A review of biochar as a low-cost adsorbent for aqueous heavy metal removal

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 46, Issue 4, 2016, Pages 406-433

  Inyang, Mandu I ^a   Gao, Bin ^a   Yao, Ying ^a   Xue, Yingwen ^b   Zimmerman, Andrew ^c   Mosa, Ahmed ^d   Pullammanappallil, Pratap ^a   Ok, Yong Sik ^e   Cao, Xinde ^f  

^a J Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering   (United States)

^b WUHAN UNIVERSITY   (China)

^c UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

^d Faculty of Agriculture Mansoura University   (Egypt)

^e Kangwon National University   (South Korea)

^f SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Black carbon; charcoal; pyrogenic carbon; trace element; wastewater

Indexed keywords

ACTIVATED CARBON; ADSORBENTS; ADSORPTION; CHARCOAL; COSTS; HEAVY METALS; PRECIPITATION (CHEMICAL); SOLUTIONS; SORPTION; TRACE ELEMENTS; WASTEWATER; WASTEWATER TREATMENT; WATER TREATMENT;

BIOCHAR ADSORBENTS; BLACK CARBON; DIFFERENT MECHANISMS; EFFECTIVE REMOVALS; FEEDSTOCK MATERIALS; HEAVY METAL REMOVAL; LOW-COST ADSORBENTS; SORPTION BEHAVIORS;

CHEMICALS REMOVAL (WATER TREATMENT);

ACTIVATED CARBON; ADSORBENT;

ACTIVATED CARBON; ADSORPTION; AQUEOUS SOLUTION; BLACK CARBON; CHARCOAL; HEAVY METAL; PRECIPITATION (CHEMISTRY); SORPTION; TRACE ELEMENT; WASTEWATER; WATER TREATMENT;

ADSORPTION; ADSORPTION KINETICS; AQUEOUS SOLUTION; COMPLEX FORMATION; FILTRATION; HEAVY METAL REMOVAL; ION EXCHANGE; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; PRECIPITATION; REVIEW; STATIC ELECTRICITY; THERMODYNAMICS; WATER TREATMENT;

