The Alternative Trinity: Gnostic Heresy in Marlowe, Milton, and Blake

The Alternative Trinity: Gnostic Heresy in Marlowe, Milton, and Blake

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-296

  Nuttall, A D ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Blake; Doctor faustus; Marlowe; Milton; Ophite gnostics; Paradise lost; Romanticism; Tree of knowledge; Trinity

Indexed keywords

EID: 84958251643     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198184621.001.0001     Document Type: Book

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53. Rous can, on occasion, use 'lust' as a term of approval:'Looke on him so, that thou maist lust after him', but he always ends by making his condemnation of bodily lust clear; the passage continues, 'For the spirit hath his lust also...it lusteth against the flesh' (p. 13).
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57. Collection of Ranter Writings, ed. Smith, p. 249.
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59. Collection of Ranter Writings, ed. Smith, p. 242.
60. The Truth of Imagination: An Introduction to Visionary Poetry (London: Macmillan, 1989), p. 218.
61. The Wretched People; Or, the People of God, in The Testimony of William Erbery left upon Record for the Saints of Succeeding Ages (London: printed for Giles Calvert, 1658), p. 172.
62. A Scourge for the Assyrian: The Great Oppressor (Salop: W. Laplain, 1770), p. 29.
63. Layton, The Gnostic Scriptures, p. 109.
64. The proper textual location of these lines is problematic. In Blake: The Complete Poems, ed. Stevenson, p. 301, they are at i. 186-7.
65. The True Christian Religion, II. vii (London: Swedenborg Society, 1867), pp. 103-4.
66. The Light and Dark Sides of God (1650), in Collection of Ranter Writings, ed. Smith, p. 232.
67. The Light and Dark Sides of God, in Collection of Ranter Writings, ed. Smith, p. 239.
68. Witness Against the Beast, p. 79.
69. Sacred Remains (n.d.), p. 83.
70. Witness Against the Beast, p. 157.
71. The Blake Records, ed. G. E. Bentley Jr. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969), p. 310.
72. Irenaeus, Adversus Haereses, I. xxiv. 2, ed. Rousseau, vol. i, pp. 322-4.
73. The Works of Nathaniel Lardner, 11 vols. (London: J. Johnson, 1788), vol. ix. See esp. pp. 272-3.
74. An Ecclesiastical History, trans. Maclaine, vol. i, pp. 67, 72, 189-90. London: to be sold by Hatchard et al., p. 11.
75. An Ecclesiastical History, trans. Maclaine, vol. iv, pp. 122-3.
76. 'Blake and the Gnostic Hyle: A Double Negative', Blake Studies, 4 (1972), pp. 117-33, esp. p. 122.
77. Jon Mee, Dangerous Enthusiasm: William Blake and the Culture of Radicalism in the 1790s (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992), pp. 179, 196.
78. Thompson, Witness Against the Beast, p. xvii.
79. John Beer, Blake's Visionary Universe (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1969), p. 23.
80. Robert N. Essick in his William Blake's Commercial Book Illustrations (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991), p. 117.
81. Life of Blake, vol. i, p. 373.
82. Witness Against the Beast, pp. 115 ff.
83. Knox, Enthusiasm, p. 136.
84. Richard Heath, Anabaptism from its Rise at Zwickau to its Fall at Münster (London:Alexander & Shepheard, 1895), p. 59.
85. Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium, p. 178.
86. Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium, p. 173.
87. James King, William Blake: His Life (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1991), p. 4.
88. Blake (London: Evans Bros, 1968), p. 21.
89. William Blake: His Life, p. 5 n. 9.
90. Witness Against the Beast, esp. pp. xiv-xv.
91. Letters from England [1807], ed. Jack Simmonds (Gloucester: Alan Sutton, 1984), p. 380.
92. Witness Against the Beast, p. 146.
93. Thompson, Witness Against the Beast, pp. 54 and 55.
94. Jack Lindsay, William Blake: His Life and Work (London: Constable, 1978), pp. 275-6.
95. Symbol and Truth in Blake's Myth (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1980), p. 257.
96. The Blake Records, ed. Bentley, p. 545.
97. Wilson, The Life of William Blake, pp. 175-7.
98. Peter Ackroyd, Blake (London: Sinclair-Stevenson, 1995), p. 130.
99. Memorials of Saint Dunstan, ed. William Stubbs (London: HMSO, 1874), p. 7.
100. Glastonbury, 'The Mother of Saints'-Her Saints (Bristol: St Stephen's Press, 1925), p. 65.
101. Cf. the same author's St Joseph of Arimathea at Glastonbury, or The Apostolical Church of Britain (London: A. R. Mowbray, 1931), p. 18.
102. Christ in Cornwall (Glastonbury: W. H. Smith, 1946), pp. 5 and 14.
103. The picture is reproduced in William Blake's Writings, ed. Bentley, vol. i, p. 643.
104. A. L. Owen, The Famous Druids (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962), pp. 224 and 235.
105. 'Figura' in his Scenes from the Drama of European Literature (New York:Meridian, 1959), pp. 11-78.
