Do geographically isolated wetlands influence landscape functions?

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Volumn 113, Issue 8, 2016, Pages 1978-1986

  Cohen, Matthew J ^a   Creed, Irena F ^b   Alexander, Laurie ^c   Basu, Nandita B ^d   Calhoun, Aram J K ^e   Craft, Christopher ^f   D'Amico, Ellen ^g   DeKeyser, Edward ^h   Fowler, Laurie ⁱ   Golden, Heather E ^c   Jawitz, James W ^j   Kalla, Peter ^c   Kirkman, L Katherine ^k   Lane, Charles R ^c   Lang, Megan ^l   Leibowitz, Scott G ^m   Lewis, David Bruce ⁿ   Marton, John ^o   McLaughlin, Daniel L ^p   Mushet, David M ^q   Raanan Kiperwas, Hadas ^c   Rains, Mark C ⁿ   Smith, Lora ^k   Walls, Susan C ^q   more..

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^c U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO   (Canada)

^e UNIVERSITY OF MAINE   (United States)

^f INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^g DYNAMAC CORPORATION   (United States)

^h NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

^j UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

^k JOSEPH W JONES ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^l UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

^m U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

ⁿ UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA   (United States)

^o CDM SMITH   (United States)

^p VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^q U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

Connectivity; Navigable waters; Significant nexus

Indexed keywords

GROUND WATER; SURFACE WATER;

ENDANGERED SPECIES; GEOGRAPHICALLY ISOLATED WETLAND; HUMAN; LANDSCAPE; MOSAICISM; NONHUMAN; NORTH AMERICAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SOLUTE; SURFACE WATER HYDROLOGY; WETLAND; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; NORTH AMERICA;

MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; NORTH AMERICA; WETLANDS;

EID: 84959225769     PISSN: 00278424     EISSN: 10916490     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1512650113     Document Type: Review

References (142)

