Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban environment: Occurrence, toxicity and source apportionment

Environmental Pollution

Volumn 208, Issue , 2016, Pages 110-117

  Mishra, Nitika ^a   Ayoko, Godwin A ^a   Morawska, Lidia ^a  

^a QUEENSLAND UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Diagnostic ratios; PAHs; Source apportionment; Toxicity; Traffic emissions; Urban air

Indexed keywords

GAS EMISSIONS; MINERAL OILS; POLLUTION CONTROL; TOXICITY; URBAN PLANNING;

ATMOSPHERIC POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS; DIAGNOSTIC RATIOS; NATURAL GAS COMBUSTION; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS); PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS; SOURCE APPORTIONMENT; TRAFFIC EMISSIONS; URBAN AIR;

POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS;

POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVE; EXHAUST GAS; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON;

ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCE; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; NUMERICAL MODEL; PAH; PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; TOXICITY; TRAFFIC EMISSION;

AIR ANALYSIS; AIR POLLUTION; ARTICLE; CARCINOGENICITY; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); CONTROLLED STUDY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; HUMAN; MEASUREMENT; MUTAGENICITY; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; SCORING SYSTEM; URBAN AREA; ANALYSIS; AUSTRALIA; CHEMISTRY; EXHAUST GAS; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; TOXICITY;

AUSTRALIA; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS, AROMATIC; PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS; VEHICLE EMISSIONS;

EID: 84959140157     PISSN: 02697491     EISSN: 18736424     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.015     Document Type: Article

References (54)