106. A Preface to Paradise Lost, pp. 73-4.
107. Blake: The Complete Poems, ed. Stevenson, p. 496.
108. Blake: The Complete Poems, ed. Stevenson, p. 487.
109. Grace Abounding, sections 92 and 51, ed. Sharrock, pp. 30 and 19.
110. Mee, Dangerous Enthusiasm, pp. 173-4.
111. Ed. A. Wayne Colver, bound in one volume with Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, ed. John Valdimir Price (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976), pp. 28, 33.
112. The Blake Records, ed. Bentley, p. 544.
113. Witness Against the Beast, p. 86.
114. The Blake Records, ed. Bentley, p. 540.
115. Blake as Artist (Oxford: Phaidon, 1977), p. 119.
116. Layton, The Gnostic Scriptures, pp. 45-6. See above, pp. 218.
117. Blake's Humanism (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1968).
118. Passim, and Blake Newsletter, 4/4 (Spring 1971), p. 145.
119. 'The Circus Animals' Desertion', Collected Poems of W. B. Yeats (London:Macmillan, 1961), p. 392.
120. Layton, The Gnostic Scriptures, pp. 206-7.
121. The Birth of Tragedy and The Genealogy of Morals, trans. Francis Golffing (New York: Doubleday, 1956), p. 198.
122. The History Man (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1985), pp. 109 and 143.
123. Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium, p. 178.
124. Layton, The Gnostic Scriptures, p. 35.
125. 'On the Devil and Devils', in Works, ed. Forman, vol. vi (Prose, vol. ii), p. 288.
126. Shelley's The Refutation of Deism (1814), for example, is clearly indebted to Hume's Dialogues on Natural Religion, especially in the structure of its attack on teleology.
127. A. M. Hughes, The Nascent Mind of Shelley (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1947), pp. 243-4.
128. Shelley's Preface to Prometheus Unbound, in The Complete Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley, ed. Thomas Hutchinson (London: Oxford University Press, 1905; repr. 1952), p. 208.
129. Shelley at Work: A Critical Inquiry (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967), p. 71.
130. Complete Poetical Works, ed. Hutchinson, p. 820.
131. The Poems of Shelley, ed. Geoffrey Matthews and Kelvin Everest (London:Longman, 1989-), vol. i, p. 397. Vol. ii has not yet been published.
132. The Prose Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley, ed. E. B. Murray (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993-), vol. i, p. 272. Vol. ii has not yet been published.
133. Complete Poetical Works, ed. Hutchinson, p. 205.
134. Shelley at Work, p. 69.
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136. The Complete Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley, ed. Roger Ingpen and Walter E. Peck, 10 vols. (London: Ernest Benn; New York: Charles Scribner, 1926-9), vol. vi, p. 155.
137. The Mutiny Within, p. 140.
138. Thompson, Witness Against the Beast, p. 77.
139. R. M. Grant in his Gnosticism: A Source Book of Heretical Writings from the Early Christian Period (New York: Harper Brothers, 1961), p. 107.
140. The Illuminated Blake, annotated by David V. Erdman (London: Oxford University Press, 1975), p. 248;.
141. Ackroyd, Blake, p. 311.
142. Layton, The Gnostic Scriptures, p. 62.
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145. The Light and Dark Sides of God, in Collection of Ranter Writings, ed. Smith, p. 244.
146. Adversus Haereses, I. xi, ed. Rousseau, vol. i, p. 167. See also I. ii. 5 (vol. i, p. 45); I. viii. 4 (vol. i, p. 128); I. xi. 11 (vol. i, p. 180).
147. Witness Against the Beast, p. 113.
148. Biographia Literaria, ch. xiii, ed. G. Watson (London: J. M. Dent, 1956), p. 167.
149. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, II. viii. 7-10, ed. P. H. Nidditch (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984), pp. 134-5.
150. The Letters of John Keats, 1814-21, ed. H. E. Rollins, 2 vols. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1958), vol. i, pp. 183-7.
151. Norman Kemp Smith's The Philosophy of David Hume (London: Macmillan, 1966).
152. A Treatise of Human Nature, I. iv. 6, ed. Selby-Bigge, p. 254.
153. La Nausée (Paris: Gallimard, 1944), p. 159.
154. Symbol and Truth in Blake's Myth, p. 257. See above, p. 222.
155. Bauthumley, The Light and Dark Sides of God, in Collection of Ranter Writings, ed. Smith, p. 232.
156. Philosophical Investigations, i. 107, trans. G. E. M. Anscombe (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1963), p. 46.
157. David Bindman, The Complete Graphic Works of William Blake (London: Thames & Hudson, 1978), no. 176.
158. The Outlaws of Medieval Legend (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1961), p. 156.
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163. Creature and Creator: Myth-making and English Romanticism (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 30.
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180. Corpus Christianorum (Series Latina) (1954), vol. xlvi.
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184. The City of God against the Pagans, Loeb Classical Library, 7 vols.: vol. i trans.