EID: 84958914501     PISSN: 10643389     EISSN: 15476537     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2015.1096880     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Ahmad, M., Lee, S. S., Oh, S. E., Mohan, D., Moon, D. H., Lee, Y. H., and, Ok, Y. S. (2013). Modeling adsorption kinetics of trichloroethylene onto biochars derived from soybean stover and peanut shell wastes. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 20, 8364-8373
2. Ahmad, M., Rajapaksha, A. U., Lim, J., Zhang, M., Bolan, N., Mohan, D., Vithanage, M., Lee, S., and, Ok, Y. (2014). Biochar as a sorbent for contaminant management in soil and water: A review. Chemosphere 99, 19-33.
3. Ahmed, I. I., and, Gupta, A. K. (2010). Pyrolysis and gasification of food waste: Syngas characteristics and char gasification kinetics. Applied Energy 87, 101-108.
4. Ai, L., Zhang, C., Liao, F., Wang, Y., Li, M., Meng, L., and, Jiang, J. (2011). Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution with magnetite loaded multi-wall carbon nanotube: Kinetic, isotherm and mechanism analysis. Journal of Hazardous Materials 198, 282-290.
5. Aksu, Z., and, Isoglu, I. A. (2005). Removal of copper(II) ions from aqueous solution by biosorption onto agricultural waste sugar beet pulp. Process Biochemistry 40, 3031-3044.
6. Al-Muhtaseb, S. A., El-Naas, M. H., and, Abdallah, S. (2008). Removal of aluminum from aqueous solutions by adsorption on date-pit and BDH activated carbons. Journal of Hazardous Materials 158, 300-307.
7. Al-Othman, Z. A., Ali, R., and, Naushad, M. (2012). Hexavalent chromium removal from aqueous medium by activated carbon prepared from peanut shell: Adsorption kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies. Chemical Engineering Journal 184, 238-247.
8. Arivoli, S., Hema, M., and, Barathiraja, C. (2008). Comparative study on metal ions adsorption on a low cost carbonaceous adsorbent kinetic equilibrium and mechanistic studies. Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering 5, 1-10
9. Beesley, L., Moreno-Jimenez, E., Gomez-Eyles, J. L., Harris, E., Robinson, B., and, Sizmur, T. (2011). A review of biochars' potential role in the remediation, revegetation and restoration of contaminated soils. Environmental Pollution 159, 3269-3282
10. Bello, O. S., and, Ahmad, M. A. (2011a). Removal of remazol brilliant violet-5R dye using periwinkle shells. Chemistry and Ecology 27
11. Bello, O. S., and, Ahmad, M. A. (2011b). Response surface modeling and optimization of remazol brilliant blue reactive dye removal using periwinkle shell-based activated carbon. Separation Science and Technology 46, 2367-2379
12. Bird, M. I., Wurster, C. M., de Paula Silva, P. H., Paul, N. A., and, de Nys, R. (2012). Algal biochar: effects and applications. Global Change Biology Bioenergy 4, 61-69
13. Borchard, N., Wolf, A., Laabs, V., Aeckersberg, R., Scherer, H. W., Moeller, A., and, Amelung, W. (2012). Physical activation of biochar and its meaning for soil fertility and nutrient leaching - A greenhouse experiment. Soil Use and Management 28, 177-184
14. Chen, X., Chen, G., Chen, L., Chen, Y., Lehmann, J., McBride, M. B., and, Hay, A. G. (2011). Adsorption of copper and zinc by biochars produced from pyrolysis of hardwood and corn straw in aqueous solution. Bioresource Technology 102, 8877-8884
15. Cao, X., and, Harris, W. (2010). Properties of dairy-manure-derived biochar pertinent to its potential use in remediation. Bioresource Technology 101, 5222-5228
16. Cao, X., Ma, L., Gao, B., and, Harris, W. (2009). Dairy-manure derived biochar effectively sorbs lead and atrazine. Environmental Science & Technology 43, 3285-3291
17. Cao, X., Ma, L., Liang, Y., Gao, B., and, Harris, W. (2011). Simultaneous immobilization of lead and atrazine in contaminated soils using dairy-manure biochar. Environmental Science & Technology 45, 4884-4889
