Global change pressures on soils from land use and management

Global Change Biology

Volumn 22, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 1008-1028

  Smith, Pete ^a   House, Joanna I ^b   Bustamante, Mercedes ^c   Sobocká, Jaroslava ^d   Harper, Richard ^e   Pan, Genxing ^f   West, Paul C ^g   Clark, Joanna M ^h   Adhya, Tapan ⁱ   Rumpel, Cornelia ^j   Paustian, Keith ^k   Kuikman, Peter ^l   Cotrufo, M Francesca ^k   Elliott, Jane A ^m   Mcdowell, Richard ⁿ   Griffiths, Robert I ^o   Asakawa, Susumu ^p   Bondeau, Alberte ^q   Jain, Atul K ^r   Meersmans, Jeroen ^s   Pugh, Thomas A M ^t   more..

^a UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BRASILIA   (Brazil)

^d Soil Science and Conservation Research Institute Slovakia   (Slovakia)

^e MURDOCH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^f NANJING AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^g UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITY OF READING   (United Kingdom)

ⁱ KIIT UNIVERSITY   (India)

^j AGROPARISTECH   (France)

^k Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences   (United States)

^l WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^m ENVIRONMENT CANADA   (Canada)

ⁿ INVERMAY AGRICULTURAL CENTRE   (New Zealand)

^o CENTRE FOR ECOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY   (United Kingdom)

^p NAGOYA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^q AVIGNON UNIVERSITÉ   (France)

^r UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA CHAMPAIGN   (United States)

^s UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

^t KARLSRUHE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

more..

Author keywords

Heavy metal deposition; Land use change; Land use intensity; Nitrogen deposition; Soil; Sulphur deposition

Indexed keywords

DEPOSITION; GLOBAL CHANGE; HEAVY METAL; HUMAN ACTIVITY; LAND USE CHANGE; NITROGEN; SOIL POLLUTION; SULFUR;

SOIL;

ADVERSE EFFECTS; ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; POLLUTION; SOIL;

CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION; SOIL;

EID: 84959466542     PISSN: 13541013     EISSN: 13652486     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13068     Document Type: Article

References (189)