185. George E. McCracken, vols. ii-vii trans.
186. William M. Green (London: Heinemann, 1957-72), vol. iv, pp. 214 and 394.
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190. Filoramo, A History of Gnosticism, p. 78.
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192. The Nag Hammadi Library in English, translated by members of the Coptic Gnostic Library Project, gen. ed. J. M. Robinson, 3rd edn. (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1988), p. 117.
193. Layton, The Gnostic Scriptures, p. 35.
194. The Apocryphon of John and Other Coptic Translations (Baltimore, Md.: Halgo, 1987), pp. 29-30.
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196. Contra Celsum, vi. 28, in Henry Chadwick's translation with introduction and notes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953), p. 344.
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198. Contra Celsum, vi. 28, trans. Chadwick's, p. 343.
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200. Panarion, xxxviii, trans. Williams, pp. 241, 242.
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202. Philosophumena, V. xii. 1.
203. Migne, Patrologia(Series Graeca), vol. xvi (iii), p. 3162.
204. Berolensis [or Berlin] Gnostic Codex 8502, xci, 14.
205. Die gnostischen Schriften des koptischen Papyrus Berolensis 8502, ed. and trans. into German by W. C. Till (Berlin:Akademie Verlag, 1955), p. 223.
206. Adversus Haereses, I. xxiv. 2, ed. Rousseau, vol. i, pp. 322-4.
207. Genesis 1-11: A Commentary, trans. John J. Scullion (London: SPCK, 1984), p. 239.
208. 'Gottes Missgunst hat das Gebot gegeben': 1, Mose, 1-11, Die Urgeschichte, Zürcher Bibelkommentare (Zurich: Zwingli Verlag, 1967), p. 155.
209. The Book of J, trans. from the Hebrew by David Rosenberg, interpreted by Harold Bloom (London: Faber & Faber, 1991), p. 149.
210. R. W. L. Moberley, 'Did the Serpent get it Right?', Journal of Theological Studies, 39 (1988), pp. 1-26, esp. pp. 7-8.
211. Genesis 1-11 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973), p. 40.
212. A History of Gnosticism, p. 146.
213. Layton, The Gnostic Scriptures, p. 382.
214. Fiona MacCarthy, Eric Gill (London: Faber & Faber, 1989), pp. vii, viii, 104-5, 110, 155-7, 247.
215. De Doctrina Christiana (hereafter DDC), I. v.
216. John Carey's translation, in CPW, vol. vi (1973), pp. 205 ff.
217. William B. Hunter questioned Milton's authorship in two articles, 'The Provenance of the Christian Doctrine' and 'The Provenance of the Christian Doctrine: Addenda from the Bishop of Salisbury', Studies in English Literature, 32 (1992), pp. 129-42, and 33 (1993), pp. 191-207.
218. Maurice Kelley, 'The Provenance of John Milton's Christian Doctrine', Studies in English Literature, 34 (1994), pp. 153-63.
219. Christopher Hill, 'Professor William B. Hunter, Bishop Burgess and John Milton', Studies in English Literature, 34 (1994), pp. 165-93.
220. DDC I. xi, pp. 383-4.
221. CPW, vol. vi, pp. 22-3.
222. P. Vergili Maronis Opera, ed. R. A. B. Mynors, Oxford Classical Texts (Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1969), p. 235.
223. Journal of Roman Studies, 59 (1969), pp. 40-9, at p. 46.
224. The Iliad of Homer, trans. Andrew Lang, Walter Leaf, and Ernest Myers (1st pub. 1882; Globe edn., London: Macmillan, 1914), pp. 238-9.
225. John Dryden, Mac Flecknoe, 56.
226. The Poems of John Dryden, ed. James Kinsley, 4 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1958), vol. i.
227. Charles Martindale, John Milton and the Transformation of Ancient Epic (London:Croom Helm, 1986), pp. 119-20.
228. Plutarch, Moralia, 922B, Loeb Classical Library, 15 vols. (London: Heinemann, 1927-69), vol. xii, with an English translation by H. Cherniss and W. C. Helmbold, p. 50.
229. 'Milton and the Telescope', in her Science and Imagination (Ithaca, NY: Great Seal Books, 1956), pp. 80-109.
230. The Pillars of Eternity: Truth and Providence in The Faerie Queene (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1989), pp. 232-3.
231. Stillman Drake's translation and note in Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo (New York: Doubleday, 1957), p. 36.
232. Wilkins, The Discovery of a World in the Moon (London: printed by E. G. for Michael Sparke, 1638), p. 80.
233. Wilkins cites Plutarch 'de plac. phil., l.2, c.13'. I cannot find the passage at this point in De Placitis Philosophorum.
234. Plutarch, OEuvres morales, 12 vols. (Paris: Belles Lettres, 1887-1930, vol. xii b.
235. Opinions des philosophes, text and French translation by Guy Lachenaud, 1893, p. 120.
236. John Donne, responding swiftly to Sidereus Nuntius in 1610.
237. 'He shall call Galilaeo the Florentine to him, who by this time hath thoroughly instructed himselfe of all the hills, woods and Cities in the new world, the Moone': Ignatius His Conclave, ed. T. S. Healy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969), p. 81.
