The politics of pure land buddhism in India

Numen

Volumn 45, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 69-96

  Amstutz, Galen ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84958643149     PISSN: 00295973     EISSN: 15685276     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/1568527981644428     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Akira Hirakawa, History of Indian Buddhism, from Sákyamuni to Nâgârjuna (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1990), pp. 286-290
2. A.K. Warder, Indian Buddhism (Dehli: Motilal Banarsidass, 1980), pp. 356-362.
3. See Kenneth K. Tanaka, The Dawn of Chinese Pure Land Buddhist Doctrine (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990), p. 52.
4. Tanaka, pp. 3-4
5. Julian F. Pas, Shan-tao's Commentary on the Amitâyur-Buddhânusm-ti-Sûtra (McMaster University PhD dissertation, 1973), pp. 60-64.
6. Fujita Kôtatsu, Genshi jôdo shisô no kenkyû. 2nd ed. (Tokyo: Iwanami shoten, 1970), p. 17.
7. Gregory Schopen, "Sukhâvat? as Generalized Religious Goal in Sanskrit Mahâyâna Buddhist Literature, " Indo-Iranian Journal, vol. 19, pp. 177-210 (1977)
8. Paul Griffiths et al., trans., The Realm of Awakening: A Translation and Study of the Tenth Chapter of Asa-ga's Mahâyânasangraha (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 35.
9. Tai-wo Kwan, A Study of the Teaching Regarding the Pure Land of Aksobhya Buddha in Early Mahâyâna (University of California at Los Angeles PhD dissertation, 1987)).
10. Soho Machida, "Life and Life, the Infinite: A Historical and Philological Analysis of the Amida Cult, " Sino-Platonic Papers [Department of Oriental Studies, University of Pennsylvania], no. 9, pp. 1-46 (December 1988
11. Gregory Schopen, "The Buddha as an Owner of Property and Permanent Resident in Medieval Indian Monasteries, " Journal of Indian Philosophy, vol. 18, pp. 181-217 (1990
12. G. Schopen, "Burial Ad Sanctos and the Physical Presence of the Buddha in Early Indian Buddhism: A Study in the Archaeology of Religions, " Religion, vol. 17, pp. 193-225 (1987).
13. Andrew Rawlinson, "The Problem of the Origin of the Mahayana, " in Slater, Peter and Donald Wiebe, eds. Traditions in Contact and Change. Selected Proceedings of the XIVth Congress of the International Association for the History of Religions (Wilfred Laurier University Press, 1980), pp. 163-169.
14. Stephan Beyer, "Notes on the Vision Quest in Early Mahâyâna, " in: Lancaster, Lewis, ed. Prajnãpâramitâ and Related systems: Studies in Honor of Edward Conze (Berkeley: Berkeley Buddhist Studies Series, 1977
15. see Luis O. Gómez, "The Bodhisattva as Wonder Worker, " in: Lancaster, Lewis, ed. Prajnãpâramitâ and Related systems: Studies in Honor of Edward Conze (Berkeley: Berkeley Buddhist Studies Series, 1977), pp. 221-257.
16. Gregory Schopen, "Filial Piety and the Monk in the Practice of Indian Buddhism: A Question of 'Sinicization' Viewed from the Other Side, " T'oung Pao, vol. 66, pp. 110-126 (1980
17. John Strong, "Filial Piety and Buddhism: The Indian Antecedents to a Chinese' Problem, " in: Peter Slater and Donald Wiebe, eds. Traditions in Contact and Change (Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfred Laurier University Press, 1983) pp. 171-186.
18. Malcolm David Eckel, To See the Buddha: A Philosopher's Quest for the Meaning of Emptiness (San Francisco: Harper, 1991), pp. 3-4.
19. Bhâvaviveka's rhetoric also expressed "previous vows" (pranidhâna) by which the Buddha expressed his activity to rescue humankind. See Eckel, pp. 17-18, 51-61, 68-83, 147-148.
20. George R. Elder, " 'Grace' in Martin Luther and Tantric Buddhism, " in: Houston, G.W., ed. The Cross and the Lotus: Christianity and Buddhism in Dialogue (Dehli: Motilal, 1985), pp. 39-49 (tantric Buddhism also can externalize the Buddha's action as "grace").
