Organic photonic materials

Tutorials in Complex Photonic Media

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 525-574

  Dalton, Larry R ^a   Sullivan, Philip A ^a   Bale, Denise H ^a   Hammond, Scott R ^a   Olbricht, Benjamin C ^a   Rommel, Harrison ^a   Eichinger, Bruce ^a   Robinson, Bruce H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ORGANIC PHOTONICS;

EID: 84959189408     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1117/3.832717.Ch16     Document Type: Chapter

References (99)

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2. C. M. Ishorn, A. Lerlercq, F. D. Vila, L. R. Dalton, J. L. Bredas, B. E. Eichinger, and B. H. Robinson, "Comparison of static first hyperpolarizabilities calculated with various quantum mechanical methods," J. Phys. Chem. A 111, 1319-1327 (2007).
3. S. H. Jang, J. Luo, N. M. Tucker, A. Leclercq, E. Zojer, M. A. Haller, T. D. Kim, J. W. Kang, K. Firestone, D. Bale, D. Lao, J. B. Benedict, D. Cohen, W. Kaminsky, B. Kahr, J. L. Bredas, P. Reid, L. R. Dalton, and A. K. Y. Jen, "Pyrroline chromophores for electro-optics," Chem. Mater. 18, 2983-2998 (2006).
4. T. Kinnibrugh, S. Bhattacharjee, P. Sullivan, C. Isborn, B. H. Robinson, and B. E. Eichinger, "Influence of isomerization on nonlinear optical properties of molecules," J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 13512-13522 (2006).
5. E. R. Davidson, B. E. Eichinger, and B. H. Robinson, "Hyperpolarizability: calibration of theoretical methods for chloroform, water, acetonitrile, and pnitroaniline," Opt. Mater. 29, 360-364 (2006).
6. C. S. Isborn and B. H. Robinson, "Ab initio diradical/zwiterionic polarizabilities and hyperpolarizabilities in twisted diradicals," J. Phys. Chem. A 110, 7189-7196 (2006).
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18. B. H. Robinson and L. R. Dalton, "Monte Carlo statistical mechanical simulations of the competition of intermolecular electrostatic and poling field interactions in defining macroscopic electro-optic activity for organic chromophore/polymer materials," J. Phys. Chem. 104, 4785-4795 (2000).
19. L. R. Dalton, A. K. Y. Jen, P. Sullivan, B. Eichinger, B. H. Robinson, and A. Chen, "Theoretically inspired rational design of electro-optic materials," Nonlinear Optics and Quantum Optics, 35, 1-19 (2006).
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22. K. A. Firestone, D. Bale, Y. Liao, D. M. Casmier, O. Clot, L. R. Dalton, and P. J. Reid, "Frequency-agile hyper-Rayleigh scattering studies of electrooptic chromophores," Proc. SPIE 5935, 59350P (2005).
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28. A. Chen, V. Chuyanov, H. Zhang, S. Garner, W. H. Steier, J. Chen, J. Zhu, M. He, S. S. H. Mao, and L. R. Dalton, "Demonstration of the full potential of second order nonlinear optic polymers for electrooptic modulation using a high μβchromophore and a constant bias field," Optics Lett. 23, 478-480 (1998).
29. N. P Bhatambrekar, L. R. Dalton, J. Luo, A. K. Y. Jen, and A. Chen, "Third order nonlinearity contribution to electro-optic activity in polymer materials in a constant DC bias field," Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 041115-1 (2005).
30. P. Rabiei, W. H. Steier, C. Zhang, and L. R. Dalton, "Polymer micro-ring filters and modulators," J. Lightwave Technol. 20, 1968-1975 (2002).
31. T. Baehr-Jones, M. Hochberg, G. Wang, R. Lawson, Y. Liao, P. A. Sullivan, L. R. Dalton, A. K. Y. Jen, and A. Scherer, "Optical modulation and detection in slotted silicon waveguides," Opt. Exp. 13, 5216-5226 (2005).