18. Cheung, C. W., Porter, J. F., and, McKay, G. (2000a). Sorption kinetics for the removal of copper and zinc from effluents using bone char. Separation and Purification Technology 19, 55-64
19. Cheung, C. W., Porter, J. F., and, McKay, G. (2000b). Elovich equation and modified second-order equation for sorption of cadmium ions onto bone char. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 75, 963-970
20. Chien, S. H., and, Clayton, W. R. (1980). Application of Elovich equation to the kinetics of phosphate release and sorption in soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 44, 265-268
21. Choy, K. K. H., and, McKay, G. (2005). Sorption of cadmium, copper, and zinc ions onto bone char using Crank diffusion model. Chemosphere 60, 1141-1150
22. Choy, K. K. H., Ko, D. C. K., Cheung, C. W., Porter, J. F., and, McKay, G. (2004). Film and intraparticle mass transfer during the adsorption of metal ions onto bone char. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 271, 284-295
23. Crabtree, R. H. (2009). The organometallic chemistry of the transition metals. New York, NY: Wiley
24. Dimovic, S. D., Smiciklas, I. D., Sljivic-Ivanovic, M. Z., Plecas, I. B., and, Slavkovic-Beskoski, L. (2011). The effect of process parameters on kinetics and mechanisms of Co2+ removal by bone char. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part a-Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering 46, 1558-1569
25. Dizge, N., Aydiner, C., Demirbas, E., Kobya, M., and, Kara, S. (2008). Adsorption of reactive dyes from aqueous solutions by fly ash: Kinetic and equilibrium studies. Journal of Hazardous Materials 150, 737-746
26. Dong, X. L., Ma, L. N. Q., and, Li, Y. C. (2011). Characteristics and mechanisms of hexavalent chromium removal by biochar from sugar beet tailing. Journal of Hazardous Materials 190, 909-915
27. Duku, M. H., Gu, S., and, Hagan, E. B. (2011). Biochar production potential in Ghana-A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15, 3539-3551
28. El-Shafey, E. I. (2010). Removal of Zn(II) and Hg(II) from aqueous solution on a carbonaceous sorbent chemically prepared from rice husk. Journal of Hazardous Materials 175, 319-327
29. El-Shafey, E. I., Cox, M., Pichugin, A. A., and, Appleton, Q. (2002). Application of a carbon sorbent for the removal of cadmium and other heavy metal ions from aqueous solution. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 77, 429-436
30. Field, J. L., Keske, C. M. H., Birch, G. L., Defoort, M. W., and, Cotrufo, M. F. (2013). Distributed biochar and bioenergy coproduction: a regionally specific case study of environmental benefits and economic impacts. Global Change Biology Bioenergy 5, 177-191
31. Foo, K. Y., and, Hameed, B. H. (2010). Insights into the modeling of adsorption isotherm systems. Chemical Engineering Journal 156, 2-10
32. Genc-Fuhrman, H., Bregnhoj, H., and, McConchie, D. (2005). Arsenate removal from water using sand-red mud columns. Water Research 39, 2944-2954
33. Gerente, C., Lee, V. K. C., Le Cloirec, P., and, McKay, G. (2007). Application of chitosan for the removal of metals from wastewaters by adsorption-Mechanisms and models review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 37, 41-127
34. Gil, M. V., Fermoso, J., Pevida, C., Pis, J. J., and, Rubiera, F. (2010). Intrinsic char reactivity of plastic waste (PET) during CO2 gasification. Fuel Processing Technology 91, 1776-1781
35. Grierson, S., Strezov, V., and, Shah, P. (2011). Properties of oil and char derived from slow pyrolysis of Tetraselmis chui. Bioresource Technology 102, 8232-8240
36. Gu, X. Y., and, Wong, J. W. C. (2004). Identification of inhibitory substances affecting bioleaching of heavy metals from anaerobically digested sewage sludge. Environmental Science & Technology 38, 2934-2939
37. Guo, M. X., Qiu, G. N., and, Song, W. P. (2010). Poultry litter-based activated carbon for removing heavy metal ions in water. Waste Management 30, 308-315