1. Aber JD, Goodale CL, Ollinger SV et al. (2003) Is nitrogen deposition altering the nitrogen status of northeastern forests? BioScience, 53, 375-389.
2. Aherne J, Posch M (2013) Impacts of nitrogen and sulphur deposition on forest ecosystem services in Canada. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 5, 108-115.
3. Alakukku L (2012) Soil compaction. In: Ecosystem Health and Sustainable Agriculture 1: Sustainable Agriculture (ed. Jakobsson C). Uppsala University. Available at: http://www.balticuniv.uu.se/index.php/component/docman/doc_download/1256-chapter-28-soil-compaction (accessed 4 June 2015).
4. Alexander AB (2012) Soil compaction on skid trails after selective logging in moist evergreen forest of Ghana. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 3, 262-264.
5. Alexandratos J, Bruinsma J (2012) World agriculture towards 2030/2050: the 2012 revision. FAO Report, Rome.
6. Badini O, Stockle CO, Jones JW, Nelson R, Kodio A, Keita M (2007) A simulation-based analysis of productivity and soil carbon in response to time-controlled rotational grazing in the West African Sahel region. Agricultural Systems, 94, 87-96.
7. Bai ZG, Dent DL, Olsson L, Schaepman ME (2008) Global assessment of land degradation and improvement. 1. Identification by remote sensing. Report 2008/01, ISRIC - World Soil Information, Wageningen.
8. Baker JM, Ochsner TE, Venterea RT, Griffis TJ (2007) Tillage and soil carbon sequestration - what do we really know? Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 118, 1-5.
9. Bárcena TG, Kiær LP, Vesterdal L, Stefánsdóttir HM, Gundersen P, Sigurdsson BD (2014) Soil carbon stock change following afforestation in Northern Europe: a meta-analysis. Global Change Biology, 20, 2393-2405.
10. Barman R, Jain AK, Liang M (2014a) Climate-driven uncertainties in terrestrial gross primary production: a site-level to global scale analysis. Global Change Biology, 20, 1394-1411.
11. Barman R, Jain AK, Liang M (2014b) Climate-driven uncertainties in terrestrial energy and water fluxes: a site-level to global scale analysis. Global Change Biology, 20, 1885-1990.
12. Batey T (2009) Soil compaction and soil management - a review. Soil Use and Management, 12, 335-345.
13. Batjes NH (2012) ISRIC-WISE Derived Soil Properties on a 5 by 5 arc-Minutes Global Grid (ver. 1.2). ISRIC - World Soil Information (http://www.isric.org), Wageningen.
14. Bender J, Weigel H-J (2011) Changes in atmospheric chemistry and crop health: a review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 31, 81-89.
15. Ben-Gal A, Borochov-Neori H, Yermiyahu U, Shani U (2009) Is osmotic potential a more appropriate property than electrical conductivity for evaluating whole-plant response to salinity? Environmental and Experimental Botany, 65, 232-237.
16. Berenguer E, Ferreira J, Gardner TA et al. (2014) A large-scale field assessment of carbon stocks in human-modified tropical forests. Global Change Biology, 20, 3713-3726.
17. Blanco-Canqui H, Lal R (2008) No-tillage and soil-profile carbon sequestration: an on-farm assessment. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 72, 693-701.
18. Bobbink R, Hicks K, Galloway J et al. (2010) Global assessment of nitrogen deposition effects on terrestrial plant diversity: a synthesis. Ecological Applications, 20, 30-59.
19. Bodelier PLE (2011) Toward understanding, managing, and protecting microbial ecosystems. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2, 80.
20. Bondeau A, Smith PC, Zaehle S, Schaphoff S, Lucht W, Cramer W, Gerten D (2007) Modelling the role of agriculture for the 20th century global terrestrial carbon balance. Global Change Biology, 13, 679-706.
21. Bouwman AF, Van Vuuren DP, Derwent RG, Posch M (2002) A global analysis of acidification and eutrophication of terrestrial ecosystems. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 141, 349-382.
22. Bouwman L, van der Hoek K, van Drecht G, Eickhout B (2006) World livestock and crop production systems, land use and environment between 1970 and 2030. In: Agriculture and Climate Beyond 2030 (eds Brouwer F, McCarl BA), pp. 75-89. Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
23. Bryan JE, Shearman PL, Asner GP, Knapp DE, Aoro G, Lokes B (2013) Extreme differences in forest degradation in Borneo: comparing practices in Sarawak, Sabah, and Brunei. PloS one, 8, e69679.
24. Burney JA, Davis SJ, Lobell DB (2010) Greenhouse gas mitigation by agricultural intensification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 12052-12057.
25. Bustamante M, Robledo-Abad C, Harper R et al. (2014) Co-benefits, trade-offs, barriers and policies for greenhouse gas mitigation in the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector. Global Change Biology, 20, 3270-3290.
26. Carlson KM, Curran LM (2013) Refined carbon accounting for oil palm agriculture: disentangling potential contributions of indirect emissions and smallholder farmers. Carbon Management, 4, 347-349.
27. Carpenter SR, Caraco NF, Correll DL, Howarth RW, Sharpley AN, Smith VH (1998) Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecological Applications, 8, 559-568.