1. Tetzlaff D, et al. (2007) Connectivity between landscapes and riverscapes: A unifying theme in integrating hydrology and ecology in catchment science. Hydrol Processes 21:1385-1389.
2. Peters DPC, et al. (2008) Living in an increasingly connected world: A framework for continental-scale environmental science. Front Ecol Environ 6:229-237.
3. Hughes JM, Schmidt D, Finn DS (2009) Genes in streams: Using DNA to understand the movements of freshwater fauna and their riverine habitat. Bioscience 59:573-583.
4. Bertuzzo E, et al. (2011) Prediction of the spatial evolution and effects of control measures for the unfolding Haiti cholera outbreak. Geophys Res Lett 38:L06403.
5. Creed IF, Sanford SE, Beall FD, Molot LA, Dillon PJ (2003) Cryptic wetlands: Integrating hidden wetlands in regression models of the export of dissolved organic carbon from forested landscapes. Hydrol Processes 17:3629-3648.
6. Creed IF, Beall FD (2009) Distributed topographic indicators for predicting nitrogen export from headwater catchments. Water Resour Res 45:W10407.
7. Gall HE, Park J, Harman CJ, Jawitz JW, Rao PSC (2013) Landscape filtering of hydrologic and biogeochemical responses in managed catchments. Landscape Ecol 28:651-664.
8. Labonne J, Ravigne V, Parisi B, Gaucherel C (2008) Linking dendritic network structures to population demogenetics: The downside of connectivity. Oikos 117:1479-1490.
9. Carrara F, Altermatt F, Rodriguez-Iturbe I, Rinaldo A (2012) Dendritic connectivity controls biodiversity patterns in experimental metacommunities. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109(15):5761-5766.
10. Heathwaite AL, Quinn PF, Hewitt CJM (2005) Modelling and managing critical source areas of diffuse pollution from agricultural land using flow connectivity simulation. J Hydrol (Amst) 304:446-461.
11. Cvetkovic V, Carstens C, Selroos JO, Destouni G (2012) Water and solute transport along hydrological pathways. Water Resour Res 48:W06537.
12. Leibowitz SG, Vining KC (2003) Temporal connectivity in a prairie pothole complex. Wetlands 23:13-25.
13. Jensco KG, et al. (2009) Hydrologic connectivity between landscapes and streams: Transferring reach-and plot-scale understanding to the catchment scale.Water Resour Res 45:W04428.
14. Botter G, Bertuzzo E, Rinaldo A (2010) Transport in the hydrologic response: Travel time distributions, soil moisture dynamics and the old water paradox. Water Resour Res 46:W03514.
15. Harman C (2015) Time-variable transit time distributions and transport: Theory and application to storage-dependent transport of chloride in a watershed. Water Resour Res 51:1-30.
16. Bracken LJ, Crocke J (2007) The concept of hydrological connectivity and its contribution to understanding runoff-dominated geomorphic systems. Hydrol Processes 21:1749-1763.
17. Pringle CM (2003) What is hydrologic connectivity and why is it ecologically important? Hydrol Processes 17:2685-2689.
18. Fisher SG, Sponseller RA, Heffernan JB (2004) Horizons in stream biogeochemistry: Flowpaths to progress. Ecology 85:2369-2379.
19. Mehnert E, et al. (2007) Denitrification in the shallow ground water of a tile-drained, agricultural watershed. J Environ Qual 36(1):80-90.
20. Lang M, McCarty G, McDonough O, Oesterling R, Wilen W (2012) Enhanced detection of wetland-stream connectivity using LiDAR. Wetlands 32:461-473.
21. Galat DL, et al. (1998) Flooding to restore connectivity of regulated large-river wetlands: Natural and controlled flooding as complementary processes along the lower Missouri River. Bioscience 48:721-733.
22. Elmore AJ, Kaushal SS (2008) Disappearing headwaters: Patterns of stream burial due to urbanization. Front Ecol Environ 6:308-312.
23. Leibowitz SG, Loehle C, Li B, Peterson EM (2000) Modeling landscape functions and effects: A network approach. Ecol Modell 132:77-94.
24. Jackson CR, Pringle CM (2010) Ecological benefits of reduced hydrologic connectivity in intensively developed landscapes. Bioscience 60:37-46.
25. Acreman M, Holden J (2013) How wetlands affect floods. Wetlands 33:773-786.
26. Whigham D, Jordan T (2003) Isolated wetlands and water quality. Wetlands 23:541-549.
27. Bridgham SD, Megonigal JP, Keller JK, Bliss NB, Trettin C (2006) The carbon balance of North American wetlands. Wetlands 26:889-916.
28. Capps KA, et al. (2014) Biogeochemical hotspots in forested landscapes: Quantifying the functional role of vernal pools in denitrification and organic matter processing. Ecosystems (N Y) 17:1455-1468.