38. Gupta, S. S., and, Bhattacharyya, K. G. (2011). Kinetics of adsorption of metal ions on inorganic materials: A review. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 162, 39-58
39. Hanay, O., Hasar, H., Kocer, N. N., and, Aslan, S. (2008). Evaluation for agricultural usage with speciation of heavy metals in a municipal sewage sludge. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 81, 42-46
40. Harvey, O. R., Herbert, B. E., Rhue, R. D., and, Kuo, L.-J. (2011). Metal interactions at the biochar-water interface: energetics and structure-sorption relationships elucidated by flow adsorption microcalorimetry. Environmental Science & Technology 45, 5550-5556
41. Ho, Y.-S. (2006). Review of second-order models for adsorption systems. Journal of Hazardous Materials 136, 681-689
42. Ho, Y. S., and, McKay, G. (1998). A comparison of chemisorption kinetic models applied to pollutant removal on various sorbents. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 76, 332-340
43. Ho, Y. S., Ng, J. C. Y., and, McKay, G. (2000). Kinetics of pollutant sorption by biosorbents: Review. Separation and Purification Methods 29, 189-232
44. Holford, I. C. R., Wedderburn, R. W. M., and, Mattingly, G. E. G. (1974). A Langmuir two-surface equation as a model for phosphate adsorption by soils. Journal of Soil Science 25, 242-255
45. Hwang, I. H., Nakajima, D., Matsuto, T., and, Sugimoto, T. (2008). Improving the quality of waste-derived char by removing ash. Waste Management 28, 424-434
46. Inyang, M., Gao, B., Pullammanappallil, P., Ding, W., and, Zimmerman, A. R. (2010). Biochar from anaerobically digested sugarcane bagasse. Bioresource Technology 101, 8868-8872
47. Inyang, M., Gao, B., Ding, W., Pullammanappallil, P., Zimmerman, A. R., and, Cao, X. (2011). Enhanced lead sorption by biochar derived from anaerobically digested sugarcane bagasse. Separation Science and Technology 46, 1950-1956
48. Inyang, M., Gao, B., Yao, Y., Xue, Y., Zimmerman, A. R., Pullammanappallil, P., and, Cao, X. (2012). Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution by biochars derived from anaerobically digested biomass. Bioresource Technology 110, 50-56
49. Inyang, M. D., Gao, B., Zimmerman, A., Zhou, Y., and, Cao, X. (2014). Sorption and cosorption of lead and sulfapyridine on carbon nanotube-modified biochars. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22, 1868-1876
50. Jaradat, A. Q., Fowler, K., Grimberg, S. J., and, Holsen, T. M. (2009). Transport of colloids and associated hydrophobic organic chemicals through a natural media filter. Journal of Environmental Engineering 135, 36-45
51. Jeppu, G. P., and, Clement, T. P. (2012). A modified Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm model for simulating pH-dependent adsorption effects. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 129, 46-53
52. Kailash, D., Dharmendra, P., and, Anil, V. (2010). Low cost adsorbents for heavy metal removal from wastewater: a review. Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 14, 100-103
53. Karakoyun, N., Kubilay, S., Aktas, N., Turhan, O., Kasimoglu, M., Yilmaz, S., and, Sahiner, N. (2011). Hydrogel-biochar composites for effective organic contaminant removal from aqueous media. Desalination 280, 319-325
54. Kasozi, G. N., Zimmerman, A. R., Nkedi-Kizza, P., and, Gao, B. (2010). Catechol and humic acid sorption onto a range of laboratory-produced black carbons (biochars). Environmental Science & Technology 44, 6189-6195
55. Keiluweit, M., and, Kleber, M. (2009). Molecular-level interactions in soils and sediments: the role of aromatic pi-systems. Environmental Science & Technology 43, 3421-3429
56. Ko, D. C. K., Cheung, C. W., Choy, K. K. H., Porter, J. F., and, McKay, G. (2004). Sorption equilibria of metal ions on bone char. Chemosphere 54, 273-281
57. Kong, H., He, J., Gao, Y., Wu, H., and, Zhu, X. (2011). Cosorption of phenanthrene and mercury(II) from aqueous solution by soybean stalk-based biochar. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59, 12116-12123