21. Paul M. Harrison, "Buddhânusm-ti in the Pratyutpanna-Buddha-Sammukhâvasthita-samâdhi-sûtra, " Journal of Indian Philosophy, vol. 6, pp. 41-42 (1978).
22. Fujita, pp. 545-549.
23. William Cantwell Smith, Faith and Belief (Princeton: Princeton University Press), pp. 59-68.
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25. Nihon bukkyô gakkai, ed. Bukkyô ni okeru shin no mondai (Kyoto: Heirakuji shoten, 1963
26. Sung Bae Park, Buddhist Faith and Sudden Enlightenment (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1983) and Wonhyo's Commentaries on the Awakening of Faith in Mahâyâna (University of California, Berkeley PhD dissertation, 1979).
27. David Seyfort Ruegg, Buddha-nature, Mind and the Problem of Gradualism in Comparative Perspective: On the Transmission and Reception of Buddhism in India and Tibet (London: School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1989), pp. 46-48.
28. Carl B. Becker, "Religious Visions: Experiential Grounds for the Pure Land Tradition, " Eastern Buddhist, vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 138-153 (1984).
29. However, the categorization of ranks of followers is not very central or important in the original texts, distinctions between initiated specialists and noninititated non-specialists, or between monastics and laypersons, are not at issue. (Fujita, p. 537)
30. Schopen, "Sukhâvat? as a Generalized Goal." 27 A special relationship may exist between Pure Land imagery and the common medical phenomenon of the near-death or deathbed vision. (Cf. Becker) 28 The interpretation of Pure Land throughout Asia has been deeply influenced, or perhaps confused, by the retroactive interests of Japanese Pure Land (especially Jôdoshinshû) in demonstrating that its egalitarian practices and ideas go back to ancient Buddhism.
31. Monks and nuns, along with lay people, were heavily involved in the donative, merit-making activities at stûpa sites
32. Chinese Buddhism. Cult activities were probably led by monastics. Chinese Buddhism
33. Gregory Schopen, "Two Problems in the History of Indian Buddhism: The Layman/Monk Distinction and the Doctrines of the Transference of Merit, " Studien zur Indologie und Iranistik, vol. 10, pp. 9-47 (1985).
34. The lack of contextual knowledge about ancient Indian Buddhism makes it extremely difficult to reconstruct. See Harrison, pp. 35-36.
35. Gregory Schopen, "The Inscription on the Kusân Image of Amitâbha and the Character of the Early Mahâyâna in India, " Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 99-134 (1987).
36. Gregory Schopen, "The Generalization of an Old Yogic Attainment in Medieval Mahâyâna Sûtra Literature: Some Notes on Jâtismara, " Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 133-134 (1983).
37. Buddhist Monk." (B.N. Puri, Buddhism in Central Asia (Dehli: Motilal Banarsidass, 1987), pp. 142-143.
38. John P. Keenan, "Introduction, " in: Griffiths et al., The Realm of Awakening, pp. 35-36.
39. Paul O. Ingram, "The Zen Critique of Pure Land Buddhism, " Journal of the American Academy of Religion, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 184-200 (June 1973)
40. Hirakawa Akira, History of Indian Buddhism, pp. 270-274, 308-311
41. The Rise of Mahâyâna Buddhism and Its Relationship to the Worship of Stûpas, " Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko, vol. 22, pp. 77-91, 102-106 (1963).
42. Mircea Eliade, ed. The Encyclopedia of Religion (New York: Macmillan, 1986).
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44. Jan Gonda, Die Religionen Indiens, vol. II (Stuttgart, 1963), pp. 229-252, 125-150
45. Mariasusai Dhavamony, Love of God According to Ś aiva Siddhânta (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971).
46. On Râmânuja's Vedantic technical thought see sources such as Anima Sen Gupta, A Critical Study of the Philosophy of Ramanuja (Varanasi: Chowhamba Sanskrit Series Office, 1967
47. P.N. Srinivasachari, The Philosophy of Visí-tâvaita, 2nd ed. (Adyar, 1946). Ś aiva Siddhânta analytical developments were equally complex, e.g., M.M. Arulchelvam, in: John Ross Carter, ed. Of Human Bondage and Divine Grace (La Salle, IL: Open Court, 1992), pp. 1-55.