29. Tiner RW, Jr. (1984) Wetlands of the United States: Current Status and Recent Trends (US Department of the Interior, Washington, DC).
30. Subalusky AL, Fitzgerald LA, Smith LL (2009) Ontogenetic niche shifts in the American Alligator establish functional connectivity between aquatic systems. Biol Conserv 42:1502-1514.
31. Semlitsch RD, Bodie JR (2003) Biological criteria for buffer zones around wetlands and riparian habitats for amphibians and reptiles. Conserv Biol 17:1219-1228.
32. Mitchell JC, Paton PWC, Raithel CJ (2008) The importance of vernal pools to reptiles, birds, and mammals. Science and Conservation of Vernal Pools in Mortheastern North America, eds Calhoun AJK, de Maynadier PG (CRC, Boca Raton, FL), pp 169-193.
33. Brinson M (1993) Changes in the functioning of wetlands along environmental gradients. Wetlands 13:65-74.
34. Bullock A, Acreman M (2003) The role of wetlands in the hydrologic cycle. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 7:358-389.
35. Snodgrass JW, Bryan AL, Jr., Lide RF, Smith GM (2001) Factors affecting the occurrence and structure of fish assemblages in isolated wetlands of the upper coastal plain, USA. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 53:443-454.
36. Gibbs JP (1993) Importance of small wetlands for the persistence of local populations of wetland-associated animals. Wetlands 13:25-31.
37. Scheffer M, et al. (2006) Small habitat size and isolation can promote species richness: Second-order effects on biodiversity in shallow lakes and ponds. Oikos 112:227-231.
38. Semlitsch RD, Bodie JR (1998) Are small, isolated wetlands expendable? Conserv Biol 12:1129-1133.
39. Pope SE, Fahrig L, Merriam HG (2000) Landscape complementation and metapopulation effects on leopard frog populations. Ecology 81:2498-2508.
40. Tiner RW, Jr. (2003) Geographically isolated wetlands of the United States. Wetlands 23:494-516.
41. Winter TC, LaBaugh JW (2003) Hydrologic considerations in defining isolated wetlands. Wetlands 23:532-540.
42. Zedler PH (2003) Vernal pools and the concept of "isolated wetlands". Wetlands 23:597-607.
43. Leibowitz SG (2003) Isolated wetlands and their functions: An ecological perspective. Wetlands 23:517-531.
44. Mushet DM, et al. (2015) Geographically isolated wetlands: Rethinking a misnomer. Wetlands 10.1007/s13157-015-0631-9.
45. Adler RW (2015) US Environmental Protection Agency's new Waters of the United States Rule: Connecting law and science. Freshw Sci 34(4):1595-1600.
46. Downing DM, Winer C, Wood LD (2003) Navigating through Clean Water Act jurisdiction: A legal review. Wetlands 23:475-493.
47. Leibowitz SG, Wigington PJ, Jr, Rains MC, Downing DM (2008) Non-navigable streams and adjacent wetlands: Addressing science needs following the Supreme Court's Rapanos decision. Front Ecol Environ 6:364-371.
48. US EPA and US ACE (US Environmental Protection Agency and US Army Corps of Engineers) (2015) Clean Water Rule: Definition of "Waters of the United States". 80. Federal Register, pp 37054-37127.
49. US EPA (2015) Connectivity of Streams and Wetlands to Downstream Waters: A Review and Synthesis of the Scientific Evidence (US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC), EPA/600/R-14/475F.
50. Lang M, McCarty G, Oesterling R, Yeo I-Y (2012) Topographic metrics for improved mapping of forested wetlands. Wetlands 33:141-155.
51. Tiner RW, Jr (1997) NWI Maps: What They Tell Us. National Wetlands Newsletter 19(2):7-12.
52. Tiner RW, Jr (2003) Estimated extent of geographically isolated wetlands in selected areas of the United States. Wetlands 23:635-652.
53. Lane CR, D'Amico E, Autrey B (2012) Isolated wetlands of the Southeastern United States: Abundance and expected condition. Wetlands 32:753-767.
54. Holland MM, Whigham DF, Gopal B (1990) The characteristics of wetland ecotones. The Ecology and Management of Aquatic-Terrestrial Ecotones, Man and the Biosphere Series, eds Naiman RJ, Décamps H (CRC, Boca Raton, FL), Vol 4, pp 171-198.
55. Van Meter KJ, Basu NB (2015) Signatures of human impact: Size distributions and spatial organization of wetlands in the Prairie Pothole landscape. Ecol Appl 25(2): 451-465.
56. Urban D, Keitt T (2001) Landscape connectivity: A graph-theoretic perspective. Ecology 82:1205-1218.
57. Uden DR, Hellman ML, Angeler DG, Allen CR (2014) The role of reserves and anthropogenic habitats for functional connectivity and resilience of ephemeral wetlands. Ecol Appl 24:1569-1582.
58. LaBaugh JW, Winter TC, Rosenberry DO (1998) Hydrologic functions of prairie wetlands. Great Plains Res 8:17-37.