58. Kookana, R. S. (2010). The role of biochar in modifying the environmental fate, bioavailability, and efficacy of pesticides in soils: a review. Australian Journal of Soil Research 48, 627-637
59. Koutcheiko, S., Monreal, C. M., Kodama, H., McCracken, T., and, Kotlyar, L. (2007). Preparation and characterization of activated carbon derived from the thermo-chemical conversion of chicken manure. Bioresource Technology 98, 2459-2464
60. Krauskopf, B. K. (1967). Introduction to geochemistry. New York, NY: McGraw Hill
61. Kumar, S., Loganathan, V. A., Gupta, R. B., and, Barnett, M. O. (2011). An assessment of U(VI) removal from groundwater using biochar produced from hydrothermal carbonization. Journal of Environmental Management 92, 2504-2512
62. Laird, D. A., Brown, R. C., Amonette, J. E., and, Lehmann, J. (2009). Review of the pyrolysis platform for coproducing bio-oil and biochar. Biofuels Bioproducts & Biorefining 3, 547-562
63. Laird, D. A., Fleming, P., Davis, D. D., Horton, R., Wang, B., and, Karlen, D. L. (2010). Impact of biochar amendments on the quality of a typical Midwestern agricultural soil. Geoderma 158, 443-449
64. Lattao, C., Cao, X., Mao, J., Schmidt-Rohr, K., and, Pignatello, J. J. (2014). Influence of molecular structure and adsorbent properties on sorption of organic compounds to a temperature series of wood chars. Environmental Science & Technology 48, 4790-4798
65. Lehmann, J., and, Joseph, S. (Eds.). (2012). Biochar for environmental management: Science and technology. New York, NY: Routledge
66. Liao, R., Gao, B., and, Fang, J. (2013). Invasive plants as feedstock for biochar and bioenergy production. Bioresource Technology 140, 439-442
67. Li, L., and, Zhang, H. X. (2004). Preparing levoglucosan derived from waste material by pyrolysis. Energy Sources 26, 1053-1059
68. Liu, Z., and, Zhang, F. (2009). Removal of lead from water using biochars prepared from hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass. Journal of Hazardous Materials 167, 933-939
69. Liu, Z., Zhang, F.-S., and, Wu, J. (2010). Characterization and application of chars produced from pinewood pyrolysis and hydrothermal treatment. Fuel 89, 510-514
70. Lu, C. Y., Liu, C. T., and, Su, F. S. (2009). Sorption kinetics, thermodynamics and competition of Ni2+ from aqueous solutions onto surface oxidized carbon nanotubes. Desalination 249, 18-23
71. Lu, H., Zhang, W., Yang, Y., Huang, X., Wang, S., and, Qiu, R. (2012). Relative distribution of Pb2+ sorption mechanisms by sludge-derived biochar. Water Research 46, 854-862
72. Meng, J., Feng, X., Dai, Z., Liu, X., Wu, J., and, Xu, J. (2014). Adsorption characteristics of Cu(II) from aqueous solution onto biochar derived from swine manure. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 21, 7035-7046
73. Mohan, D., Kumar, H., Sarswat, A., Alexandre-Franco, M., and, Pittman, C. U. Jr. (2014b). Cadmium and lead remediation using magnetic oak wood and oak bark fast pyrolysis bio-chars. Chemical Engineering Journal 236, 513-528
74. Mohan, D., and, Pittman, C. U. (2007). Arsenic removal from water/wastewater using adsorbents: A critical review. Journal of Hazardous Materials 142, 1-53
75. Mohan, D., Pittman, C. U. Jr., Bricka, M., Smith, F., Yancey, B., Mohammad, J., Steele, P. H., Alexandre-Franco, M. F., Gómez-Serrano, V., and, Gong, H. (2007). Sorption of arsenic, cadmium, and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis of wood and bark during bio-oil production. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 310, 57-73
76. Mohan, D., Rajput, S., Singh, V. K., Steele, P. H., and, Pittman, C. U. Jr. (2011). Modeling and evaluation of chromium remediation from water using low cost bio-char, a green adsorbent. Journal of Hazardous Materials 188, 319-333