28. Certini G (2005) Effects of fire on properties of forest soils: a review. Oecologia, 143, 1-10.
29. Chaplot V, Rumpel C, Valentin C (2005) Water erosion impact on soil and carbon redistributions within uplands of South-East Asia. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 19, GB4004.
30. Chowdhury N, Marschner P, Burns R (2011) Response of microbial activity and community structure to decreasing soil osmotic and matric potential. Plant and Soil, 344, 241-254.
31. Cole JC, Liverman DM (2011) Brazil's Clean Development Mechanism governance in the context of Brazil's historical environment-development discourses. Carbon Management, 2, 145-160.
32. Comtea I, Davidson R, Lucotte M, Carvalho CJR, Oliveira FA, Silva BP, Rousseaug G (2012) Physicochemical properties of soils in the Brazilian Amazon following fire-free land preparation and slash-and-burn practices. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 156, 108-115.
33. Conant RT (2012) Grassland soil organic carbon stocks: status, opportunities, vulnerability. In: Recarbonization of the Biosphere (eds Lal R, Lorenz K, Hüttl RF, Schneider BU, von Braun J), pp. 275-302. Springer, Dordrecht.
34. Dalal RC, Thornton CM, Cowie BA (2013) Turnover of organic carbon and nitrogen in soil assessed from δ 13 C and δ 15 N changes under pasture and cropping practices and estimates of greenhouse gas emissions. Science of the Total Environment, 465, 26-35.
35. Daniels SM, Evans MG, Agnew CT, Allott TEH (2008) Sulphur leaching from headwater catchments in an eroded peatland, South Pennines, UK. The Science of the Total Environment, 407, 481-496.
36. Davies ZG, Edmondson JL, Heinemeyer A, Leake JR, Gaston KJ (2011) Mapping and urban ecosystem service: quantifying above-ground carbon storage at a city-wide scale. Journal of Applied Ecology, 48, 1125-1134.
37. Delgado-Baquerizo M, Maestre FT, Gallardo A et al. (2013) Decoupling of soil nutrient cycles as a function of aridity in global drylands. Nature, 502, 672-676.
38. Dentener F, Drevet J, Lamarque JF, Bey I, Eickhout B, Fiore AM et al. (2006) Nitrogen and sulfur deposition on regional and global scales: a multimodel evaluation. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 20, GB4003.
39. Dittmar T, Rezende CE, Manecki M, Niggemann J, Ovalle ARC, Stubbins A, Bernardes MC (2012) Continuous flux of dissolved black carbon from a vanished tropical forest biome. Nature Geoscience, 5, 618-622.
40. D'Odorico P, Bhattachan A, Davis KF, Ravi S, Runyan CW (2013) Global desertification: drivers and feedbacks. Advances in Water Resources, 51, 326-344.
41. Don A, Schumacher J, Freibauer A (2011) Impact of tropical land-use change on soil organic carbon stocks - a meta-analysis. Global Change Biology, 17, 1658-1670.
42. Drewniak B, Song J, Prell J, Kotamarthi VR, Jacob R (2013) Modeling agriculture in the Community Land Model. Geoscientific Model Development, 6, 495-515. Available at: http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/6/495/2013/ (accessed 14 June 2015).
43. EEA (2014) Effects of Air Pollution on European Ecosystems. European Environment Agency, Copenhagen.
44. El-Masri B, Barman R, Meiyappan P, Song Y, Liang M, Jain A (2013) Carbon dynamics in the Amazonian basin: integration of eddy covariance and ecophysiological data with a land surface model. Agricultural & Forest Meteorology, 182, 156-167.
45. Eshel G, Shepon A, Makov T, Milo R (2014) Land, irrigation water, greenhouse gas, and reactive nitrogen burdens of meat, eggs, and dairy production in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111, 11996-12001.
46. Fang Y, Wang X, Zhu F et al. (2013) Three-decade changes in chemical composition of precipitation in Guangzhou city, southern China: has precipitation recovered from acidification following sulphur dioxide emission control? Tellus Series B, 65, Article Number 20213.
47. FAO (1995) Global Network on Integrated Soil Management for Sustainable Use of Salt-Affected Soils. FAO Land and Plant Nutrition Management Service, Rome, Italy.
48. FAO (2010) Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) 2010. FAO, Rome. Available at: http://www.fao.org/forestry/fra/fra2010/en/ (accessed 14 February 2015).
49. FAO (2013) FAO Statistical Yearbook - World Food and Agriculture. FAO, Rome.
50. FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISSCAS/JRC (2012) Harmonized World Soil Database (version 1.10). FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria.
51. FAOSTAT (2013) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT (Database). (Latest update: 07 Mar 2014). Available at:http://data.fao.org/ref/262b79ca-279c-4517-93de-ee3b7c7cb553.html?version=1.0. (accessed 16 April 2013).
52. Foley JA, Ramankutty N, Brauman KA, Cassidy ES, Gerber JS, Johnston M et al. (2011) Solutions for a cultivated planet. Nature, 478, 337-342.
53. 4MIP model intercomparison. Journal of Climate, 19, 3337-3353.
54. Galloway JN, Aber JD, Erisman JW, Seitzinger SP, Howarth RW, Cowling EB, Cosby BJ (2003) The nitrogen cascade. BioScience, 53, 341.