59. Newman MC, Schalles JF (1990) The water chemistry of Carolina Bays: A regional survey. Arch Hydrobiol 118:147-168.
60. Reiss KC (2004) Developing biological indicators for isolated forested wetlands in Florida. PhD Dissertation (University of Florida, Gainesville FL).
61. Lane CR, Brown MT (2007) Diatoms as indicators of isolated herbaceous wetland condition in Florida, USA. Ecol Indic 7:521-540.
62. Rains MC, Dahlgren RA, Williamson RJ, Fogg GE, Harter T (2008) Geological control of physical and chemical hydrology in vernal pools, Central Valley, California. Wetlands 28:347-362.
63. Korfel CA, Mitsch WJ, Hetherington TE, Mack JJ (2010) Hydrology, physiochemistry, and amphibians in natural and created vernal pool wetlands. Restor Ecol 18:843-854.
64. Lane CR, D'Amico E (2010) Calculating the ecosystem service of water storage in isolated wetlands using LiDAR in north central Florida, USA. Wetlands 30:967-977.
65. Junk WJ, Bayley PB, Sparks RE (1989) The flood-pulse concept in river-floodplain systems. Proceedings of the International Large River Symposium, Canadian Special Publication of Fish and Aquatic Sciences, ed Dodge DP (Fisheries and Oceans Comunications Directorate, Ottawa, ON, Canada), vol 106, pp 110-127.
66. Pyzoha JE, Callahan TJ, Sun G, Trettin CC, Miwa M (2007) A conceptual model for a forested Carolina bay depressional wetland on the Coastal Plain of South Carolina, USA. Hydrol Processes 22:2689-2698.
67. McLaughlin DL, Cohen MJ (2013) Realizing ecosystem services: Wetland hydrologic function along a gradient of ecosystem condition. Ecol Appl 23(7): 1619-1631.
68. Min JH, Perkins DB, Jawitz JW (2010) Wetland-groundwater interactions in subtropical depressional wetlands. Wetlands 30:997-1006.
69. Golden HE, et al. (2015) Relative effects of geographically isolated wetlands on streamflow: A watershed-scale analysis. Ecohydrology, 10.1002/eco.1608.
70. McLaughlin DL, Kaplan DR, Cohen MJ (2014) A significant nexus: Isolated wetlands influence landscape hydrology. Water Resour Res 50:7153-7166.
71. Lang M, Bourgeau-Chavez L, Tiner R, Klemas V (2015) Advances in remotely sensed data and techniques for wetland mapping and monitoring. Remote Sensing of Wetlands: Applications and Advances, eds Tiner R, Lang M, Klemas V (CRC, Boca Raton, FL), pp 74-112.
72. Rains MC, Fogg GE, Harter T, Dahlgran RA, Williamson RJ (2006) The role of perched aquifers in hydrological connectivity and biogeochemical processes in vernal pool landscapes, Central Valley, California. Hydrol Processes 20:1157-1175.
73. Ferone JE, Devito KJ (2004) Shallow groundwater-surface water interactions in pond-peatland complexes along a Boreal Plains topographic gradient. J Hydrol (Amst) 292:75-95.
74. McLaughlin DL, Cohen MJ (2014) Ecosystem specific yield for estimating evapotranspiration and groundwater exchange from diel surface water variation. Hydrol Processes 28:1495-1506.
75. Sanford WE, Pope JP (2013) Quantifying groundwater's role in delaying improvements to Chesapeake Bay water quality. Environ Sci Technol 47(23): 13330-13338.
76. Vanderhoof MK, Alexander LC, Todd JM (2015) Temporal and spatial patterns of wetland extent influence variability of surface water connectivity in the Prairie Pothole Region, United States. Landscape Ecol, 10.1007/s10980-015-0290-5.
77. McGuire KJ, McDonnell JJ (2010) Hydrologic connectivity of hillslopes and streams: Characteristic time scales and nonlinearities. Water Resour Res 46:W10543.
78. Dunne T, Black RD (1970) Partial area contributions to storm runoff in a small New England watershed. Water Resour Res 6:1296-1311.
79. Devito KJ, Hill AR, Roulet N (1996) Groundwater-surface water interactions in headwater forested wetlands of the Canadian Shield. J Hydrol (Amst) 181:127-147.
80. Ali GA, Roy AG (2009) Revisiting hydrologic sampling strategies for an accurate assessment of hydrologic connectivity in humid temperate systems. Geogr Compass 3:350-374.
81. Creed IF, Sass GZ (2011) Digital terrain analysis approaches for tracking hydrological and biogeochemical pathways and processes in forested landscapes. Forest Hydrology and Biogeochemistry 216:69-100.
82. Winter TC, Harvey JW, Lehn Franke O, Alley WM (1998) Ground Water and Surface Water: A Single Resource (US Geological Survey, Denver).
83. Craft CB, Casey WP (2000) Sediment and nutrient accumulation in floodplain and depressional freshwater wetlands of Georgia, USA. Wetlands 20:323-332.
84. Reddy KR, Kadlec RH, Flaig E, Gale PM (1999) Phosphorus retention in streams and wetlands: A review. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 29:83-146.