32. S. Hammond, "Molecular and Nanoscale Engineering for Enhanced Order in Organic Electro-optic Materials," Ph.D. thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA, 2007.
33. P. A. Sullivan, H. Rommel, Y. Liao, B. C. Olbricht, A. J. P. Akelaitis, K. A. Firestone, J. W. Kang, J. Luo, D. H. Choi, B. E. Eichinger, P. J. Reid, A. Chen, A. K. Y. Jen, B. H. Robinson, and L. R. Dalton, "Theory guided design and synthesis of multi-chromophore dendrimers and computational investigation of the origins of their improved electro-optic activity," J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 129, 7523-7530 (2007).
34. P. A. Sullivan, and L. R. Dalton, "Theory-inspired development of organic electro-optic materials," Acc. Chem. Res. (submitted).
35. P. A. Sullivan, A. J. P. Akelaitis, S. K. Lee, G. McGrew, S. K. Lee, D. H. Choi, and L. R. Dalton, "Novel dendritic chromophores for electro-optics: Influence of binding mode and attachment flexibility on EO behavior," Chem. Mater. 18, 344-351 (2006).
36. P. A. Sullivan, B. C. Olbricht, A. J. P. Akelaitis, A. A. Mistry, Y. Liao, and L. R. Dalton, "Tri-component Diels-Alder polymerized dendrimer glass exhibiting large, thermally stable, electro-optic activity," J. Mater. Chem. 17, 2899-2903 (2007).
37. R. Barto, Jr., P. V. Bedworth, C. W. Frank, S. Ermer, and R. E. Taylor, "Near-infrared optical-absorption behavior in high-beta nonlinear optical chromophore-polymer guest-host materials. II. Dye spacer length effects in an amorphous polycarbonate copolymer host," J. Chem. Phys. 122, 234907, 1-14 (2005).
38. R. Barto, Jr., C. W. Frank, P. V. Bedworth, S. Ermer, and R. E. Taylor, "Near-infrared optical absorption behavior in high-β nonlinear optical chromophore-polymer guest-host materials. 1. Continuum dielectric effects in polycarbonate hosts," J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 8702-8715 (2004).
39. T. D. Kim, J. W. Kang, J. Luo, S. H. Jang, J. W. Ka, N. Tucker, J. B. Benedict, L. R. Dalton, T. Gray, R. M. Overney, D. H. Park, W. N. Herman and A. K.-Y. Jen, "Ultralarge and thermally stable electro-optic activities from supramolecular self-assembled molecular glasses," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129, 488-489 (2007).
40. T. D. Kim, Z. Shi, J. Luo, S. H. Jang, Y. J. Cheng, X. Zhou, S. Huang, L. R. Dalton, W. Herman, and A. K. Y. Jen, "New paradigm for ultrahigh electrooptic activity: Through supramolecular self-assembly and novel lattice hardening," Proc. SPIE 6470, 64700D (2007).
41. L. R. Dalton, B. H. Robinson, A. K. Y. Jen, P. Reid, B. Eichinger, P. Sullivan, A. Akelaitis, D. Bale, M. Haller, J. Luo, S. Liu, Y. Liao, K. Firestone, N. Bhatambrekar, S. Bhattacharjee, J. Sinness, S. Hammond, N. Buker, R. Snoeberger, M. Lingwood, H. Rommel, J. Amend, S. H. Jang, A. Chen, and W. Steier, "Acentric lattice electro-optic materials by rational design," Proc. SPIE 5912, 43-54 (2005).
42. Y. V. Pereverzev, O. V. Prezhdo, and L. R. Dalton, "Macroscopic order and electro-optic response of dipolar chromophore-polymer materials," Chem. Phys. Chem. 5, 1-11 (2004).
43. A. Natansohn and P. Rochon, Photoinduced motions in azo-containing polymers," Chem. Rev. 102, 41394175 (2002).
44. J. A. Delaire and K. Nakatani, "Linear and nonlinear optical properties of photochromic molecules and materials," Chem. Rev. 100, 1817-1845 (2000).