55. Galloway JN, Dentener FJ, Capone DG, Boyer EW, Howarth RW, Seitzinger SP et al. (2004) Nitrogen cycles: past, present, and future. Biogeochemistry, 70, 153-226.
56. Galloway JN, Townsend AR, Erisman JW, Bekunda M, Cai Z, Freney JR et al. (2008) Transformation of the nitrogen cycle: recent trends, questions, and potential solutions. Science, 320, 889-892.
57. Gauci V, Matthews E, Dise N, Walter B, Koch D, Granberg G, Vile M (2004) Sulfur pollution suppression of the wetland methane source in the 20th and 21st centuries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101, 12583-12587.
58. Ghassemi F, Jakeman AJ, Nix HA (1995) Salinisation of Land and Water Resources: Human Causes, Management and Case Studies. Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
59. Gill SE, Handley JF, Ennos AR, Pauleits S (2007) Adapting cities for climate change: the role of the green infrastructure. Built Environment, 33, 115-133.
60. Gleick PH (2003) Global freshwater resources: soft-path solutions for the 21st century. Science, 302, 1524-1528.
61. Greaver TL, Sullivan TJ, Herrick JD, Barber MC, Baron JS, Cosby BJ et al. (2012) Ecological effects of nitrogen and sulfur air pollution in the US: what do we know? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 10, 365-372.
62. Guo LB, Gifford RM (2002) Soil carbon stocks and land use change: a meta-analysis. Global Change Biology, 8, 345-360.
63. Guo K, Liu YF, Zeng C, Chen YY, Wei XJ (2014) Global research on soil contamination from 1999 to 2012: a bibliometric analysis. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B, Soil & Plant Science, 64, 377-391.
64. Haberl H, Erb KH, Krausmann F, Gaube V, Bondeau A, Plutzar C et al. (2007) Quantifying and mapping the human appropriation of net primary production in Earth's terrestrial ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 104, 12942-12947.
65. Hamza M, Anderson W (2005) Soil compaction in cropping systems: a review of the nature, causes and possible solutions. Soil and Tillage Research, 82, 121-145.
66. Hansen MC, Potapov PV, Moore R, Hancher M, Turubanova SA, Tyukavina A et al. (2013) High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change. Science, 342, 850-853.
67. Henderson BB, Gerber PJ, Hilinski TE, Falcucci A, Ojima DS, Salvatore M, Conant RT (2015) Greenhouse gas mitigation potential of the world's grazing lands: modeling soil carbon and nitrogen fluxes of mitigation practices. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 207, 91-100.
68. Herrero M, Thornton PK (2013) Livestock and global change: emerging issues for sustainable food systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110, 20878-20881.
69. Hester RE, Harrison RM (eds) (2001) Assessment and Contamination of Contaminated Land. Issues in Environmental Science and Technology, 2001, vol. 16. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge.
70. Hettelingh JP, Sliggers J, van het Bolcher M, Denier van der Gon H, Groenenberg BJ, Ilyin I et al. (2006) Heavy Metal Emissions, Depositions, Critical Loads and Exceedances in Europe, VROM-DGM, Den Haag.
71. 2 emissions from drained peatlands in Southeast Asia. Biogeosciences, 7, 1505-1514.
72. Hooke RL, Martín-Duque JF (2012) Land transformation by humans: a review. GSA Today, 22, 4-10.
73. Huang M, Yang L, Qin H, Jiang L, Zou Y (2013) Quantifying the effect of biochar amendment on soil quality and crop productivity in Chinese rice paddies. Field Crops Research, 11, 172-177.
74. Hurtt GC, Chini LP, Frolking S, Betts RA, Feddema J, Fischer G et al. (2011) Harmonization of land-use scenarios for the period 1500-2100: 600 years of global gridded annual land-use transitions, wood harvest, and resulting secondary lands. Climatic Change, 109, 117-161.
75. IFPRI (2011) Global Food Policy Report 2011. Available at: http://www.ifpri.org/gfpr/2011 (accessed 16 April 2015).
76. INPE (2014) Description of the PRODES project. Available at: http://www.obt.inpe.br/prodes/index.php. (accessed 16 April 2015)
77. IPCC (2007) Climate Change 2007. The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
78. 2 on potential carbon sequestration in agricultural soils. Geophysical Research Letters, 32, L19711.
79. 2 emissions from land-use change affected more by nitrogen cycle, than by the choice of land-cover data. Global Change Biology, 19, 2893-2906.
80. 2 Picture - Peatland Status and Drainage Related Emissions in All Countries of the World. Wetlands International, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
81. Ju X, Xing G, Chen X, Zhang S, Zhang L, Liu X et al. (2009) Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 3041-3046.
82. Kell D (2012) Large-scale sequestration of atmospheric carbon via plant roots in natural and agricultural ecosystems: why and how. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 367, 1589-1597.
83. Kelly EN, Schindler DW, Hodson PV, Short JW, Radmanovich R, Nielsen CC (2010) Oil sands development contributes elements toxic at low concentrations to the Athabasca River and its tributaries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 16178-16183.