238. The Discovery of a World in the Moon, p. 186.
239. Trans. Grant McColley, Smith College Studies in History (Northampton, Mass.: Smith College, 1937), p. 66.
240. The Discovery of a World in the Moon, pp. 205-6.
241. 'The Campagna of Florence', in Italy (1822-8).
242. The Poetical Works of Samuel Rogers, ed. E. Bell (London: George Bell, 1875), pp. 271-2.
243. Poimandres, x. 9.
244. Hermetica, ed. and trans. W. Scott, 4 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924-36), vol. i, p. 193;.
245. Corpus Hermeticum, ed. Nock and Festugière, vol. i, p. 117.
246. Cf. Poimandres, xvi. 15, 'But the rational part of the soul remains...fit to receive God into itself', ed. Scott, vol. i, p. 271, ed. Nock and Festugière, vol. ii, p. 236.
247. C. H. Dodd, The Bible and the Greeks (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1935), p. 169.
248. 'On First Looking into Chapman's Homer', 9-10, in The Poems of John Keats, ed. Miriam Allott (London: Longman, 1972), p. 62.
249. Bacon, Works, ed. Spedding, et al. vol. iii, p. 143.
250. Kepler's Somnium, trans. with a commentary by Edward Rosen (Madison, Wisc.:University of Wisconsin Press, 1967), p. 21.
251. Openings (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992), pp. 81-3.
252. The Sermons of John Donne, ed. George R. Potter and Evelyn M. Simpson, 10 vols. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1953-62), vol. x, p. 232.
253. John Carey, John Donne: Life, Mind and Art, 2nd edn. (London: Faber & Faber, 1990), p. 119.
254. Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic, pp. 112, 127-8, 132, 198-205, 323, 458.
255. Three Sermons preached by Dr Richard Stuart...to which is added...a Fourth Sermon, preached by...Samuel Harsnett (London: printed for Gabriel Bedel and Tho. Heath, 1656), pp. 133-4.
256. Pope's Essay on Man (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1984), pp. 83-5.
257. Ignatius His Conclave, ed. Healy, p. 15.
258. Filoramo, A History of Gnosticism, p. 58.
259. Pappus Alexandrinus, Collectio, Book VIII, prop. 10, section 11, ed. F. Hultsch, 3 vols. (Berlin: Weidmann, 1878), vol. iii, p. 1060.
260. Plato's Progress (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966), p. 9.
261. The Doctrine of Absolute Predestination, trans. A. M. Toplady (London: Sovereign Grace Union, 1930), pp. 47-8.
262. DDC: CPW, vol. vi, p. 177.
263. Institutes, I. xvi. 8, I. xviii. 2, I. xiv. 7, ed. McNeill and Battles, vol. i, pp. 208, 231-2, 129.
264. Institutes, II. ii. 22, ed. McNeill and Battles, vol. i, p. 282.
265. Ioannis Calvini opera quae supersunt omnia, ed. G. Baum, E. Cunitz, and E. Reuss, 49 vols.
266. Corpus Reformatorum, vols. xxix-lxxxvii (Berlin: Braunschweig, 1863-1900), vol. ii, p. 204.
267. 'Texte de la première édition française' (1541), ed. A. Lefranc, H. Chatelain, and J. Pannier (Paris: Bibliothèque de L'École des Hautes Études, 1911), p. 61.
268. Emphasis added. Shelley liked this sentence and used it twice: in 'On the Devil and Devils' and in 'A Defence of Poetry'; see The Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley, ed. H. B. Forman, 8 vols. (London: Reeves & Turner, 1880), vol. vi.
269. Prose, vol. ii, p. 288 and vol. vii.
270. Prose, vol. iii, pp. 127-8.
271. De Civitate Dei, xiv. 13, trans. Green, vol. iv, p. 335.
272. DDC: CPW, vol. vi, p. 189.
273. The Workes of...Mr William Perkins, 3 vols. (London: J. Legatt, 1616-18), vol. i, p. 295.
274. DDC: CPW, vol. vi, p. 189 n.
275. Perkins, Workes, vol. ii, p. 610.
276. Consolatio Philosophiae, V. iii.
277. Boethius, The Philosophical Tractates, with an English translation by H. F. Stewart and E. K. Rand, Loeb Classical Library (London:Heinemann, 1962), pp. 374 ff.
278. I. v, CPW, vol. viii (1982), p. 229.
279. Kelley, DDC: CPW, vol. vi, 165 n.
280. Overheard by God (London: Methuen, 1980), p. 105.
281. W. B. Hunter, 'Eve's Demonic Dream', ELH 13 (1946), pp. 255-65.
282. Freud: A Life for Our Time (London: Macmillan, 1988), p. 34.
283. Papers in Metapsychology, The Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, trans. under the general editorship of James Strachey, 24 vols. (London: Hogarth Press, 1953-74), vol. xiv, p. 177.
