Ostheimer, BM Burkholder, TG Leung, NJ Butler, JP Dunn, JE Thorne Tattoo-associated uveitis Am J Ophthalmol 158 2014 637 643 e1.
30. K Hutton Carlsen, J Serup Photosensitivity and photodynamic events in black, red and blue tattoos are common: a 'Beach Study' J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 28 2014 231 237
31. T Høgsberg, K Hutton Carlsen, J Serup High prevalence of minor symptoms in tattoos among a young population tattooed with carbon black and organic pigments J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 27 2013 846 852
32. SM Wenzel, J Welzel, C Hafner, M Landthaler, W Bäumler Permanent make-up colorants may cause severe skin reactions Contact Dermatitis 63 2010 223 227
33. RR Kaur, W Kirby, H Maibach Cutaneous allergic reactions to tattoo ink J Cosmet Dermatol 8 2009 295 300
34. S Garcovich, T Carbone, S Avitabile, F Nasorri, N Fucci, A Cavani Lichenoid red tattoo reaction: histological and immunological perspectives Eur J Dermatol 22 2012 93 96
35. CK Thum, A Biswas Inflammatory complications related to tattooing: a histopathological approach based on pattern analysis Am J Dermatopathol 37 2015 54 66
36. T Høgsberg, BM Thomsen, J Serup Histopathology and immune histochemistry of red tattoo reactions Skin Res Technol 2015 10.1111/srt.12213 published online May 29.
37. J Serup, K Hutton Carlsen Patch test study of 90 patients with tattoo reactions. Negative outcome of allergy patch test to standard batteries and culprit inks suggests allergen(s) are generated in the skin through haptenization Contact Dermatitis 71 2014 255 263
38. JM Sowden, JP Byrne, AG Smith et al. Red tattoo reactions: X-ray microanalysis and patch-test studies Br J Dermatol 124 1991 576 580
39. R Fors, M Persson, E Bergström, H Stenlund, B Stymne, B Stenberg Lifestyle and nickel allergy in a Swedish adolescent population: effects of piercing, tattooing and orthodontic appliances Acta Derm Venereol 92 2012 664 668
40. SS Bhardwaj, RT Brodell, JS Taylor Red tattoo reactions Contact Dermatitis 48 2003 236 237
41. A Taaffe, AG Knight, R Marks Lichenoid tattoo hypersensitivity BMJ 1 1978 616 618
42. NJ Mortimer, TA Chave, GA Johnston Red tattoo reactions Clin Exp Dermatol 28 2003 508 510
43. H Yazdian-Tehrani, MM Shibu, NC Carver Reaction in a red tattoo in the absence of mercury Br J Plast Surg 54 2001 555 556
44. W Bäumler, ET Eibler, U Hohenleutner, B Sens, J Sauer, M Landthaler Q-switch laser and tattoo pigments: first results of the chemical and photophysical analysis of 41 compounds Lasers Surg Med 26 2000 13 21
45. R Vasold, E Engel, B König, M Landthaler, W Bäumler Health risks of tattoo colors Anal Bioanal Chem 391 2008 9 13
46. E Engel, F Santarelli, R Vasold et al. Modern tattoos cause high concentrations of hazardous pigments in skin Contact Dermatitis 58 2008 228 233
47. Canadian Ministry of Environment Canadian Ministry of Health Draft screening assessment aromatic azo and benzidine-based substance grouping, five diarylide yellow pigments 2013 Environment Canada Gatineau 1 90
48. European Commission European Parliament and Council Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemials OJEU L396 2006 1 849
49. S Carson Skin Painting Studies in Mice with 14 FD&C and D&C Colors: FD&C Blue no. 1, Red No. 3, and Yellow No. 5, D&C Red No. 7, Red No. 9, Red No. 10, Red No. 19, Red No. 21, Red No. 27, Red No. 31, Red No. 36, Orange No. 5, Orange No. 10, and Orange No. 17 J Toxicol Cutaneous Ocul Toxicol 3 1984 357 370
50. J Regensburger, K Lehner, T Maisch et al. Tattoo inks contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that additionally generate deleterious singlet oxygen Exp Dermatol 19 2010 e275 e281
51. M Falconi, G Teti, M Zago et al. Influence of a commercial tattoo ink on protein production in human fibroblasts Arch Dermatol Res 301 2009 539 547
52. C De Cuyper Permanent makeup: indications and complications Clin Dermatol 26 2008 30 34
53. AF Hall Lupus erythematosus in red part of tattooed area Arch Dermatol 47 1943 610 611
54. JF Madden Reactions in tattoos, chronic discoid lupus erythematosus Arch Derm Syphilol 60 1949 789 793
55. AJ Rook, PJ Thomas Social and medical aspects of tattooing Practitioner 168 1952 60 66
56. A Bjornberg Reactions to light in yellow tattoos from cadmium sulfide Arch Dermatol 88 1963 267 271
57. T Høgsberg, NR Jacobsen, PA Clausen, J Serup Black tattoo inks induce reactive oxygen species production correlating with aggregation of pigment nanoparticles and product brand but not with the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content Exp Dermatol 22 2013 464 469
58. R Mann, G Klingmüller Electron-microscopic investigation of tattoos in rabbit skin Arch Dermatol Res 271 1981 367 372
59. H Fujita, Y Nishii, K Yamashita, S Kawamata, K Yoshikawa The uptake and long-term storage of India ink particles and latex beads by fibroblasts in the dermis and subcutis of mice, with special regard to the non-inflammatory defense reaction by fibroblasts Arch Histol Cytol 51 1988 285 294
60. NV Gopee, Y Cui, G Olson et al. Response of mouse skin to tattooing: use of SKH-1 mice as a surrogate model for human tattooing Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 209 2005 145 158
61. E Engel, F Santarelli, R Vasold et al. Establishment of an extraction method for the recovery of tattoo pigments from human skin using HPLC diode array detector technology Anal Chem 78 2006 6440 6447
62. T Høgsberg, K Loeschner, D Löf, J Serup Tattoo inks in general usage contain nanoparticles Br J Dermatol 165 2011 1210 1218
63. K Lehner, F Santarelli, R Penning et al. The decrease of pigment concentration in red tattooed skin years after tattooing J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 25 2011 1340 1345
64. K Lehner, F Santarelli, R Vasold et al. Black tattoos entail substantial uptake of genotoxicpolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in human skin and regional lymph nodes PLoS One 9 2014 e92787
65. K Lehner, F Santarelli, R Vasold, B König, M Landthaler, W Bäumler Black tattoo inks are a source of problematic substances such as dibutyl phthalate Contact Dermatitis 65 2011 231 238
66. N Kluger, V Koljonen Tattoos, inks, and cancer Lancet Oncol 13 2012 e161 e168
67. B Klitzman Development of permanent but removable tattoos. German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) conference on tattoo safety; Berlin, Germany; June 6-7, 2013 http://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/343/development-of-permanent-but-removable-tattoos.pdf (accessed June 11, 2015).