85. Whigham DF, Chitterling C, Palmer B (1988) Impacts of freshwater wetlands on water quality: A landscape perspective. Environ Manage 12:663-671.
86. Gambrell RP (1994) Trace and toxic metals in wetlands: A review. J Environ Qual 23:883-891.
87. Johnston CA (1991) Sediment and nutrient retention by freshwater wetlands: Effects on surface water quality. CRC Crit Rev Environ Control 21:491-565.
88. Zedler JB (2003) Wetlands at your service: Reducing impacts of agriculture at the watershed scale. Front Ecol Environ 1:65-72.
89. Cohen MJ, Brown MT (2007) A model examining hierarchical wetland networks for watershed stormwater management. Ecol Modell 201:179-193.
90. Cheesman AW, Dunne EJ, Turner BL, Reddy KR (2010) Soil phosphorus forms in hydrologically isolated wetlands and surrounding pasture uplands. J Environ Qual 39(4):1517-1525.
91. Peterson BJ, et al. (2001) Control of nitrogen export from watersheds by headwater streams. Science 292(5514):86-90.
92. Hedin LO, et al. (1998) Thermodynamic constraints on nitrogen transformations and other biogeochemical processes at soil-stream interfaces. Ecology 79:684-703.
93. Alexander RB, Smith RA, Schwarz GE (2000) Effect of stream channel size on the delivery of nitrogen to the Gulf of Mexico. Nature 403(6771):758-761.
94. Duarte CM, Kalff J, Peters RH (1986) Patterns in biomass and cover of aquatic macrophytes in lakes. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 43(10):1900-1908.
95. Downing JA, et al. (2008) Sediment organic carbon burial in agriculturally eutrophic impoundments over the last century. Global Biogeochem Cycles 22(1): GB1018.
96. Dodson SI, Arnott SE, Cotting KL (2000) The relationship in lake communities between primary productivity and species richness. Ecology 81:2662-2679.
97. Youngs WD, Heimbuch DG (1982) Another consideration of the Morphoedaphic Index. Trans Am Fish Soc 111:151-153.
98. Downing JA (2010) Emerging global role of small lakes and ponds: Little things mean a lot. Limnética 9(1):9-24.
99. Marton JM, et al. (2015) Geographically isolated wetlands are important biogeochemical reactors on the landscape. Bioscience 65(4):408-418.
100. Jordan SJ, Stoffer J, Nestlerode JA (2011) Wetlands as sinks for reactive nitrogen at continental and global scales: A meta-analysis. Ecosystems (N Y) 14:144-155.
101. Lane CR, et al. (2015) Denitrification potential in geographically isolated wetlands of North Carolina and Florida, USA. Wetlands 35:459-471.
102. Whitmire SL, Hamilton SK (2005) Rapid removal of nitrate and sulfate in freshwater wetland sediments. J Environ Qual 34(6):2062-2071.
103. Gibbs JP (2000) Wetlands loss and biodiversity conservation. Conserv Biol 14:314-317.
104. Ghermandi A, Van Den Bergh JCJM, Brander LM, de Groot HLF, Nunes PALD (2010) Values of natural and human-made wetlands: A meta-analysis. Water Resour Res 46:W12516.
105. Holland JF, et al. (2004) Effects of wetland depth and flow rate on residence time distribution characteristics. Ecol Eng 23:189-203.
106. Werner TM, Kadlec RH (2000) Wetland residence time distribution modeling. Ecol Eng 15:77-90.
107. Powers SM, Johnson RA, Stanley EH (2012) Nutrient retention and the problem of hydrologic disconnection in streams and wetlands. Ecosystems (N Y) 15:435-449.
108. Mays PA, Edwards GS (2001) Comparison of heavy metal accumulation in natural wetlands and constructed wetlands receiving acid mine drainage. Ecol Eng 16:487-500.
109. Stehle S, et al. (2011) Pesticide risk mitigation by vegetated treatment systems: A meta-analysis. J Environ Qual 40(4):1068-1080.
110. Haig SM, Mehlman DW, Oring LW (1998) Avian movements and wetland connectivity in landscape conservation. Conserv Biol 12:749-758.
111. Gibbons JW (2003) Terrestrial habitat: A vital component for herpetofauna of isolated wetlands. Wetlands 23:630-635.
112. Euliss NH, et al. (2004) The wetland continuum: A conceptual framework for interpreting biological studies. Wetlands 24:448-458.
113. Boughton EH, Quintana-Ascencio PF, Bohlen PJ, Jenkins DG, Pickert R (2010) Land-use and isolation interact to affect wetland plant assemblages. Ecography 33:461-470.
114. McIntyre NE, et al. (2014) Climate forcing of wetland landscape connectivity in the Great Plains. Front Ecol Environ 12:59-64.
115. Van der Valk AG, Pederson RL (2003) The SWANCC decision and its implications for prairie potholes. Wetlands 23:590-596.