84. Klein Goldewijk K, Beusen A, Van Drecht G, De Vos M (2011) The HYDE 3.1 spatially explicit database of human-induced global land-use change over the past 12, 000 years. Global Ecology & Biogeography, 20, 73-86.
85. Kravchenko AN, Robertson GP (2010) Whole-profile soil carbon stocks: the danger of assuming too much from analyses of too little. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 75, 235-240.
86. Krug EC, Frink CR (1983) Acid rain on acid soil: a new perspective. Science, 221, 520-525.
87. Kuylenstierna JC, Rodhe H, Cinderby S, Hicks K (2001) Acidification in developing countries: ecosystem sensitivity and the critical load approach on a global scale. Ambio, 30, 20-28.
88. Latham J, Cumani R, Rosati I & Bloise M (2014) Global Land Cover SHARE (GLC-SHARE) Database Beta-Release 1.0. FAO, Rome.
89. Laudon H, Dillon PJ, Eimers MC, Semkin RG, Jeffries DS (2004) Climate-induced episodic acidification of streams in central Ontario. Environmental Science & Technology, 38, 6009-6015.
90. Lawrence GB, Shortle WC, David MB, Smith KT, Warby RAF, Lapenis AG (2012) Early indications of soil recovery from acidic deposition in U.S. red spruce forests. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 76, 1407.
91. Le Quéré C, Peters GP, Andres RJ, Andrew RM, Boden TA, Ciais P et al. (2014) Global carbon budget 2013. Earth System Science Data, 6, 235-263.
92. Lehmann J, Czimczik C, Laird D, Sohi S (2015) Stability of biochar in soil. In: Biochar for Environmental Management: Science, Technology and Implementation (eds Lehmann J, Joseph S), pp. 235-282. Taylor and Francis, London, UK.
93. Li D, Niu S, Luo Y (2012) Global patterns of the dynamics of soil carbon and nitrogen stocks following afforestation: a meta-analysis. New Phytologist, 195, 172-181.
94. Lindeskog M, Arneth A, Bondeau A, Waha K, Seaquist J, Olin S et al. (2013) Implications of accounting for land use in simulations of ecosystem carbon cycling in Africa. Earth System Dynamics, 4, 385-407.
95. 4 emission. Ecology Letters, 12, 1103-1117.
96. 2O emission in rice paddies? - A cross site field experiment from South China. Ecological Engineering, 42, 168-173.
97. Liu L, Xu X, Zhuang D, Chen X, Li S (2013a) Changes in the potential multiple cropping system in response to climate change in China from 1960-2010. PLoS One, 8, e80990.
98. Liu X, Zhang Y, Han W, Tang A, Shen J, Cui Z et al. (2013b) Enhanced nitrogen deposition over China. Nature, 494, 459-462.
99. Lu X, Mao Q, Gilliam FS, Luo Y, Mo J (2014) Nitrogen deposition contributes to soil acidification in tropical ecosystems. Global Change Biology, 20, 3790-3801.
100. Lundström US, Bain DC, Taylor AFS, van Hees PAW (2003) Effects of acidification and its mitigation with lime and wood ash on forest soil processes: a review. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 3, 5-28.
101. Machmuller MB, Kramer MG, Cyle TK, Hill N, Hancock D, Thompson A (2015) Emerging land use practices rapidly increase soil organic matter. Nature Communications, 6, Article Number: 6995. doi: 10.1038/ncomms7995.
102. Maderova L, Paton GI (2013) Deployment of microbial sensors to assess zinc bioavailability and toxicity in soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 66, 222-228.
103. Magnani F, Mencuccini M, Borghetti M, Berbigier P, Berninger F, Delzon S et al. (2007) The human footprint in the carbon cycle of temperate and boreal forests. Nature, 447, 848-850.
104. Marfenina OE, Ivanova AE, Kislova EE, Sacharov DS (2008) The mycological properties of medieval culture layers as a form of soil "biological memory" about urbanization. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 8, 340-348.
105. Marshall MR, Francis OJ, Frogbrook ZL, Jackson BM, McIntyre N et al. (2009) The impact of upland land management on flooding: results from an improved pasture hillslope. Hydrological Processes, 23, 464-475.
106. Matson PA, Parton WJ, Power AG, Swift MJ (1997) Agricultural intensification and ecosystem properties. Science, 277, 504-509.
107. McCarthy DF (2007) Essentials of Soil Mechanics and Foundations. Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
108. McSherry ME, Ritchie ME (2013) Effects of grazing on grassland soil carbon: a global review. Global Change Biology, 19, 1347-1357.
109. Medlyn BE, Zaehle S, De Kauwe MG, Walker AP, Dietze MC, Hanson PJ et al. (2015) Using ecosystem experiments to improve vegetation models. Nature Climate Change, 5, 528-534.
110. Meersmans J, Van Wesemael B, De Ridder F, Dotti MF, Van De Baets S, Molle M (2009) Changes in organic carbon distribution with depth in agricultural soils in northern Belgium, 1960-1990. Global Change Biology, 15, 2739-2750.
111. Meuse H (2010) Contaminated Urban Soil. Environmental Pollution Series v. 18. Springer, Dordrecht, New York.
112. Monteith DT, Stoddard JL, Evans CD, de Wit HA, Forsius M, Høgåsen T et al. (2007) Dissolved organic carbon trends resulting from changes in atmospheric deposition chemistry. Nature, 450, 537-540.
