메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 43, Issue 15, 2016, Pages 2772-2790

Systematic handling of missing data in complex study designs – experiences from the Health 2000 and 2011 Surveys

Author keywords

causal model with design; doubly robust methods; inverse probability weighting; multiple imputation; Non participation; non response

Indexed keywords


EID: 84958767739     PISSN: 02664763     EISSN: 13600532     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02664763.2016.1144725     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (54)

References (66)
  • 1
    • 85041932998 scopus 로고
    • Maximum likelihood identification of gaussian autoregressive moving average models
    • H.Akaike, Maximum likelihood identification of gaussian autoregressive moving average models, Biometrika 60 (1973), pp. 255–265. doi:10.1093/biomet/60.2.255
    • (1973) Biometrika , vol.60 , pp. 255-265
    • Akaike, H.1
  • 2
    • 77956463814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of participants and non-participants to the ORISCAV-LUX population-based study on cardiovascular risk factors in Luxembourg
    • A.Alkerwi, N.Sauvageot, S.Couffignal, A.Albert, M.L.Lair, and M.Guillaume, Comparison of participants and non-participants to the ORISCAV-LUX population-based study on cardiovascular risk factors in Luxembourg, BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 10 (2010), p. 80. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-10-80
    • (2010) BMC Med. Res. Methodol. , vol.10 , pp. 80
    • Alkerwi, A.1    Sauvageot, N.2    Couffignal, S.3    Albert, A.4    Lair, M.L.5    Guillaume, M.6
  • 4
    • 43049162150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The performance of different propensity-score methods for estimating relative risks
    • P.C.Austin, The performance of different propensity-score methods for estimating relative risks, J. Clin. Epidemiol. 61 (2008), pp. 537–545. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.07.011
    • (2008) J. Clin. Epidemiol. , vol.61 , pp. 537-545
    • Austin, P.C.1
  • 5
    • 33644851650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Doubly robust estimation in missing data and causal inference models
    • H.Bang and J.M.Robins, Doubly robust estimation in missing data and causal inference models, Biometrics 61 (2005), pp. 962–973, Available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/3695907. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0420.2005.00377.x
    • (2005) Biometrics , vol.61 , pp. 962-973
    • Bang, H.1    Robins, J.M.2
  • 7
    • 84986266835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some uses of statistical models in connection with the nonresponse problem, in Incomplete Data in Sample Surveys, Vol. 3, W.G. Madow and I. Olkin, eds., Academic Press, New York, 1983, pp. 143–160
    • C.M.Cassel, C.E.Sarndal, and J.H.Wretman, Some uses of statistical models in connection with the nonresponse problem, in Incomplete Data in Sample Surveys, Vol. 3, W.G. Madow and I. Olkin, eds., Academic Press, New York, 1983, pp. 143–160.
    • Cassel, C.M.1    Sarndal, C.E.2    Wretman, J.H.3
  • 8
    • 0031038632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of non-participants and reasons for non-participation in a population survey in Kin-Hu, Kinmen
    • P.Chou, H.S.Kuo, C.H.Chen, and H.C.Lin, Characteristics of non-participants and reasons for non-participation in a population survey in Kin-Hu, Kinmen, European Journal of Epidemiology 13 (1997), pp. 195–200. doi:10.1023/A:1007384525568
    • (1997) European Journal of Epidemiology , vol.13 , pp. 195-200
    • Chou, P.1    Kuo, H.S.2    Chen, C.H.3    Lin, H.C.4
  • 9
    • 4644226694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are nonrespondents to health surveys less healthy than respondents?
    • G.Cohen and J.C.Duffy, Are nonrespondents to health surveys less healthy than respondents?, Journal of Official Statistics 18 (2002), pp. 13–23.