284. St Justin, Apologies, text, French translation, and commentary by André Wartelle (Paris: L'Institut Catholique de Paris, 1987), p. 172 (see above, p. 55).
285. Curtius, European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages, trans. Trask, p. 557.
286. Overheard by God, p. 101.
287. G. E. Moore, Principia Ethica (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1959), pp. 10, 13-14.
288. Cf. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, III. i. 1, ed. Selby-Bigge, p. 469.
289. Totem and Taboo, iv. 5.
290. Civilisation and its Discontents, vii.
291. Complete Works, vol. xiii, p. 142 and vol. xii, pp. 131-3.
292. The New Oxford Book of English Verse, 1250-1950, ed. Helen Gardner (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972), pp. 13-14.
293. ELH 4 (1937), pp. 161-79;.
294. Critical Essays from ELH (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1969), pp. 163-81.
295. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982, esp. pp. 202-27.
296. Areopagitica: CPW, vol. ii (1959), p. 519.
297. The Writings of James Arminius, trans. James Nichols and W. R. Bagnall, 3 vols. (Auburn, Ala.: Derby, Miller and Orton, 1853; repr. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1956), vol. ii, p. 73.
298. Openings, pp. 92-3.
299. New Oxford Book of English Verse, ed. Gardner, p. 868.
300. Enneads, I. viii. 15.
301. Plotinus, with an English translation by A. H. Armstrong, Loeb Classical Library, 6 vols. (London: Heinemann, 1966), vol. i, p. 316.
302. Théodicée, 124.
303. Die Philosophischen Schriften, ed. G. I. Gerhardt, 7 vols. (Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1962), vol. vi, p. 179.
304. Fyodor Dostoevsky, White Nights; A Gentle Creature; The Dream of a Ridiculous Man, trans. Alan Myers (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 121.
305. Fyodor Dostoevsky, White Nights; A Gentle Creature; The Dream of a Ridiculous Man, pp. 124-6.
306. The World Turned Upside Down (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984), p. 166.
307. Nuttall, Openings, p. 192.
308. Preface to Paradise Lost (London: Oxford University Press, 1960), p. 116.
309. 'Of Human Knowledge', 35, in The Poems of Sir John Davies, ed. Robert Krueger (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975), p. 7.
310. John Milton, A Treatise on Christian Doctrine, trans. Charles R. Sumner (Cambridge: printed by Cambridge University Press for Charles Knight, 1825), p. xxxiv. 7 vols.
311. John Milton, A Treatise on Christian Doctrine, trans. Charles R. Sumner (London: Macmillan, 1881-94), vol. vi, p. 823.
312. John Milton, A Treatise on Christian Doctrine, trans. Charles R. Sumner Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
313. John Milton, A Treatise on Christian Doctrine, trans. Charles R. Sumner Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
314. Milton's Arianism, p. 83.
315. C. G. Adolf von Harnack, History of Dogma, trans. Neil Buchanan, E. B. Speirs, J. Millar, and W. MacGilchrist, 7 vols. (London: Williams & Norgate, 1894-9), vol. iv, p. 39.
316. 'The Heresies of Satan' in Amadeus P. Fiore (ed.), Th'Upright Heart and Pure (Pittsburgh, Pa.: Duquesne University Press, 1967), pp. 25-34, esp. pp. 27-8.
317. Milton's Arianism, p. 279.
318. History of Sin and Heresy (1698).
319. John T. Shawcross (ed.), Milton: The Critical Heritage, 2 vols. (London: Routledge, 1970-2), vol. i, pp. 117-18.
320. Revelations of Divine Love: A Book of Showings to the Anchoress Julian of Norwich, ed. E. Colledge and J. Walsh (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1978), p. 543.
321. L. Petit de Julleville, Histoire de la langue et de la littérature française, 8 vols. (Paris:Armand Collin, 1897-1900), vol. viii, p. 30.
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323. Migne, Patrologia Latina, vol. xl, p. 27.
324. 'Langland, Milton, and the Felix Culpa', Review of English Studies, NS 55 (1994), pp. 336-56.
325. Ed. A. V. C. Schmidt (London: Longman, 1995), p. 740.
326. Langland, Milton, and the Felix Culpa', p. 339.
327. Charles Martindale, John Milton and the Transformation of Ancient Epic (London: Croom Helm, 1986), p. 222.
328. Torah and the Law in Paradise Lost (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), p. 189.
329. James Grantham Turner, One Flesh: Paradisal Marriage and Sexual Relations in the Age of Milton (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987), p. 37.
330. The Commentaries of Nahmanides on Genesis Chapters 1-6, with a translation by Jacob Newman (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960), p. 69.