113. Mueller ND, West PC, Gerber JS, MacDonald GK, Polasky S, Foley JA (2014) A tradeoff frontier for global nitrogen use and cereal production. Environmental Research Letters, 9, 054002.
114. Murty D, Kirschbaum MUF, McMurtrie RE, McGilvray H (2002) Does conversion of forest to agricultural land change soil carbon and nitrogen? A review of the literature. Global Change Biology, 8, 105-123.
115. Nave LE, Vance ED, Swanston CW, Curtis PS (2011) Fire effects on temperate forest soil C and N storage. Ecological Applications, 21, 1189-1201.
116. Nicholson FA, Smith SR, Alloway BJ, Carlton-Smith C, Chambers BJ (2003) An inventory of heavy metals inputs to agricultural soils in England and Wales. The Science of the Total Environment, 311, 205-219.
117. Nilsson J, Grennfelt P (1988) Critical Loads for Sulphur and Nitrogen. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen.
118. Nolte C, Agrawal A, Silvius KM, Soares-Filho BS (2013) Governance regime and location influence avoided deforestation success of protected areas in the Brazilian Amazon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110, 4956-4961.
119. Ogle S, Breidt FJ, Paustian K (2005) Agricultural management impacts on soil organic carbon storage under moist and dry climatic conditions of temperate and tropical regions. Biogeochemistry, 72, 87-121.
120. Ojima DS, Dirks B, Glenn EP, Owensby CE, Scurlock JO (1993) Assessment of C budget for grasslands and drylands of the world. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 70, 95-109.
121. Olander LO, Bustamante MCC, Asner GP, Telles E, do Prado ZA (2005) Surface soil changes following selective logging in an Eastern Amazon forest. Earth Interactions, 9, 1-19.
122. Oldeman LR, Hakkeling RTA, Sombroek WG (1991) Global Assessment of Soil Degradation GLASOD, revised 2nd edn. International Soil Reference and Information Centre, Wageningen and United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi.
123. Oulehle F, Evans CD, Hofmeister J, Krejci R, Tahovska K, Persson T et al. (2011) Major changes in forest carbon and nitrogen cycling caused by declining sulphur deposition. Global Change Biology, 17, 3115-3129.
124. 2 emissions. Soil Use and Management, 13, 230-244.
125. Perez CA, Carmona MR, Fariña JM, Armesto JJ (2009) Selective logging of lowland evergreen rainforests in Chiloe Island, Chile: effects of changing tree species composition on soil nitrogen transformations. Forest Ecology and Management, 258, 1660-1668.
126. 2O emission due to N fertilizer application in cultivated areas. PLoS One, 7, e50950.
127. Poeplau C, Don A (2015) Carbon sequestration in agricultural soils via cultivation of cover crops - a meta-analysis. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 200, 33-41.
128. Poeplau C, Don A, Vesterdal L, Leifeld J, Wesemael B, Schumacher J, Gensior A (2011) Temporal dynamics of soil organic carbon after land-use change in the temperate zone - carbon response functions as a model approach. Global Change Biology, 17, 2415-2427.
129. Powlson DS, Stirling CM, Jat ML, Gerard BG, Palm CA, Sanchez PA, Cassman KG (2014) Limited potential of no-till agriculture for climate change mitigation. Nature Climate Change, 4, 678-683.
130. Prokop G, Jobstmann H, Schöbauer A (2011) Overview on best practices for limiting soil sealing and mitigating its effects in EU-27 (Environment Agency Austria), technical Report - 2011-50, ISBN: 978-92-79-20669-6. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/soil/sealing.htm (accessed 16 April 2015).
131. Ravi S, Breshears DD, Huxman TE, D'Odorico P (2010) Land degradation in drylands: interactions among hydrologic-aeolian erosion and vegetation dynamics. Geomorphology, 116, 236-245.
132. Ray DK, Foley JA (2013) Increasing global crop harvest frequency: recent trends and future directions. Environmental Research Letters, 8, 044041.
133. Reay DS, Dentener F, Smith P, Grace J, Feely R (2008) Global nitrogen deposition and carbon sinks. Nature Geoscience, 1, 430-437.
134. Reis S, Grennfelt P, Klimont Z, Amann M, Apsimon H, Hettelingh J-P et al. (2012) From acid rain to climate change. Science, 338, 1153-1154.
135. Rengasamy P (2008) Salinity in the landscape: a growing problem in Australia. Geotimes, 53, 34-39.
136. Reuss JO, Johnson DW (1986) Acid Deposition and the Acidification of Soils and Waters, Ecological. Springer Verlag, New York.
137. Ribeiro-Filho AA, Adams C, Sereni Murrieta RSS (2013) The impacts of shifting cultivation on tropical forest soil: a review. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas, 8, 693-727.
138. Ripple WJ, Smith P, Haberl H, Montzka SA, McAlpine C, Boucher DH (2014) Ruminants, climate change and climate policy. Nature Climate Change, 4, 2-5.
139. Robinson DA, Hockley N, Cooper DM, Emmett BA, Keith AM, Lebron I et al. (2013) Natural capital and ecosystem services, developing an appropriate soils framework as a basis for valuation. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 57, 1023-1033.