    • (2002) Journal of Official Statistics , vol.18 , pp. 13-23
    • Cohen, G.1    Duffy, J.C.2
  • 10
    • 0035755636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of inclusive and restrictive strategies in modern missing data procedures
    • L.M.Collins, J.L.Schafer, and C.M.Kam, A comparison of inclusive and restrictive strategies in modern missing data procedures, Psychol. Methods 6 (2001), pp. 330–351. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.6.4.330
    • (2001) Psychol. Methods , vol.6 , pp. 330-351
    • Collins, L.M.1    Schafer, J.L.2    Kam, C.M.3
  • 11
    • 0018719295 scopus 로고
    • The effect of non-response on risk ratios in a cardiovascular disease study
    • M.H.Criqui, M.Austin, and E.Barrett-Connor, The effect of non-response on risk ratios in a cardiovascular disease study, J. Chronic Diseases 32 (1979), pp. 633–638. doi:10.1016/0021-9681(79)90093-6
    • (1979) J. Chronic Diseases , vol.32 , pp. 633-638
    • Criqui, M.H.1    Austin, M.2    Barrett-Connor, E.3
  • 13
  • 14
    • 49449108749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Struggles with survey weighting and regression modeling
    • A.Gelman, Struggles with survey weighting and regression modeling, Statist. Sci. 22 (2007), pp. 153–164. doi:10.1214/088342306000000691
    • (2007) Statist. Sci. , vol.22 , pp. 153-164
    • Gelman, A.1
  • 15
    • 0032518863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secular trends in the United States black/white hypertension prevalence ratio: Potential impact of diminishing response rates
    • K.M.Gorey and M.Trevisan, Secular trends in the United States black/white hypertension prevalence ratio:Potential impact of diminishing response rates, Amer. J. Epidemiol. 147 (1998), pp. 95–99. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009434
    • (1998) Amer. J. Epidemiol. , vol.147 , pp. 95-99
    • Gorey, K.M.1    Trevisan, M.2
  • 16
    • 40849095964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of non-response on estimates of health care utilisation: Linking health surveys and registers
    • J.Gundgaard, O.Ekholm, E.H.Hansen, and N.K.Rasmussen, The effect of non-response on estimates of health care utilisation:Linking health surveys and registers, Eur. J. Public Health 18 (2008), pp. 189–194. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckm103
    • (2008) Eur. J. Public Health , vol.18 , pp. 189-194
    • Gundgaard, J.1    Ekholm, O.2    Hansen, E.H.3    Rasmussen, N.K.4
  • 17
    • 0036140864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of cause-specific mortality between respondents and nonrespondents in a population-based prospective study: Ten-year follow-up of JPHC study cohort i
    • M.Hara, S.Sasaki, T.Sobue, S.Yamamoto, and S.Tsugane, Comparison of cause-specific mortality between respondents and nonrespondents in a population-based prospective study:Ten-year follow-up of JPHC study cohort i, J. Clin. Epidemiol. 55 (2002), pp. 150–156. doi:10.1016/S0895-4356(01)00431-0
    • (2002) J. Clin. Epidemiol. , vol.55 , pp. 150-156
    • Hara, M.1    Sasaki, S.2    Sobue, T.3    Yamamoto, S.4    Tsugane, S.5
  • 18
    • 84986270973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Supplement to ‘systematic handling of missing data in complex study designs – experiences from the health 2000 and 2011 surveys’
    • T.Härkänen, J.Karvanen, H.Tolonen, R.Lehtonen, K.Djerf, T.Juntunen, and S.Koskinen, Supplement to ‘systematic handling of missing data in complex study designs – experiences from the health 2000 and 2011 surveys’.
    • Härkänen, T.1    Karvanen, J.2    Tolonen, H.3    Lehtonen, R.4    Djerf, K.5    Juntunen, T.6    Koskinen, S.7
  • 19
    • 78649571080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple imputation in a large-scale complex survey: A practical guide
    • Y.He, A.M.Zaslavsky, M.B.Landrum, D.P.Harrington, and P.Catalano, Multiple imputation in a large-scale complex survey:A practical guide, Stat. Methods Med. Res. 19 (2010), pp. 653–670, Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0962280208101273.