45. J. G. Grote, J. S. Zetts, C. H. Zhang, R. L. Nelson, L. R. Dalton, F. K. Hopkins, and W. H. Steier, "Conductive Cladding Layers for Electrode Poled Nonlinear Optic Polymer Electro-Optics," Proc. SPIE 4114, 101-109 (2000).
46. J. G. Grote, J. S. Zetts, R. L. Nelson, F. K. Hopkins, L. R. Dalton, C. Zhang, and W. H. Steier, "Effect of conductivity and dielectric constant on the modulation voltage for optoelectronic devices based on nonlinear optical polymers," Opt. Eng. 40, 2464-2473 (2001).
47. J. G. Grote, J. S. Zetts, R. L. Nelson, F. K. Hopkins, J. B. Huddleston, P. P. Yaney, C. H. Zhang, W. H. Steier, M.-C. Oh, H. R. Fetterman, A. K. Jen, and L. R. Dalton, "Advancements in conductive cladding materials for nonlinearoptic- polymer-based optoelectronic devices," Proc. SPIE 4470, 10-19 (2001).
48. J. G. Grote, J. S. Zetts, R. L. Nelson, F. K. Hopkins, P. P. Yaney, C. Zhang, W. H. Steier, M. C. Oh, H. R. Fetterman, A. K. Y. Jen, and L. R. Dalton, "Conductive cladding materials for nonlinear optic polymer based optoelectronic devices," Proc. GOMAC 2002, 161-165 (2002).
49. M. Leovich, P. P. Yaney, C. H. Zhang, W. H. Steier, M.-O. Oh, H. R. Fetterman, A. K. Y. Jen, L. R. Dalton, J. G. Grote, R. L. Nelson, J. S. Zetts, and F. K. Hopkins, "Optimized cladding materials for nonlinear-optic polymer-based devices," Proc. SPIE 4652, 97-103 (2002).
50. J. A. Hagen, J. G. Grote, J. S. Zetts, D. E. Diggs, R. L. Nelson, F. K. Hopkins, P. P. Yaney, A. K. Jen, and L. R. Dalton, "Effects of the electric field poling procedure on electro-optic coefficient for guest-host nonlinear optic polymers," Proc. SPIE 5724, 217-223 (2005).
51. Y. Enami, C. T. DeRose, C. Loychik, D. Mathine, R. A. Norwood, J. Luo, A. K. Y. Jen, and N. Peyghambarian, "Low half-wave voltage and high electrooptic effect in hybrid polymer/sol-gel waveguide modulators," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 143506 1-3 (2006).
52. C. T. DeRose, Y. Enami, C. Loychik, R. A. Norwood, D. Mathine, M. Fallahi, N. Peyghambarian, J. D. Luo, A. K. Y. Jen, M. Kathaperumal, and M. Yamamoto, "Pockel's coefficient enhancement of poled electro-optic polymers with a hybrid organic-inorganic sol-gel cladding layer," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 131102 (2006).
53. H. Gan, H. Zhang, C. T. DeRose, R. A. Norwood, N. Peyhambarian, M. Fallahi, J. Luo, B. Chen, and A. K. Y. Jen, "Low drive voltage Fabry-Perot etalon device tunable filters using poled hybrid sol-gel materials," Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 041127 (2006).
54. Y. Enami, C. T. DeRose, D. Mathine, C. Loychik, C. Greenlee, R. A. Norwood, T. D. Kim, J. Luo, Y. Tian, A. K. Y. Jen, and N. Peyghambarian, "Hybrid polymer/sol-gel waveguide modulators with exceptionally large electro-optic coefficients," Nature Photonics 1, 180-185 (2007).
55. R. Song, A. Yick, and W. H. Steier, "Conductivity-dependency-free in-plane poling for Mach-Zehnder modulator with highly conductive electro-optic polymer," Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 191103 (2007).
56. G. Xu, J. Ma, Z. Liu, B. Liu, S. T. Ho, P. Zhu, L. Wang, Y. Yang, T. J. Marks, J. Luo, N. Tucker, and A. K. Y. Jen, "Low-voltage organic electrooptic modulators using transparent conducting oxides as electrodes," Opt. Exp. 13, 7380-7385 (2005).