140. Robinson DA, Fraser I, Dominati EJ, Davísdóttir B, Jónsson JOG, Jones L et al. (2014) On the value of soil resources in the context of natural capital and ecosystem service delivery. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 78, 685-700.
141. RoTAP (2012) Review of Transboundary Air Pollution (RoTAP): Acidification, Eutrophication, Ground Level Ozone and Heavy Metals in the UK. Contract Report to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh.
142. Rothwell JJ, Robinson SG, Evans MG, Yang J, Allott TEH (2005) Heavy metal release by peat erosion in the Peak District, southern Pennines, UK. Hydrological Processes, 19, 2973-2989.
143. Royal Society of London (2009) Reaping the Benefits: Science and the Sustainable Intensification of Global Agriculture. Royal Society of London, London, UK.
144. Ryals R, Hartman MD, Parton WJ, DeLonge M, Silver WL (2015) Long-term climate change mitigation potential with organic matter management on grasslands. Ecological Applications, 25, 531-545.
145. Setia R, Marschner P, Baldock J, Chittleborough D, Smith P, Smith J (2011a) Salinity effects on carbon mineralization in soils of varying texture. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 43, 1908-1916.
146. Setia R, Smith P, Marschner P, Baldock J, Chittleborough DJ, Smith J (2011b) Introducing a decomposition rate modifier in the Rothamsted carbon model to predict soil organic carbon stocks in saline soils. Environmental Science & Technology, 45, 6396-6403.
147. Setia R, Smith P, Marschner P, Gottschalk P, Baldock J, Verma V et al. (2012) Simulation of salinity effects on past, present and future soil organic carbon stocks. Environmental Science & Technology, 46, 1624-1631.
148. Setia R, Gottschalk P, Smith P, Marschner P, Baldock J, Smith J (2013) Soil salinity decreases global soil organic carbon stocks. Science of the Total Environment, 465, 267-272.
149. 2O) emissions to fertilizer nitrogen. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111, 9199-9204.
150. Siebert S, Döll P (2010) Quantifying blue and green virtual water contents in global crop production as well as potential production losses without irrigation. Journal of Hydrology, 384, 198-217.
151. Siebielec G, Lazar S, Kaufmann C, Jaensch S (2010) Handbook for Measures Enhancing Soil Function Performance and Compensating Soil Loss During Urbanization Process. Urban SMS - Soil Management Strategy project. Available at: http://www.urban-sms.eu.
152. Smil V (2000) Phosphorus in the environment: natural flows and human interferences. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 25, 53-88.
153. Smith P (2005) An overview of the permanence of soil organic carbon stocks: influence of direct human-induced, indirect and natural effects. European Journal of Soil Science, 56, 673-680.
154. Smith P (2008) Land use change and soil organic carbon dynamics. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 81, 169-178.
155. Smith P (2012) Soils and climate change. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 4, 539-544.
156. Smith B, Prentice I, Sykes M (2001) Representation of vegetation dynamics in the modelling of terrestrial ecosystems: comparing two contrasting approaches within European climate space. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 10, 621-637.
157. Smith P, Davies CA, Ogle S, Zanchi G, Bellarby J, Bird N et al. (2012) Towards an integrated global framework to assess the impacts of land use and management change on soil carbon: current capability and future vision. Global Change Biology, 18, 2089-2101.
158. Smith P, Ashmore M, Black H, Burgess PJ, Evans C, Quine T et al. (2013) The role of ecosystems and their management in regulating climate, and soil, water and air quality. Journal of Applied Ecology, 50, 812-829.
159. Smith P, Cotrufo MF, Rumpel C, Paustian K, Kuikman PJ, Elliott JA et al. (2015) Biogeochemical cycles and biodiversity as key drivers of ecosystem services provided by soils. SOIL Discussions, 2, 537-586.
160. Snyder CS, Davidson EA, Smith P, Venterea RT (2014) Agriculture: sustainable crop and animal production to help mitigate nitrous oxide emissions. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 9-10, 46-54.
161. Soares-Filho B, Rajao R, Macedo M, Carneiro A, Costa W, Coe M et al. (2014) Land use cracking Brazil's forest code. Science, 344, 363-364.
162. Spranger T, Hettelingh J-P, Slootweg J, Posch M (2008) Modelling and mapping long-term risks due to reactive nitrogen effects: an overview of LRTAP convention activities. Environmental Pollution, 154, 482-487.
163. State Bureau of Statistics-China (2005) 50 Years Rural Statistics of New China. China Statistics Press, Beijing, China.
164. Sutton MA, Nemitz E, Erisman JW, Beier C, Butterbach Bahl K, Cellier P et al. (2007) Challenges in quantifying biosphere-atmosphere exchange of nitrogen species. Environmental Pollution, 150, 125-139.
165. Tian HQ, Lu CQ, Melillo J, Ren R, Huang Y, Xu XF et al. (2012) Food benefit and climate warming potential of nitrogen fertilizer uses in China. Environmental Research Letters, 7, doi:10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044020.