331. Annotations on the V Books of Moses, commentary on Book I, p. 14.
332. Blake: The Complete Poems, ed. W. H. Stevenson (London:Longman, 1989), p. 860.
333. Weimar edn., vol. v, p. 602.
334. Alciphron, or the Minute Philosopher, iv. 22.
335. The Works of George Berkeley, ed. A. A. Luce and T. E. Jessop, 9 vols. (London: Nelson, 1948-57), vol. iii, p. 171.
336. 'Life of Milton', in his Lives of the English Poets, ed. G. Birkbeck Hill, 3 vols. (Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1905), vol. i, p. 184.
337. Preface to Paradise Lost, p. 108.
338. DDC, I. vii, p. 308.
339. Preface to Paradise Lost, p. 131.
340. The Gnostic Religion, p. 273.
341. Layton, The Gnostic Scriptures, p. 458.
342. Evans, Paradise Lost and the Genesis Tradition, p. 646.
343. Institutiones, IV. ii. 13.
344. Opera Theologica (Amsterdam: J. Blaev, 1650), vol. i, p. 294.
345. Principles, II. xvii.
346. The Philosophical Works of Descartes, trans. Elizabeth S. Haldane and G. R. T. Ross, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962), vol. i, p. 263.
347. Plato: The Man and His Work (London: Methuen, 1960), p. 457.
348. Opticks, III. i (New York: Dover Publications, 1952), p. 403.
349. The Spectator, 565 (July 1714), ed. Donald F. Bond, 5 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965), vol. iv, p. 532.
350. Origen, Commentaria in Matthaeum, xiii. 8, 9.
351. Migne, Patrologia (Series Graeca), vol. xiii, p. 1115.
352. Cur Deus Homo?, II. xviii (II. xix in Migne's numbering).
353. Anselm of Canterbury, ed. and trans. J. Hopkins and H. Richardson, 4 vols. (London: SCM Press, 1974-6), vol. iii, p. 133;.
354. Migne, Patrologia Latina, vol. clviii, p. 428.
355. Hopkins and Richardson, vol. iii, pp. 70-4.
356. Migne, vol. xlviii, pp. 378-81.
357. John Milton and the Transformation of Ancient Epic, p. 182.
358. Layton, The Gnostic Scriptures, p. 39.
359. Adversus Haereses, I. xxx. 6, ed. Rousseau, vol. i, p. 370.
360. Filoramo, A History of Gnosticism, p. 114.
361. 'The Gnostic Imagination of William Blake' (unpub. typescript), fo. 50.
362. Adversus Haereses, I. xxx. 1, 2, ed. Rousseau, vol. i, pp. 364-6.
363. Welburn, 'The Gnostic Imagination of William Blake', appendix, fos. A30 and A36.
364. Filoramo, A History of Gnosticism, p. 66.
365. The Confessions of St. Augustine, with an English translation by William Watts Loeb Classical Library, 2 vols. (London: Heinemann, 1988-9), vol. i, p. 190.
366. The Poems of John Milton, ed. John Carey and Alastair Fowler, 2nd edn. (London:Longman, 1980), p. 775.
367. Stevie Davies, The Feminine Reclaimed: The Idea of Woman in Spenser, Shakespeare and Milton (Lexington, Ky: University Press of Kentucky, 1986), p. 221.
368. G. Stanley Koehler, 'Milton and the Art of Landscape', in James D. Simmonds (ed.), Milton Studies, viii (Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1975), pp. 3-40.
369. Arnold Stein, Answerable Style: Essays on Paradise Lost (Minneapolis:University of Minneapolis Press, 1953), pp. 66-7.
370. Anecdotes of Painting in England, with Additions, ed. Ralph W. Wornum, 3 vols. (London: Swan Sonnenschein Lowry, 1888), vol. iii, p. 69.
371. Garden and Grove: The Italian Landscape Garden and the English Imagination (London: J. M. Dent, 1986), p. 174.
372. 'Milton and the English Landscape Garden', Milton Studies, 11 (1981), pp. 81-105.
373. Tacitus, Annals, XV. xlii.
374. Clifford H. Moore and John Jackson, Loeb Classical Library, 5 vols. (London: Heinemann, 1962-86), vol. iv, p. 278.
375. Christiad, ii. 546.
376. Marci Hieronymi Vidae Albae Episcopi Christiados Libri Sex (Cremona: Ludovic Britan., 1535), no page numbers;.
377. Gertrude C. Drake and Clarence A. Forbes (Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Press, 1978), p. 72.
378. Enquiry into the Sublime and the Beautiful, I. vii; II. vii (London: J. Dodsley, 1787), pp. 58-9, 127.
379. Perspectives on Romanticism: A Transformational Analysis (London: Macmillan, 1981), p. 118.
380. The Critical Works of John Dennis, ed. E. N. Hooker, 2 vols. (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1939-43), vol. i, p. 339.
381. Perspectives on Romanticism, p. 107.
382. The Philosophical Works of Francis Bacon, ed. J. M. Robertson (London:Routledge, 1905), p. 849.
383. The Unauthorized Version (London:Viking, 1991), pp. 19-22.
384. Mythologiae sive explicationum fabularum libri decem, IV. vi (Venice, 1567), pp. 99-101.
385. J. Milton French (ed.), The Life Records of John Milton, 5 vols. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1949-58), vol. ii, p. 205.