    • (2010) Stat. Methods Med. Res. , vol.19 , pp. 653-670
    • He, Y.1    Zaslavsky, A.M.2    Landrum, M.B.3    Harrington, D.P.4    Catalano, P.5
  • 20
    • 0000125534 scopus 로고
    • Sample selection bias as a specification error
    • J.J.Heckman, Sample selection bias as a specification error, Econometrica:J. Econometric Soc. (1979), pp. 153–161. doi:10.2307/1912352
    • (1979) Econometrica: J. Econometric Soc. , pp. 153-161
    • Heckman, J.J.1
  • 21
    • 0031006441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of goodness-of-fit tests for the logistic regression model
    • D.W.Hosmer, T.Hosmer, S.Le Cessie, and S.Lemeshow, A comparison of goodness-of-fit tests for the logistic regression model, Stat. Med. 16 (1997), pp. 965–980. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19970515)16:9<965::AID-SIM509>3.0.CO;2-O
    • (1997) Stat. Med. , vol.16 , pp. 965-980
    • Hosmer, D.W.1    Hosmer, T.2    Le Cessie, S.3    Lemeshow, S.4
  • 22
    • 0030465255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences between respondents and nonrespondents in a multicenter community-based study vary by gender and ethnicity
    • R.Jackson, L.E.Chambless, K.Yang, T.Byrne, R.Watson, A.Folsom, E.Shahar, and W.Kalsbeek, Differences between respondents and nonrespondents in a multicenter community-based study vary by gender and ethnicity, J. Clin. Epidemiol. 49 (1996), pp. 1441–1446. doi:10.1016/0895-4356(95)00047-X
    • (1996) J. Clin. Epidemiol. , vol.49 , pp. 1441-1446
    • Jackson, R.1    Chambless, L.E.2    Yang, K.3    Byrne, T.4    Watson, R.5    Folsom, A.6    Shahar, E.7    Kalsbeek, W.8
  • 23
    • 15544382533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Total and cause specific mortality among participants and non-participants of population based health surveys: A comprehensive follow up of 54 372 Finnish men and women
    • P.Jousilahti, V.Salomaa, K.Kuulasmaa, M.Niemela, and E.Vartiainen, Total and cause specific mortality among participants and non-participants of population based health surveys:A comprehensive follow up of 54 372 Finnish men and women, J. Epidemiol. Community Health 59 (2005), pp. 310–315. doi:10.1136/jech.2004.024349
    • (2005) J. Epidemiol. Community Health , vol.59 , pp. 310-315
    • Jousilahti, P.1    Salomaa, V.2    Kuulasmaa, K.3    Niemela, M.4    Vartiainen, E.5
  • 24
    • 84928267270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study design in causal models
    • J.Karvanen, Study design in causal models, Scand. J. Stat. 42 (2015), pp. 361–377, Available at http://arxiv.org/abs/1211.2958. doi:10.1111/sjos.12110
    • (2015) Scand. J. Stat. , vol.42 , pp. 361-377
    • Karvanen, J.1
  • 25
    • 84986252664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kela, Statistics on disability benefits and services provided by Kela (2015),
    • Kela, Statistics on disability benefits and services provided by Kela (2015), Available at http://www.kela.fi/web/en/statistics-by-topic_statistics-on-disability-benefits-provided-by-kela.
  • 28
    • 26844478194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of non-response in the Danish health interview surveys, 1987–1994
    • M.Kjoller and H.Thoning, Characteristics of non-response in the Danish health interview surveys, 1987–1994, Eur. J. Public Health 15 (2005), pp. 528–535. doi:10.1093/eurpub/cki023
    • (2005) Eur. J. Public Health , vol.15 , pp. 528-535
    • Kjoller, M.1    Thoning, H.2
  • 29
    • 78649680361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The health status of nonparticipants in a population-based health study: The Hordaland health study
    • A.K.Knudsen, M.Hotopf, J.C.Skogen, S.Overland, and A.Mykletun, The health status of nonparticipants in a population-based health study:The Hordaland health study, Amer. J. Epidemiol. 172 (2010), pp. 1306–1314. doi:10.1093/aje/kwq257
    • (2010) Amer. J. Epidemiol. , vol.172 , pp. 1306-1314
    • Knudsen, A.K.1    Hotopf, M.2    Skogen, J.C.3    Overland, S.4    Mykletun, A.5
  • 32
    • 84986249455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methodology report: Health 2000 Survey
    • National Public Health Institute,
    • J.Laiho, K.Djerf, and R.Lehtonen, Methodology report:Health 2000 Survey, Sampling Design, no. 26 in B, National Public Health Institute, 2008, pp. 13–15, Available at http://www.terveys2000.fi/doc/methodologyrep.pdf.