48. John Carman, The Theology of Ramanuja: An Essay in Interreligious Understanding (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974).
49. Patricia Y. Mumme, The Ś r?vai-ava Theological Dispute: Manavalamamuni and Vedânta Desíka (Madras: New Era Publications, 1988), p. 74
50. Vasudha Narayanan, "Karma, Bhaktiyoga, Grace in the Ś r?vai-ava tradition: Râmânuja and Karattalvân, " and "Bondage and Grace in the Ś r?vai-ava Tradition: Pillai Lokâcârya and Vedânta Desíka, " in: Carter, John Ross, ed. Of Human Bondage and Divine Grace, pp. 57-73 and pp. 75-94.
51. John C. Plott, A Philosophy of Devotion: A Comparative Study of Bhakti and Prapatti in Visí-tâvaita and St. Bonaventura and Gabriel Marcel (Dehli: Motilal Banarsidass, 1974), pp. 253-258.
52. A.K. Ramanujan, trans., Speaking of Siva (Baltimore: Penguin, 1973), pp. 53-54.
53. Karine Schomer, "Introduction: The Sant Tradition in Perspective, " in: Karine Schomer and W.H. McLeod, eds. The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India (Berkeley: Berkeley Religious Studies Series, 1987), pp. 2, 8
54. John Stratton Hawley and Mark Juergensmeyer, Songs of the Saints of India (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988
55. Karl H. Potter, Presuppositions of India's Philosophies (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1963), pp. 236-256.
56. Glenn E. Yocum, "Buddhism Through Hindu Eyes: Ś aivas and Buddhists in Medieval Tamilnad, " in: Slater, Peter and Donald Wiebe, eds. Traditions in Contact and Change. Selected Proceedings of the XIVth Congress of the International Association for the History of Religions (Wilfred Laurier University Press, 1980), pp. 143-162.
57. Arvind Sharma, Thresholds in Hindu-Buddhist Studies (Calcutta: Minerva, 1979), pp. 64-82. Strong, p. 173
58. Padmanabh S. Jaini, "The Disappearance of Buddhism and The Survival of Jainism: A Study in Contrast, " in: Narain, A.K., ed. Studies in the History of Buddhism (papers at International Conference on History of Buddhism at University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1980), pp. 81-91.
59. A.L. Basham, "The Background to the Rise of Buddhism, " in: Narain, A.K., ed. Studies in the History of Buddhism (papers at International Conference on History of Buddhism at U of Wisconsin, Madison, 1980), p. 17
60. Narain, A.K. "Toward a New History of Buddhism, " in: Narain, A.K., ed. Studies in the History of Buddhism (papers at International Conference on History of Buddhism at U of Wisconsin, Madison), pp. xv-xxxi
61. Trevor Ling, The Buddha: Buddhist Civilization in India and Ceylon (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1973).
62. K. Gnanambal, "Ś r?aî-avas and Their Religious Institutions, " Bulletin Anthropological Survey of India, vol. 20, pp. 97-187 (July-Dec 1971
63. Kadambi Rangachariyar, The Sri Vaishnava Brahmans (Madras, 1931
64. Patricia Y. Mumme, "Rules and Rhetoric: Caste Observance in Ś r?vai-ava Doctrine and Practice, " Journal of Vai-ava Studies, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 113-133 (Winter 1993
65. "The Evolution of the Tenkalai Understanding of the ?c?rya: Teacher, Mediator and Savior" (Unpublished paper from the International Ś r?vai-ava Conference, Bombay, December 1988-January 1989).
66. Lingayat assimilation into brahmanical patterns see William McCormack, "On Lingâyat Culture, " in: Ramanujan, Speaking of Siva, pp. 175-187.
67. David N. Lorenzen, "The Kab?r Panth: Heretics to Hindus, " in: David N. Lorenzen, ed. Religious Change and Cultural Domination (Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 1981), pp. 151-171
68. Lorenzen, "The Social Ideologies of Hagiography: Ś a-kara, Tukârâm and Kab?r, " in: Milton Israel and N.K. Wagle, eds. Religion and Society in Maharashtra (Toronto: University of Toronto Centre for South Asian Studies, 1987), pp. 92-114
69. Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty, Asceticism and Eroticism in the Mythology of Siva (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973).