77. Mohan, D., Sarswat, A., Ok, Y., and, Pittman, C. U. Jr. (2014a). Organic and inorganic contaminants removal from water with biochar, a renewable, low cost and sustainable adsorbent: A critical review. Bioresource Technology 160, 191-202
78. Mousavi, H. Z., Hosseynifar, A., Jahed, V., and, Dehghani, S. A. M. (2010). Removal of lead from aqueous solution using waste tire rubber ash as an adsorbent. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering 27, 79-87
79. Mukherjee, A., Zimmerman, A. R., and, Harris, W. (2011). Surface chemistry variations among a series of laboratory-produced biochars. Geoderma 163, 247-255
80. Ofomaja, A. E. (2008). Sorptive removal of Methylene blue from aqueous solution using palm kernel fibre: Effect of fibre dose. Biochemical Engineering Journal 40, 8-18
81. Ofomaja, A. E. (2010). Intraparticle diffusion process for lead(II) biosorption onto mansonia wood sawdust. Bioresource Technology 101, 5868-5876
82. Otero, M., Rozada, F., Morán, A., Calvo, L. F., and, García, A. I. (2009). Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution by sewage sludge based sorbents: competitive effects. Desalination 239, 46-57
83. Pan, X., Wang, J., and, Zhang, D. (2009). Sorption of cobalt to bone char: Kinetics, competitive sorption and mechanism. Desalination 249, 609-614
84. Pellera, F. M., Giannis, A., Kalderis, D., Anastasiadou, K., Stegmann, R., Wang, J. Y., and, Gidarakos, E. (2012). Adsorption of Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions on biochars prepared from agricultural by-products. Journal of Environmental Management 96, 35-42
85. Perez-Marin, A. B., Zapata, V. M., Ortuno, J. F., Aguilar, M., Saez, J., and, Llorens, M. (2007). Removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto orange waste. Journal of Hazardous Materials 139, 122-131
86. Phuengprasop, T., Sittiwong, J., and, Unob, F. (2011). Removal of heavy metal ions by iron oxide coated sewage sludge. Journal of Hazardous Materials 186, 502-507
87. Purevsuren, B., Avid, B., Gerelmaa, T., Davaajav, Y., Morgan, T. J., Herod, A. A., and, Kandiyoti, R. (2004). The characterisation of tar from the pyrolysis of animal bones. Fuel 83, 799-805
88. Qiu, H., Lv, L., Pan, B.-C., Zhang, Q.-J., Zhang, W.-M., and, Zhang, Q.-X. (2009). Critical review in adsorption kinetic models. Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A 10, 716-724
89. Qiu, Y. P., Cheng, H. Y., Xu, C., and, Sheng, D. (2008). Surface characteristics of crop-residue-derived black carbon and lead(II) adsorption. Water Research 42, 567-574
90. Quek, A., Zhao, X. S., and, Balasubramanian, R. (2010). Mechanistic insights into copper removal by pyrolytic tire char through equilibrium studies. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 49, 4528-4534
91. Rajapaksha, A. U., Vithanage, M., Zhang, M., Ahmad, M., Mohan, D., Chang, S. X., and, Ok, Y. S. (2014). Pyrolysis condition affected sulfamethazine sorption by tea waste biochars. Bioresource Technology 166, 303-308
92. Ranjan, D., Talat, M., and, Hasan, S. H. (2009). Biosorption of arsenic from aqueous solution using agricultural residue rice polish. Journal of Hazardous Materials 166, 1050-1059
93. Rhee, S.-W., and, Park, H.-S. (2010). Effect of mixing ratio of woody waste and food waste on the characteristics of carbonization residue. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 12, 220-226
94. Ryu, C., Sharifi, V. N., and, Swithenbank, J. (2007). Waste pyrolysis and generation of storable char. International Journal of Energy Research 31, 177-191
95. Sag, Y., and, Aktay, Y. (2000). Mass transfer and equilibrium studies for the sorption of chromium ions onto chitin. Process Biochemistry 36, 157-173
96. Scheytt, T., Mersmann, P., Leidig, M., Pekdeger, A., and, Heberer, T. (2004). Transport of pharmaceutically active compounds in saturated laboratory columns. Ground Water 42, 767-773
97. Srivastava, N. K., and, Majumder, C. B. (2008). Novel biofiltration methods for the treatment of heavy metals from industrial wastewater. Journal of Hazardous Materials 151, 1-8