    • (2008) Sampling Design, no. 26 in B , pp. 13-15
    • Laiho, J.1    Djerf, K.2    Lehtonen, R.3
  • 36
    • 84952497143 scopus 로고
    • Missing-data adjustments in large surveys
    • R.J.Little, Missing-data adjustments in large surveys, J. Bus. Econ. Stat. 6 (1988), pp. 287–296.
    • (1988) J. Bus. Econ. Stat. , vol.6 , pp. 287-296
    • Little, R.J.1
  • 37
    • 79960846173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subsample ignorable likelihood for regression analysis with missing data
    • R.J.Little and N.Zhang, Subsample ignorable likelihood for regression analysis with missing data, J. R. Statist. Soc:Ser. C (Appl. Stat.) 60 (2011), pp. 591–605. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9876.2011.00763.x
    • (2011) J. R. Statist. Soc: Ser. C (Appl. Stat.) , vol.60 , pp. 591-605
    • Little, R.J.1    Zhang, N.2
  • 38
    • 0037307172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survey non-response in the netherlands: Effects on prevalence estimates and associations
    • A.J.V.Loon, M.Tijhuis, H.S.Picavet, P.G.Surtees, and J.Ormel, Survey non-response in the netherlands:Effects on prevalence estimates and associations, Ann. Epidemiol. 13 (2003), pp. 105–110. doi:10.1016/S1047-2797(02)00257-0
    • (2003) Ann. Epidemiol. , vol.13 , pp. 105-110
    • Loon, A.J.V.1    Tijhuis, M.2    Picavet, H.S.3    Surtees, P.G.4    Ormel, J.5
  • 39
    • 22344458116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determinants of non-participation, and the effects of non-participation on potential cause-effect relationships, in the part study on mental disorders
    • I.Lundberg, K.D.Thakker, T.Hallstrom, and Y.Forsell, Determinants of non-participation, and the effects of non-participation on potential cause-effect relationships, in the part study on mental disorders, Social Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiol. 40 (2005), pp. 475–483. doi:10.1007/s00127-005-0911-4
    • (2005) Social Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiol. , vol.40 , pp. 475-483
    • Lundberg, I.1    Thakker, K.D.2    Hallstrom, T.3    Forsell, Y.4
  • 42
    • 77649325496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causal inference in statistics: An overview
    • J.Pearl, Causal inference in statistics:An overview, Stat. Surv. 3 (2009), pp. 96–146, Available at http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.ssu/1255440554. doi:10.1214/09-SS057
    • (2009) Stat. Surv. , vol.3 , pp. 96-146
    • Pearl, J.1
  • 45
    • 84888862680 scopus 로고
    • Estimation of regression coefficients when some regressors are not always observed
    • J.M.Robins, A.Rotnitzky, and L.P.Zhao, Estimation of regression coefficients when some regressors are not always observed, J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 89 (1994), pp. 846–866, Available at http://amstat.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01621459.1994.10476818. doi:10.1080/01621459.1994.10476818
    • (1994) J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. , vol.89 , pp. 846-866
    • Robins, J.M.1    Rotnitzky, A.2    Zhao, L.P.3
  • 46
    • 0017133178 scopus 로고
    • Inference and missing data
    • D.B.Rubin, Inference and missing data, Biometrika 63 (1976), pp. 581–592. doi:10.1093/biomet/63.3.581
    • (1976) Biometrika , vol.63 , pp. 581-592
    • Rubin, D.B.1
  • 47
    • 84940952808 scopus 로고
    • Statistical matching using file concatenation with adjusted weights and multiple imputations
    • D.B.Rubin, Statistical matching using file concatenation with adjusted weights and multiple imputations, J. Bus. Econ. Stat. 4 (1986), pp. 87–94.