116. Sheldon F, Boulton AJ, Puckridge JT (2002) Conservation value of variable connectivity: Aquatic invertebrate assemblages of channel and floodplain habitats of a central Australian arid-zone river, Cooper Creek. Biol Conserv 103:13-31.
117. Dias MS, et al. (2014) Global imprint of historical connectivity on freshwater fish biodiversity. Ecol Lett 17(9):1130-1140.
118. Brose U (2001) Relative importance of isolation, area and habitat heterogeneity for vascular plant species richness of temporary wetlands in east-German farmland. Ecography 24:722-730.
119. Snodgrass JW, Komoroski MJ, Bryan AL, Jr, Burger J (2000) Relationships among isolated wetland size, hydroperiod, and amphibian species richness: Implications for wetland regulations. Conserv Biol 14:414-419.
120. Roe JH, Georges A (2008) Maintenance of variable responses for coping with wetland drying in freshwater turtles. Ecology 89(2):485-494.
121. Beaudry F, de Maynadier PG, Hunter ML, Jr (2009) Seasonally dynamic habitat use by Spotted (Clemmys guttata) and Blanding's Turtles (Emydoidea balndingii) in Maine. J Herpetol 43:636-645.
122. Holland RF, Jain S (1988) Vernal pools. Terrestrial Vegetation of California, eds Barbour MG, Major J (California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, CA), 2nd Ed, pp 515-533.
123. Bedford BL, Godwin KS (2003) Fens of the United States: Distribution, characteristics and scientific connection versus legal isolation. Wetlands 23:609-629.
124. Bohonak AJ, Jenkins DG (2003) Ecological and evolutionary significance of dispersal by freshwater invertebrates. Ecol Lett 6:783-796.
125. Shulman RS, Chase JM (2007) Increasing isolation reduces predator: Prey species richness ratios in aquatic food webs. Oikos 116:1581-1587.
126. Colburn EA (2004) Vernal Pools: Natural History and Conservation (McDonald and Woodward, Blacksburg, VA).
127. Calhoun AJK, de Maynadier PG (2008) Science and Conservation of Vernal Pools in Northeastern North America (CRC, Boca Raton, FL), 392 pp.
128. Ryan ME, Palen WJ, Adams MJ, Rochefort RM (2014) Amphibians in the climate vise: Loss and restoration of resilience of montane wetland ecosystems in the western US. Front Ecol Environ 12:232-240.
129. Joyal LA, McCollough M, Hunter ML, Jr (2001) Landscape ecology approaches to wetland species conservation: A case study of two turtle species in southern Maine. Conserv Biol 15:1755-1762.
130. Silveira JG(1998) Avian uses of vernal pools and implications for conservation practice. Ecology, Conservation, andManagement of Vernal Pool Ecosystems: Proceedings from a 1996 Conference, eds Witham CW, Bauder ET, Belk D, Ferren WR, Jr, Ornduff R (California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, CA), pp 92-106.
131. Naugle DE, Johnson RR, Estey ME, Higgins KF (2001) A landscape approach to conserving wetland bird habitat in the prairie pothole region of eastern South Dakota. Wetlands 21:1-17.
132. Roe JH, Kingsbury BA, Herbert NR (2004) Comparative water snake ecology: Conservation of mobile animals that use temporally dynamic resources. Biol Conserv 118:79-89.
133. Bodie JR, Semlitsch RD (2000) Spatial and temporal use of floodplain habitats by lentic and lotic species of aquatic turtles. Oecologia 122:138-146.
134. Pringle CM (2003) The need for a more predictive understanding of hydrologic connectivity. Aquat Conserv 13:467-471.
135. Johnston CA (2013) Wetland losses due to row crop expansion in the Dakota Prairie Pothole region. Wetlands 33:175-182.
136. Poff NL, et al. (1997) The natural flow regime. Bioscience 47:769-784.
137. Bunn SE, Arthington AH (2002) Basic principles and ecological consequences of altered flow regimes for aquatic biodiversity. Environ Manage 30(4):492-507.
138. Fagan WF (2002) Connectivity, fragmentation, and extinction risk in dendritic metapopulations. Ecology 83:3243-3249.
139. Campbell Grant EH, Nichols JD, Lowe WH, Fagan WF (2010) Use of multiple dispersal pathways facilitates amphibian persistence in stream networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(15):6936-6940.
140. Wörman A, Kronnäs V (2005) Effect of pond shape and vegetation heterogeneity on flow and treatment performance of constructed wetlands. J Hydrol (Amst) 301:123-138.
141. Babbitt KJ, Tanner GW (2000) Use of temporary wetlands by anurans in a hydrologically modified landscape. Wetlands 20:313-322.
142. Rains MC, Landry S, Rains KC, Seidel V, Crisman TL (2013) Using net wetland loss, current wetland condition, and planned future watershed condition for wetland conservation planning and prioritization, Tampa Bay Watershed, Florida. Wetlands 33:949-963.