1. Boström, C.-E., Gerde, P., Hanberg, A., Jernström, B., Johansson, C., Kyrklund, T., Rannug, A., Törnqvist, M., Victorin, K., Westerholm, R., 2002. Cancer risk assessment, indicators, and guidelines for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air. Environ. health Perspect. 110 (Suppl. 3), 451.
2. Brändli, R.C., Bucheli, T.D., Ammann, S., Desaules, A., Keller, A., Blum, F., Stahel, W.A., 2008. Critical evaluation of PAH source apportionment tools using data from the Swiss soil monitoring network. J. Environ. Monit. 10 (11), 1278-1286.
3. Callén, M., Iturmendi, A., López, J., Mastral, A.M., 2014. Source apportionment of the carcinogenic potential of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) associated to airborne PM10 by a PMF model. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 21 (3), 2064-2076.
4. Callén, M., López, J., Iturmendi, A., Mastral, A.M., 2013. Nature and sources of particle associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the atmospheric environment of an urban area. Environ. Pollut. 183, 166-174.
5. Chan, Y.-c., Hawas, O., Hawker, D., Vowlesa, P., Cohenc, D.D., Stelcerc, E., Simpsond, R., Goldinge, G., Christensen, E., 2011. Using multiple type composition data and wind data in PMF analysis to apportion and locate sources of air pollutants. Atmos. Environ. 45 (2), 439-449.
6. Chiang, P.-C., Chiang, Y.-C., Chang, E.-E., Chang, S.-C., 2003. Characteristics of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air through a long-term sampling program at a metropolitan city in Taiwan. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 37 (2), 133-144.
7. Duval, M., Friedlander, S., 1981. Source Resolution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Los Angeles Atmosphere Application of a CMB with First-order Decay. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
8. Dvorská, A., Lammel, G., Klánová, J., 2011. Use of diagnostic ratios for studying source apportionment and reactivity of ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons over Central Europe. Atmos. Environ. 45 (2), 420-427.
9. Fang, G.-C., Wu, Y.-S., Chen, M.-H., Hob, T.-T., Huanga, S.-H., Raua, J.-Y., 2004. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons study in Taichung, Taiwan, during 2002-2003. Atmos. Environ. 38 (21), 3385-3391.
10. Georgiadis, P., Kyrtopoulos, S., 1999. Molecular epidemiological approaches to the study of the genotoxic effects of urban air pollution. Mutat. Res. Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. 428 (1), 91-98.
11. Guo, H., Lee, S., Ho, K., Wang, X.M., Zou, S.C., 2003. Particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air of Hong Kong. Atmos. Environ. 37 (38), 5307-5317.
12. Guo, H.,Wang, T., Simpson, I.J., Blake, D.R., Yu, X.M., Kwok, Y.H., Li, Y.S., 2004. Source contributions to ambient VOCs and CO at a rural site in eastern China. Atmos. Environ. 38 (27), 4551-4560.
13. Hanedar, A., Alp, K., Kaynak, B., Avşa, E., 2014. Toxicity evaluation and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at three stations in Istanbul, Turkey. Sci. Total Environ. 488, 437-446.
14. Hanedar, A., Alp, K., Kaynak, B., Baekc, J., Avsarb, E., Odman, M.T., 2011. Concentrations and sources of PAHs at three stations in Istanbul, Turkey. Atmos. Res. 99 (3), 391-399.
15. Harkov, R., Greenberg, A., 1985. "Benzo (a) pyrene in New Jersey d results from a twenty-seven-site study. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 35 (3), 238-243.
16. Harrison, R.M., Smith, D., Luhana, L., 1996. Source apportionment of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons collected from an urban location in Birmingham, UK. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30 (3), 825-832.
17. Hu, N.J., Shi, X.F., Huang, P., Liu, J.H., 2011. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea, China. Environ. Earth Sci. 63 (1), 121-133.
18. Jang, E., Alam, M.S., Harrison, R.M., 2013. Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air using positive matrix factorization and spatial distribution analysis. Atmos. Environ. 79, 271-285.
19. Kavouras, I.G., Koutrakis, P., Tsapakis, M., Lagoudaki, E., Stephanou, E.G., Baer, D.V., Oyola, P., 2001. Source apportionment of urban particulate aliphatic and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using multivariate methods. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35 (11), 2288-2294.
20. Khairy, M.A., Lohmann, R., 2013. Source apportionment and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmospheric environment of Alexandria, Egypt. Chemosphere 91 (7), 895-903.
21. Khalili, N.R., Scheff, P.A., Holsen, T.M., 1995. "PAH source fingerprints for coke ovens, diesel and, gasoline engines, highway tunnels, and wood combustion emissions. Atmos. Environ. 29 (4), 533-542.
22. Kim, J.Y., Lee, J.Y., Kim, Y.P., Leea, S.-B., Jina, H.C., Bae, G.-N., 2012. Seasonal characteristics of the gaseous and particulate PAHs at a roadside station in Seoul, Korea. Atmos. Res. 116 (0), 142-150.
23. Larsen, R.K., Baker, J.E., 2003. Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere: a comparison of three methods. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 (9), 1873-1881.
24. Lee, J.H., Gigliotti, C.L., Offenberg, J.H., Eisenreicha, S.J., Turpina, B.J., 2004. Sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to the Hudson River Airshed. Atmos. Environ. 38 (35), 5971-5981.
25. Li, A., Jang, J.-K., Scheff, P.A., 2003. Application of EPA CMB8. 2 model for source apportionment of sediment PAHs in Lake Calumet, Chicago. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37 (13), 2958-2965.
26. Lim, M.C., Ayoko, G.A., Morawska, L., Ristovski, Z.D., Jayaratne, E.R., 2007. Influence of fuel composition on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from a fleet of in-service passenger cars. Atmos. Environ. 41 (1), 150-160.
27. Lim, M.C.H., Ayoko, G.A., Morawska, L., 2005. Characterization of elemental and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compositions of urban air in Brisbane. Atmos. Environ. 39 (3), 463-476.
28. Ma, W.-L., Qi, H., Baidron, S., Liu, L.-Y., Yang, M., Li, Y.-F., 2013. Implications for longrange atmospheric transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Lhasa, China. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 20 (8), 5525-5533.