    • (1986) J. Bus. Econ. Stat. , vol.4 , pp. 87-94
    • Rubin, D.B.1
  • 49
    • 0032960273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple imputation: A primer
    • J.L.Schafer, Multiple imputation:A primer, Statist. Methods Med. Res. 8 (1999), pp. 3–15. doi:10.1191/096228099671525676
    • (1999) Statist. Methods Med. Res. , vol.8 , pp. 3-15
    • Schafer, J.L.1
  • 50
    • 0000120766 scopus 로고
    • Estimating the dimension of a model
    • G.Schwarz, Estimating the dimension of a model, Ann. Stat. 6 (1978), pp. 461–464, Available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/2958889. doi:10.1214/aos/1176344136
    • (1978) Ann. Stat. , vol.6 , pp. 461-464
    • Schwarz, G.1
  • 51
    • 84878958480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What is meant by ‘missing at random’
    • S.Seaman, J.Galati, D.Jackson, and J.Carlin, What is meant by ‘missing at random’, Statist. Sci. 28 (2013), pp. 257–268. doi:10.1214/13-STS415
    • (2013) Statist. Sci. , vol.28 , pp. 257-268
    • Seaman, S.1    Galati, J.2    Jackson, D.3    Carlin, J.4
  • 52
    • 84878516633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review of inverse probability weighting for dealing with missing data
    • S.R.Seaman and I.R.White, Review of inverse probability weighting for dealing with missing data, Statist. Methods Med. Res. 22 (2013), pp. 278–295. doi:10.1177/0962280210395740
    • (2013) Statist. Methods Med. Res. , vol.22 , pp. 278-295
    • Seaman, S.R.1    White, I.R.2
  • 53
    • 84858861527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combining multiple imputation and inverse-probability weighting
    • S.R.Seaman, I.R.White, A.J.Copas, and L.Li, Combining multiple imputation and inverse-probability weighting, Biometrics 68 (2012), pp. 129–137. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0420.2011.01666.x
    • (2012) Biometrics , vol.68 , pp. 129-137
    • Seaman, S.R.1    White, I.R.2    Copas, A.J.3    Li, L.4
  • 54
    • 2942659784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Oslo health study: The impact of self-selection in a large, population-based survey
    • A.J.Sögaard, R.Selmer, E.Bjertness, and D.Thelle, The Oslo health study:The impact of self-selection in a large, population-based survey, Int. J. Equity Health 3 (2004), p. 3. doi:10.1186/1475-9276-3-3
    • (2004) Int. J. Equity Health , vol.3 , pp. 3
    • Sögaard, A.J.1    Selmer, R.2    Bjertness, E.3    Thelle, D.4
  • 55
    • 0030294714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of nonresponse on prevalence estimates for a referent population: Insights from a population-based cohort study
    • E.Shahar, A.R.Folsom, and R.Jackson, The effect of nonresponse on prevalence estimates for a referent population:Insights from a population-based cohort study, Ann. Epidemiol. 6 (1996), pp. 498–506. doi:10.1016/S1047-2797(96)00104-4
    • (1996) Ann. Epidemiol. , vol.6 , pp. 498-506
    • Shahar, E.1    Folsom, A.R.2    Jackson, R.3
  • 57
    • 84950758368 scopus 로고
    • The calculation of posterior distributions by data augmentation
    • M.A.Tanner and W.H.Wong, The calculation of posterior distributions by data augmentation, J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 82 (1987), pp. 528–540. doi:10.1080/01621459.1987.10478458
    • (1987) J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. , vol.82 , pp. 528-540
    • Tanner, M.A.1    Wong, W.H.2
  • 58
    • 84986256779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • rpart: Recursive Partitioning and Regression Trees (2015), R package version 4.1-10
    • T.Therneau, B.Atkinson, and B.Ripley, rpart:Recursive Partitioning and Regression Trees (2015), Available at http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rpart, R package version 4.1-10.