57. L. Wang, Y. Yang, and T. J. Marks, "Near-infrared transparent electrodes for precision Teng-Man electro-optic measurements. In2O3 thin film electrodes with tunable near-infrared transparency," Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 161107 (2005).
58. L. R. Dalton, A. W. Harper, R. Ghosn, W. H. Steier, M. Ziari, H. Fetterman, Y. Shi, R. Mustacich, A. K.-Y. Jen, and K. J. Shea, "Synthesis and processing of improved second order nonlinear optical materials for applications in photonics," Chem. Mater. 7, 1060-1081 (1995).
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64. J. Luo, M. Haller, H. Ma, S. Liu, T. D. Kim, Y. Tian, B. Chen, S. H. Jang, L. R. Dalton, and A. K. Y. Jen, "Nanoscale architectural control and macromolecular engineering of nonlinear optical dendrimers and polymers for electro-optics," J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 8523-8530 (2004).
65. S. Suresh, S. Chen, C. M. Topping, J. M. Ballato, and D. W. Smith, Jr., "Novel perfluorocyclo-butyl (PFCB) polymers containing isophorone derived chromophore for electro-optic [EO] applications," Proc. SPIE 4991, 530-536 (2003).
66. P. A. Sullivan, B. C. Olbricht, A. J. P. Akelaitis, A. A. Mistry, Y. Liao, and L. R. Dalton, "Tri-component Diels-Alder polymerized dendrimer glass exhibiting large, thermally stable, electro-optic activity," J. Mater. Chem. 17, 2899-2903 (2007).
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68. C. Zhang, L. R. Dalton, M. C. Oh, H. Zhang, and W. H. Steier, "Low Vπ electrooptic modulators from CLD-1: Chromophore design and synthesis, materials processing, and characterization," Chem. Mater. 13, 3043-3050 (2001).
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73. M. E. DeRosa, M. He, J. S. Cites, S. M. Garner, and Y. R. Tang, "Photostability of high μβelectro-optic chromophores at 1550 nm," J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 8725-8730 (2004).
74. M. He, T. Leslie, S. Garner, M. E. DeRosa, and J. Cites, "Synthesis of new electrooptic chromophores and their structure-property relationship," J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 8731-8736 (2004).
75. D. Rezzonico, M. Jazbinsek, C. Bosshard, P. Gunter, D. H. Bale, Y. Liao, L. R. Dalton, and P. J. Reid, "Photostability studies of π-conjugated chromophores with resonant and nonresonant excitations," J. Opt. Soc. B 24, 2199-2207 (2007).
76. E. W. Taylor, E, J. E. Nichter, F. D. Nash, F. Haas, A. A. Szep, R. J. Michalak, B. M. Flusche, P. R. Cook, T. A. McEwen, B. F. McKeon, P. M. Payson, G. A. Brost, A. R. Pirich, C. Castaneda, B. Tsap, and H. R. Fetterman, "Radiation resistance of electro-optic polymer-based modulators," Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 201122 (2005).
77. H. C. Song, M. C. Oh, S. W. Ahn, and W. H. Steier, "Flexible low-voltage electro-optic polymer modulators," Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 4432-4434 (2003).
78. L. R. Dalton, A. W. Harper, A. Ren, F. Wang, G. Todorova, J. Chen, C. Zhang, and M. Lee, "Polymeric electro-optic modulators: From chromophore design to integration with semiconductor VLSI electronics and silica fiber optics," Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 38, 8-33 (1999).
79. A. Yariv, C. Zhang, L. R. Dalton, Y. Huang, and G. T. Paloczi, "Fabrication and replication of polymer integrated optical devices using electron-beam lithography and soft lithography," J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 8006-8013 (2004).
80. G. T. Paloczi, Y. Huang, A. Yariv, J. Luo, A. Jen, "Replica-molded electrooptic polymer Mach-Zehnder modulator," Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 1662-1664 (2004).