29. Mari, M., Harrison, R.M., Schuhmacher, M., Domingob, J.L., Pongpiachana, S., 2010. Inferences over the sources and processes affecting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere derived from measured data. Sci. Total Environ. 408 (11), 2387-2393.
30. Masclet, P., Mouvier, G., Nikolaou, K., 1986. Relative decay index and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Atmos. Environ. (1967) 20 (3), 439-446.
31. Mishra, N., Bartsch, J., Ayoko, G.A., Salthammar, T., Morawska, L., April 2015. Volatile organic Compounds: characteristics, distribution and sources in urban schools. Atmos. Environ. 106, 485-491.
32. Motelay-Massei, A., Ollivon, D., Garban, B., Larcherb, K.T., Zimmerlina, I., Chevreuilb, M., 2007. PAHs in the bulk atmospheric deposition of the Seine river basin: source identification and apportionment by ratios, multivariate statistical techniques and scanning electron microscopy. Chemosphere 67 (2), 312-321.
33. Nisbet, I.C., LaGoy, P.K., 1992. Toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 16 (3), 290-300.
34. NIWA-National Institute of Water and Atmosphere Research Ltd, 2008. Assessing Vehicular Air Pollution Emissions. Christchurch, Newzealand.
35. Ong, S., Ayoko, G.A., Kokot, S., Morawska, L., 2007. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in house dust samples: source identification and apportionment. In: Proceedings of 14th IUAPPA World Congress, Brisbane, 9-13 September 2007.
36. Park, S.-U., Kim, J.-G., Jeong, M.-J., Song, B.-J., 2011. Source identification of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in industrial complex using diagnostic ratios and multivariate factor analysis. Archives Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 60 (4), 576-589.
37. Park, S.S., Kim, Y.J., Kang, C.H., 2002. Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Seoul, Korea. Atmos. Environ. 36 (17), 2917-2924.
38. Petry, T., Schmid, P., Schlatter, C., 1996. The use of toxic equivalency factors in assessing occupational and environmental health risk associated with exposure to airborne mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Chemosphere 32 (4), 639-648.
39. Ravindra, K., Bencs, L., Wauters, E., de Hooga, J., Deutschd, F., Roekense, E., Bleuxd, N., Berghmansd, P., Grieken, R.V., 2006. Seasonal and site-specific variation in vapour and aerosol phase PAHs over Flanders (Belgium) and their relation with anthropogenic activities. Atmos. Environ. 40 (4), 771-785.
40. Sharma, H., Jain, V., Khan, Z.H., 2007. Characterization and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the urban environment of Delhi. Chemosphere 66 (2), 302-310.
41. Singh, K.P., Malik, A., Kumar, R., Saxena, P., Sinha, S., 2008. "Receptor modeling for source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban atmosphere. Environ. Monit. Assess. 136 (1-3), 183-196.
42. Soclo, H., Garrigues, P., Ewald, M., 2000. Origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coastal marine sediments: case studies in Cotonou (Benin) and Aquitaine (France) areas. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 40 (5), 387-396.
43. Teixeira, E.C., Agudelo-Castañeda, D.M., Fachel, J.M.G., Fachelb, G., Leala, K.A., Garciaa, K. de O., Wieganda, F., 2012. Source identification and seasonal variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with atmospheric fine and coarse particles in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Atmos. Res. 118 (0), 390-403.
44. USEPA, 1984. Carcinogenic Assessment of Coke Oven Emissions. Final report. US Environmental Protection Agency, 1984 (epa-600/6-82-003 F).
45. Vasilakos, C., Levi, N., Maggos, T., Hatzianestisb, J., Michopoulosa, J., Helmis, C., 2007. Gaseparticle concentration and characterization of sources of PAHs in the atmosphere of a suburban area in Athens, Greece. J. Hazard. Mater. 140 (1), 45-51.
46. Wada, M., Kido, H., Kishikawa, N., Toua, T., Tanakaa, M., Tsubokuraa, J., Shironitac, M., Matsuic, M., Kurodaa, N., Nakashima, K., 2001. Assessment of air pollution in Nagasaki city: determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their nitrated derivatives, and some metals. Environ. Pollut. 115 (1), 139-147.
47. Wan, X., Chen, J., Tian, F., Sunb, W., Yanga, F., Saikic, K., 2006. Source apportionment of PAHs in atmospheric particulates of Dalian: factor analysis with nonnegative constraints and emission inventory analysis. Atmos. Environ. 40 (34), 6666-6675.
48. Wang, D., Tian, F., Yang, M., Liua, C., Li, Y.-F., 2009. Application of positive matrix factorization to identify potential sources of PAHs in soil of Dalian, China. Environ. Pollut. 157 (5), 1559-1564.
49. Wang, X.-T., Miao, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, Yuan-Cheng, Wu, M.-H., Yu, G., 2013. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils of the megacity Shanghai: occurrence, source apportionment and potential human health risk. Sci. Total Environ. 447, 80-89.
50. Wickramasinghe, A., Karunaratne, D., Sivakanesan, R., 2011. PM10-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: concentrations, source characterization and estimating their risk in urban, suburban and rural areas in Kandy, Sri Lanka. Atmos. Environ. 45 (16), 2642-2650.
51. Yang, B., Zhou, L., Xue, N., Lia, F., Lib, Y., Vogt, R.D., Congd, X., Yana, Y., Liu, Bo, 2013. Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils of Huanghuai Plain, China: comparison of three receptor models. Sci. Total Environ. 443, 31-39.
52. Yang, H.-H., Chen, C.-M., 2004. Emission inventory and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere at a suburban area in Taiwan. Chemosphere 56 (10), 879-887.
53. Yunker, M.B., Macdonald, R.W., 1995. Composition and origins of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Mackenzie River and on the Beaufort Sea shelf. Arctic 118-129.
54. Yunker, M.B., Macdonald, R.W., Vingarzan, R., Mitchelld, R.H., Goyettee, D., Sylvestrec, Stephanie, 2002. PAHs in the Fraser River basin: a critical appraisal of PAH ratios as indicators of PAH source and composition. Org. Geochem. 33 (4), 489-515.