    • Therneau, T.1    Atkinson, B.2    Ripley, B.3
  • 59
    • 84986256777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • THL, Care register for health care (2015), Available at http://www.thl.fi/en_US/web/en/statistics/information/register_descriptions/careregister_healthcare
    • (2015) THL, Care register for health care
  • 61
    • 27744455446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect on trend estimates of the difference between survey respondents and non-respondents: Results from 27 populations in the who monica project
    • H.Tolonen, A.Dobson, and S.Kulathinal, Effect on trend estimates of the difference between survey respondents and non-respondents:Results from 27 populations in the who monica project, Eur. J. Epidemiol. 20 (2005), pp. 887–898. doi:10.1007/s10654-005-2672-5
    • (2005) Eur. J. Epidemiol. , vol.20 , pp. 887-898
    • Tolonen, H.1    Dobson, A.2    Kulathinal, S.3
  • 62
    • 84902141749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of existing data sources in clinical epidemiology: Finnish health care registers in Alzheimer's disease research–the medication use among persons with Alzheimer's disease (MEDALZ-2005) study
    • A.M.Tolppanen, H.Taipale, M.Koponen, P.Lavikainen, A.Tanskanen, J.Tiihonen, and S.Hartikainen, Use of existing data sources in clinical epidemiology:Finnish health care registers in Alzheimer's disease research–the medication use among persons with Alzheimer's disease (MEDALZ-2005) study, Clin. Epidemiol. 5 (2013), p. 277. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S46622
    • (2013) Clin. Epidemiol. , vol.5 , pp. 277
    • Tolppanen, A.M.1    Taipale, H.2    Koponen, M.3    Lavikainen, P.4    Tanskanen, A.5    Tiihonen, J.6    Hartikainen, S.7
  • 63
    • 0033616909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple imputation of missing blood pressure covariates in survival analysis
    • S.Van Buuren, H.C.Boshuizen, and D.L.Knook, et al., Multiple imputation of missing blood pressure covariates in survival analysis, Stat. Med. 18 (1999), pp. 681–694. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19990330)18:6<681::AID-SIM71>3.0.CO;2-R
    • (1999) Stat. Med. , vol.18 , pp. 681-694
    • Van Buuren, S.1    Boshuizen, H.C.2    Knook, D.L.3
  • 64
    • 79953732420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • mice: Multivariate imputation by chained equations in R
    • S.Van Buuren and K.Groothuis-Oudshoorn, mice:Multivariate imputation by chained equations in R, J. Statist. Softw. 45 (2011), pp. 1–67, Available at http://www.jstatsoft.org/v45/i03/.
    • (2011) J. Statist. Softw. , vol.45 , pp. 1-67
    • Van Buuren, S.1    Groothuis-Oudshoorn, K.2
  • 65
    • 37349032506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies
    • E.von Elm, D.G.Altman, M.Egger, S.J.Pocock, P.C.Gøtzsche and J.P.Vandenbroucke, and for the STROBE Initiative, The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement:Guidelines for reporting observational studies, Epidemiology 18 (2007), pp. 800–804. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181577654
    • (2007) Epidemiology , vol.18 , pp. 800-804
    • von Elm, E.1    Altman, D.G.2    Egger, M.3    Pocock, S.J.4    Gøtzsche, P.C.5    Vandenbroucke, J.P.6
  • 66
    • 78651256743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple imputation using chained equations: Issues and guidance for practice
    • I.R.White, P.Royston, and A.M.Wood, Multiple imputation using chained equations:Issues and guidance for practice, Stat. Med. 30 (2011), pp. 377–399. doi:10.1002/sim.4067
    • (2011) Stat. Med. , vol.30 , pp. 377-399
    • White, I.R.1    Royston, P.2    Wood, A.M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.