386. The Poems of George Chapman, ed. Phyllis Brooks Bartlett (London: Oxford University Press, 1940), pp. 22-3.
387. Marco Girolamo Vida, L'Arte Poetica, ed. Raffaele Girardi (Bari:Adriatica Editrice, 1982), p. 108.
388. Nutricia ('On Poetry and Poets'), 72-4.
389. Angeli Politiani Opera...Omnia (Basel: Nicolaus Episcopus, 1553), p. 532.
390. The Complete Poems, ed. Elizabeth Story Donno (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972).
391. Wordsworth, 'Expostulation and Reply', in William Wordsworth, ed. Stephen Gill (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 130.
392. Wordsworth, 'The Tables Turned', 28.
393. 'Dingley Dell and the Fleet', in his The Dyer's Hand and Other Essays (London: Faber & Faber, 1963), pp. 407-28, esp. pp. 410-11.
394. Cf. Horae Canonicae, 5, 'Vespers'.
395. The Collected Shorter Poems, 1927-57 (London: Faber & Faber, 1966), pp. 333-5.
396. The Complete Poetical Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, ed. E. H. Coleridge, 2 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1912), vol. i, p. 112.
397. Shakespeare's Scepticism (Brighton: Harvester, 1987), p. 10; cf. p. 151.
398. 'Marlowe's Faustus 'A Reconsideration', Review of English Studies, 19 (1943), pp. 225-41, at p. 229.
399. Aesthetics: Lectures on Fine Arts, I. iii. 3, trans. T. M. Knox, 2 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975), vol. i, p. 221.
400. A Letter from Cambridge in A Strange and True Relation of a Young Woman possessed with the Devill (1647).
401. Keith Thomas, Religion and the Decline of Magic (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973), p. 564.
402. 'Oration on the Dignity of Man', in The Renaissance Philosophy of Man: Selections in Translation, ed. Ernst Cassirer, Paul Oskar Kristeller, and John Herman Randall Jr. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948), pp. 224-5.
403. Frances Yates, Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition (1st pub. 1964; Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1978), pp. 398-455.
404. David Bevington and Eric Rasmussen (Manchester:Manchester University Press, 1993).
405. Tractate of Poimandres, Corpus Hermeticum, xi. 19-21, ed. A. D. Nock, trans. A. J. Festugière, 4 vols. (Paris: Belles Lettres, 1945-54), vol. i, pp. 154-6.
406. Agrippa, Opera, facsimile reprint of 1600 edn., ed. R. H. Popkin, 2 vols., (Hildesheim:Georg Olms, 1970), vol. i, pp. 321 and 408.
407. Institutes of the Christian Religion, II. iv. 1, ed. John T. McNeill and Ford Lewis Battles, 2 vols. (London: SCM Press, 1960), vol. i, p. 309.
408. Miscellaneous Prose of Sir Philip Sidney,ed. Katherine Duncan-Jones and Jan van Dorsten (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973), p. 79.
409. The Complete Works of John Lyly, ed. R. W. Bond, 3 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1902), vol. ii, p. 453.
410. Institutes, I. xviii. 2; III. xxiii. 11.
411. McNeill and Battles, vol. i, p. 231, vol. ii, p. 947.
412. Literature in Protestant England, 1560-1660 (London: Croom Helm, 1983), p. 116.
413. The Problem of Knowledge (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1956), p. 174.
414. Susan Snyder, 'The Left Hand of God: Despair in Medieval and Renaissance Tradition', Studies in the Renaissance, 12(1965), pp. 18-59, at p. 31.
415. Geneva Bible (1560). Faustus tells himself to look in Jerome's Bible but he does not in fact give the Latin words of Jerome's Vulgate.
416. Michael Keefer (Dr Faustus, p. 7) suggests that Marlowe himself simply put the wording of the Geneva Bible into Latin.
417. Dr Faustus, ed. Keefer, p. ii.
418. The Catechism of Thomas Becon with other pieces written by him in the reign of King Edward VI, ed. John Ayre (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1844), pp. 628-9.
419. Tischreden [Table Talk], no. 1299.
420. Dr Martin Luther's Werke, ed. J. K. F. Knaake et al. (Weimar, 1883-):.
421. Tischreden, 6 vols. (1912-21), vol. ii. (1913), p. 33.
422. Snyder, 'The Left Hand of God', p. 41.
423. A Treatise of Human Nature, I. iv. 7, ed. L. A. Selby-Bigge (1888; repr. Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1964), p. 268.
424. 'The Left Hand of God', pp. 23-4.
425. John Stachniewski, The Persecutory Imagination: English Puritanism and the Literature of Despair (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991), esp. pp. 17-61.
426. Luther's Works, ed. Jaroslav Pelikan, 56 vols. (St Louis, Miss.: Concordia Publishing House, 1955-86), vol. xii (1955), pp. 310-11.