98. Sun, Y., Gao, B., Yao, Y., Fang, J., Zhang, M., Zhou, Y., Chen, H., and, Yang, L. (2014). Effects of feedstock type, production method, and pyrolysis temperature on biochar and hydrochar properties. Chemical Engineering Journal 240, 574-578
99. Tong, X. J., Li, J. Y., Yuan, J. H., and, Xu, R. K. (2011). Adsorption of Cu(II) by biochars generated from three crop straws. Chemical Engineering Journal 172, 828-834
100. Uchimiya, M., Chang, S., and, Klasson, K. T. (2011). Screening biochars for heavy metal retention in soil: Role of oxygen functional groups. Journal of Hazardous Materials 190, 432-441
101. Uchimiya, M., Lima, I. M., Klasson, K. T., Chang, S., Wartelle, L. H., and, Rodgers, J. E. (2010). Immobilization of heavy metal ions (Cu(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), and Pb(II)) by broiler litter-derived biochars in water and soil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58, 5538-5544
102. Vijayaraghavan, K., Padmesh, T. V. N., Palanivelu, K., and, Velan, M. (2006). Biosorption of nickel(II) ions onto Sargassum wightii: Application of two-parameter and three-parameter isotherm models. Journal of Hazardous Materials 133, 304-308
103. Wang, S. S., Gao, B., Zimmerman, A. R., Li, Y. C., Ma, L. N., Harris, W. G., and, Migliaccio, K. W. (2015a). Physicochemical and sorptive properties of biochars derived from woody and herbaceous biomass. Chemosphere 134, 257-262
104. Wang, S. S., Gao, B., Zimmerman, A. R., Li, Y. C., Ma, L., Harris, W. G., and, Migliaccio, K. W. (2015b). Removal of arsenic by magnetic biochar prepared from pinewood and natural hematite. Bioresource Technology 175, 391-395
105. Wu, F. C., Tseng, R. L., and, Juang, R. S. (2009a). Characteristics of Elovich equation used for the analysis of adsorption kinetics in dye-chitosan systems. Chemical Engineering Journal 150, 366-373
106. Wu, F. C., Tseng, R. L., and, Juang, R. S. (2009b). Initial behavior of intraparticle diffusion model used in the description of adsorption kinetics. Chemical Engineering Journal 153, 1-8
107. Xu, T., and, Liu, X. Q. (2008). Peanut shell activated carbon: Characterization, surface modification and adsorption of Pb2+ from aqueous solution. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 16, 401-406
108. Xue, Y. W., Gao, B., Yao, Y., Inyang, M., Zhang, M., Zimmerman, A. R., and, Ro, K. S. (2012). Hydrogen peroxide modification enhances the ability of biochar (hydrochar) produced from hydrothermal carbonization of peanut hull to remove aqueous heavy metals: Batch and column tests. Chemical Engineering Journal 200, 673-680
109. Yao, Y., Gao, B., Inyang, M., Zimmerman, A. R., Cao, X. D., Pullammanappallil, P., and, Yang, L. Y. (2011a). Removal of phosphate from aqueous solution by biochar derived from anaerobically digested sugar beet tailings. Journal of Hazardous Materials 190, 501-507
110. Yao, Y., Gao, B., Inyang, M., Zimmerman, A. R., Cao, X. D., Pullammanappallil, P., and, Yang, L. (2011b). Biochar derived from anaerobically digested sugar beet tailings: Characterization and phosphate removal potential. Bioresource Technology 102, 6273-6278
111. Yao, Y., Gao, B., Wu, F., Zhang, C.Z., and, Yang, L.Y. (2015). Engineered Biochar from Biofuel Residue: Characterization and Its Silver Removal Potential. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 7, 10634-10640
112. Youssef, A. M., El-Nabarawy, T., and, Samra, S. E. (2004). Sorption properties of chemically-activated carbons 1. Sorption of cadmium(II) ions. Colloids and Surfaces A-Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 235
113. Zuo, X.-J., Fu, D.-F., and, Li, H. (2012). Adsorption removal of copper, zinc and cadmium in aqueous solutions and road runoff by carbonized mulch: heavy metal removal by carbonized mulch. Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology (iCBEB), 1180-1185.