166. Tilman D, Cassman KG, Matson PA, Naylor R, Polasky S (2002) Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature, 418, 671-677.
167. Tilman D, Balzer C, Hill J, Befort BL (2011) Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 20260-20264.
168. Tipping E, Smith E, Lawlor A, Hughes S, Stevens P (2003) Predicting the release of metals from ombrotrophic peat due to drought-induced acidification. Environmental Pollution, 123, 239-253.
169. Todd-Brown KEO, Randerson JT, Post WM, Hoffman FM, Tarnocai C, Schuur EAG, Allison SD (2013) Causes of variation in soil carbon simulations from CMIP5 Earth system models and comparison with observations. Biogeosciences, 10, 1717-1736.
170. Tóth G, Stolbovoy V, Montanarella L (2007) Soil Quality and Sustainability Evaluation - An Integrated approach to support soil-related policies of the European Union. EUR 22721 EN. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/soil/biodiversity.htm (accessed 14 February 2015).
171. Tubiello FN, Salvatore M, Condor Golec R, Rossi S, Ferrara A, Biancalani R et al. (2015) The contribution of agriculture, forestry and other land use activities to global warming, 1990-2012. Global Change Biology, 21, 2655-2660.
172. UNDP (2014a) The Millennium Development Goals 2014.United Nations Development Group 2014. 59 pp. Available at: http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/MDG/english/UNDP_MDGReport_EN_2014Final1.pdf (accessed 4 June 2015).
173. UNDP (2014b) Delivering the post-2015 development agenda. Opportunities at the national and local levels. United Nations Development Group 2014. 44 pp. Available at: http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/MDG/Post2015/UNDP-MDG-Delivering-Post-2015-Report-2014.pdf (accessed 4 June 2015).
174. Van Aardenne JA, Dentener FJ, Olivier JGJ, Goldewijk CGMK, Lelieveld J (2001) A 1°×1° resolution data set of historical anthropogenic trace gas emissions for the period 1890-1990. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 15, 909-928.
175. Venterea RT, Maharjan B, Dolan MS (2011) Fertilizer source and tillage effects on yield-scaled nitrous oxide emissions in a corn cropping system. Journal of Environmental Quality, 40, 1521-1531.
176. Vet R, Artz RS, Carou S, Shaw M, Ro C-U, Aas W et al. (2014) A global assessment of precipitation chemistry and deposition of sulfur, nitrogen, sea salt, base cations, organic acids, acidity and pH, and phosphorus. Atmospheric Environment, 93, 3-100.
177. Villela DM, Nascimento MT, Aragão LEOC, Gama DM (2006) Effect of selective logging on forest structure and nutrient cycling in a seasonally dry Brazilian Atlantic forest. Journal of Biogeography, 33, 506-516.
178. Wei X, Shao M, Gale W, Li L (2014a) Global pattern of soil carbon losses due to the conversion of forests to agricultural land. Scientific Reports, 4, 4062.
179. Wei X, Huang L, Xiang Y, Shao M, Zhang X, Gale W (2014b) The dynamics of soil OC and N after conversion of forest to cropland. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 194, 188-196.
180. West TO, Post WM (2002) Soil organic carbon sequestration rates by tillage and crop rotation. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 66, 1930-1940.
181. West PC, Gibbs HK, Monfreda C, Wagner J, Barford CC, Carpenter SR, Foley JA (2010) Trading carbon for food: global comparison of carbon stocks vs. crop yields on agricultural land. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 19645-19648.
182. West PC, Gerber JS, Engstrom PM, Mueller ND, Brauman KA, Carlson KM et al. (2014) Leverage points for improving global food security and the environment. Science, 345, 325-328.
183. Whitfield CJ, Aherne J, Watmough SA, Mcdonald M (2010) Estimating the sensitivity of forest soils to acid deposition in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region, Alberta. Journal of Limnology, 69, 201-208.
184. Wilhelm WW, Johnson JMF, Hatfield JL, Voorhees WB, Linden DR (2004) Crop and soil productivity response to corn residue removal: a literature review. Agronomy Journal, 96, 1-17.
185. Woolf D, Amonette JE, Street-Perrott FA, Lehmann J, Joseph S (2010) Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change. Nature Communications, 1, Article 56. doi: 10.1038/ncomms1053.
186. World Bank (2008) World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development. World Bank, Washington, DC.
187. World Urbanization Prospects (2014) World's population increasingly urban with more than half living in urban areas. Available at: http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/news/population/world-urbanization-prospects-2014.html (accessed 14 February 2015).
188. Yates DN, Kittel TGF, Cannon RF (2000) Comparing the correlative Holdridge model to mechanistic biogeographical models for assessing vegetation distribution response to climatic change. Climatic Change, 44, 59-87.
189. Zhang XH, Li DY, Pan G, Li LQ, Lin F, Xu XW (2008) Conservation of wetland soil c stock and climate change of China. Advances in Climate Change Research, 4, 202-208.