81. M. Hochberg, T. Baehr-Jones, G. Wang, J. Parker, K. Harvard, J. Liu, B. Chen, Z. Shi, R. Lawson, P. Sullivan, A. K. Y. Jen, L. R. Dalton, and A. Scherer, "All optical modulator in silicon with terahertz bandwidth," Nature Materials 5, 703-709 (2006).
82. L. R. Dalton, "Organic electro-optic materials," in Conjugated Polymers: Processing and Applications, eds. T. A. Skotheim and J. R. Reynods, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 6-1-6-39 (2007).
83. L. R. Dalton, A. W. Harper, B. Wu, R. Ghosn, J. Laquindanum, Z. Liang, A. Hubbel, and C. Xu, "Polymeric electro-optic modulators: Materials synthesis and processing," Adv. Mater. 7, 519-540 (1995).
84. J. H. Kim, L. Sun, C.-H. Jang, D. An, J. M. Taboada, Q. Zhou, X. Lu, R. T. Chen, X. Han, S. Tang, H. Zhang, W. H. Steier, A. Ren, and L. R. Dalton, "Polymeric waveguide beam deflector for electro-optic switching," Proc. SPIE 4279, 37-44 (2001).
85. L. Sun, J. Kim, C. Jang, D. An, X. Lu, Q. Zhou, J. M. Taboada, R. T. Chen, J. J. Maki, S. Tang, H. Zhang, W. H. Steier, C. Zhang, and L. R. Dalton, "Polymeric waveguide prism based electro-optic beam deflector," Opt. Eng. 40, 1217-1222 (2001).
86. P. Rabiei, W. H. Steier, C. Zhang, and L. R. Dalton, "Polymer micro-ring filters and modulators," J. Lightwave Technology 20, 1968-1975 (2002).
87. T. Baehr-Jones, M. Hochberg, G. Wang, R. Lawson, Y. Liao, P. A. Sullivan, L. R. Dalton, A. K. Y. Jen, and A. Scherer, "Optical modulation and detection in slotted silicon waveguides," Opt. Exp. 13, 5216-5226 (2005).
88. T. Baehr-Jones, P. Boyan, J. Huang, P. A. Sullivan, J. Davies, J. Takayesu, J. Luo, T.-D. Kim, L. R. Dalton A. K.-Y. Jen, M. Hochberg, and A. Scherer, "Nonlinear polymer-clad silicon slot waveguide modulator with a half wave voltage of 0.25 V," Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 163303 (2008).
89. J. Takayesu, M. Hochberg, T. Baehr-Jones, E. Chan, D. Koshniz, G. Wang, P. Sullivan, Y. Liao, J. Davies, L. Dalton, A. Scherer, and W. Krug, "Hybrid electro-optic microring resonator-based 1x4x1 ROADM for wafer scale optical interconnects," J. Lightwave Technology 27, 440-448 (2008).
90. A. M. Sinyukov and L. M. Hayden, Efficient electrooptic polymers for THz applications," J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 8515-8522 (2004).
91. A. M. Sinyukov, M. R. Leahy, L. M. Hayden, M. Haller, J. Luo, A. K. Y. Jen, and L. R. Dalton, "Resonance enhanced THz generation in electro-optic polymers near the absorption maximum," Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 5827-5829 (2004).
92. L. R. Dalton, "Nonlinear optical polymeric materials: From chromophore design to commercial applications," in Advances in Polymer Science 158, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1-86 (2001).
93. L. R. Dalton, "Novel polymer-based, high-speed electro-optic devices," in Proceedings 23rd European Conference on Optical Communications/14th International Conference on Integrated Optics and Optical Fibre Communication, vol. 2, 346-349 (2003).
94. J. H. Bechtel, Y. Shi, H. Zhang, W. H. Steier, C. H. Zhang, and L. R. Dalton, "Low-driving-voltage electro-optic polymer modulators for advanced photonic applications," Proc. SPIE 4114, 58-64 (2000).
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