68. EF Bernstein Laser tattoo removal Semin Plast Surg 21 2007 175 192
69. KM Kent, EM Graber Laser tattoo removal: a review Dermatol Surg 38 2012 1 13
70. BfR Tattoo removal: use of aqueous lactic acid with health risks associated (BfR), 2011 (in German) http://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/343/tattoo-entfernung-einsatz-waessriger-milchsaeure-ist-mit-gesundheitlichen-risiken-verbunden.pdf (accessed June 11, 2015).
71. Sepehri M, Jørgensen B, Serup J. Dermatome shaving of tattoo reactions, medical follow up including patient's satisfaction. European Congress on Tattoo and Pigment Research 2013; Copenhagen, Denmark; Nov 13-14, 2013. Abstract 21.
72. SL Kilmer, RR Anderson Clinical use of the Q-switched ruby and the Q-switched Nd:YAG (1064 nm and 532 nm) lasers for treatment of tattoos J Dermatol Surg Oncol 19 1993 330 338
73. L Izikson, M Avram, RR Anderson Transient immunoreactivity after laser tattoo removal: report of two cases Lasers Surg Med 40 2008 231 232
74. 2 laser treatment causes local tattoo allergic reaction to become generalized Acta Derm Venereol 77 1997 497
75. V Ross, G Naseef, G Lin et al. Comparison of responses of tattoos to picosecond and nanosecond Q-switched neodymium: YAG lasers Arch Dermatol 134 1998 167 171
76. OA Ibrahimi, FH Sakamoto, RR Anderson Picosecond laser pulses for tattoo removal: a good, old idea JAMA Dermatol 149 2013 241
77. RJ McNichols, MA Fox, A Gowda, S Tuya, B Bell, M Motamedi Temporary dermal scatter reduction: quantitative assessment and implications for improved laser tattoo removal Lasers Surg Med 36 2005 289 296
78. T Kossida, D Rigopoulos, A Katsambas, RR Anderson Optimal tattoo removal in a single laser session based on the method of repeated exposures J Am Acad Dermatol 66 2012 271 277
79. KK Reddy, JA Brauer, R Anolik et al. Topical perfluorodecalin resolves immediate whitening reactions and allows rapid effective multiple pass treatment of tattoos Lasers Surg Med 45 2013 76 80
80. A Patzelt, H Richter, L Dähne et al. Influence of the vehicle on the penetration of particles into hair follicles Pharmaceutics 3 2011 307 314
81. Klitzman B, Koger KE, inventors; Option Technologies (Durham NC), assignee. Tattoo inks. USA patent 6,013,122. Jan 11, 2000.
82. M Hanafiah, SM Alhabshi, AH Mahin Changes following nipple areolar complex reconstruction and tattooing resembling a recurrent Paget's disease of the breast BMJ Case Rep 2013 bcr-2013-201281.
83. European Council. Resolution ResAP(2008)1 on requirements an criteria for the safety of tattoos and permanent make-up. In: Products CoEoC, ed; 2008.
84. European Council Council directive 76/768/EEC on the approximation of the law as of the member states relating to cosmetic produtcs OJEU L262 1976 1 169
85. Das Eidgenössische Departement des Innern (EDI) Verordnung über Gegenstände für den Schleimhaut-, Haut- und Haarkontakt sowie über Kerzen, Streichhölzer, Feuerzeuge und Scherzartikel (Verordnung über Gegenstände für den Humankontakt) 2005 Swiss Government Bern 1 26
86. U Hauri Inks for tattoos and PMU (permanent make-up): organic pigments, preservatives and impurities such as primary aromatic amines and nitrosamines 2011 Kantonales Laboratorium Basel-Stadt Basel
87. New Zealand Treaty of Waitangi. February 6, 1840 http://archives.govt.nz/exhibitions/treaty (accessed June 12, 2015).
88. New Zealand Environmental Protection Agency. Tattoo and permanent makeup substances group standard. 2011.