427. Snyder, 'The Left Hand of God', p. 20.
428. Dr Faustus, ed. Keefer, p. i.
429. Irenaeus, Adversus Haereses, I. 23, ed. Rousseau, vol. i, p. 314.
430. Philip Mason Palmer and Robert Pattison More, The Sources of the Faust Tradition from Simon Magus to Lessing (New York: Octagon Books, 1966), p. 34.
431. Marlowe: Dr Faustus (London: Edward Arnold, 1962), p. 11.
432. Palmer and More, Sources, p. 214.
433. Marlowe: Dr Faustus, p. 10.
434. The English Faust Book, ed. John Henry Jones (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 172.
435. Yates, Giordano Bruno, pp. 311 ff.
436. Irenaeus, Adversus Haereses, I. xxix. 4, ed. Rousseau, vol. xi, p. 362;.
437. Layton, The Gnostic Scriptures, p. 168.
438. N. A. Dahl, 'The Arrogant Archon and the Lewd Sophia', in B. Layton (ed.), The Rediscovery of Gnosticism, 2 vols. (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1980-1), vol. ii, p. 708 n. 47.
439. A History of Gnosticism, p. 147.
440. Adversus Haereses, I. xxiii. 2, ed. Rousseau, vol. xi, p. 314 (not in Layton, The Gnostic Scriptures).
441. E. C. Richardson, 'Faust and the Clementine Recognitions', Papers of the American Society of Church History, 6 (1894), 133-45;.
442. Karl P. Wintersdorf, 'Some Observations on the Historical Faust', Folklore, 89 (1978), 201-23.
443. E. S. Drower, The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1937), p. 6.
444. E. S. Drower The Secret Adam (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1960), pp. xi-xii.
445. Augustine, De Haeresibus I. xxvii.
446. Migne, Patrologia Latina, vol. xlii, p. 28.
447. Jonas, The Gnostic Religion, p. 94.
448. Dr Faustus, ed. Keefer, p. 186.
449. Clementine Recognitions, II. vii.
450. Palmer and More, Sources, p. 12.
451. Institutes, I. xvi. 8, ed. McNeill and Battles, vol. i, p. 208.
452. François Wendel, Calvin: Sources et évolution de sa pensée religieuse (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1950), p. 138.
453. Werke, Weimar edn., vol. v, p. 603.
454. Luther's Works, ed. Pelikan, vol. xxvi (1963), p. 279.
455. Werke, Weimar edn., vol. v, p. 602. Cf.
456. Luther's Works, ed. Pelikan, vol. xii (1955), pp. 310-11, (comment on Psalm 51).
457. Erich Vogelsang, Der Angefochtene Christus bei Luther (Berlin: W. De Gruyter, 1932), pp. 45-52.No. 5493.
458. Luther's Works, ed. Pelikan, vol. liv (1967), p. 430.
459. Layton, The Gnostic Scriptures, pp. 454-5.
460. Filoramo, History of Gnosticism, p. 108.
461. The Gnostic Religion, p. 273.
462. Adversus Haereses, I. xxv. 3-5, ed. Rousseau, vol. xi, pp. 336-40.
463. Cf. Eusebius, The Ecclesiastical History, with an English translation by Kirsopp Lake, Loeb Classical Library, 2 vols. (London: Heinemann, 1926-32), vol. i, pp. 316-18.
464. History of Gnosticism, p. 66.
465. De Constantia Sapientis, ix. 3.
466. Seneca, Moral Essays, with an English translation by John W. Basore, 3 vols. (London: Heinemann, 1928-35), vol. i, pp. 74-6.
467. Adversus Haereses, I. xxiii. 3, ed. Rousseau, vol. ii, p. 318.
468. Millar Maclure (ed.), Marlowe: The Critical Heritage 1588-1896 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979), pp. 36-7.
469. Layton, The Gnostic Scriptures, pp. 41-2.
470. Collection des anciens alchimistes grecs, M. P. E. Berthelot (Paris: Georgen, Steinheil Publique, 1888), p. 229.
471. History of Gnosticism, p. 39.
472. U. Bianchi, Le origini dello gnosticismo (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1967), p. xx.
473. Three Books of Occult Philosophy, III. vi, trans. 'J.F.' (London: printed by R.W. for G. Moule, 1651), p. 357.
474. Henrici Cornelii Agrippae Opera (Lyons:1600), facsimile reprint, ed. Popkin, vol. i, p. 321.
475. The Works of Francis Bacon, ed. J. Spedding, R. L. Ellis, and D. D. Heath, 7 vols. (London: Longman, 1857-9), vol. iii, pp. 559-60.
476. Francesco Bacone: Dalla magia alla scienza (Bari: Biblioteca di Cultura Moderna, 1957).
477. The Myth of the Magus (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1948), pp. 80, 82.
478. E. M. Butler cites J. Scheible, but modestly omits Scheible's assertion that menstrual blood was used. See his Das Kloster, 12 vols.
479. Leipzig: T. Thomas, 1845-9, vol. iii, pp. 542-6.
480. D. P. A. Comparetti, Vergil in the Middle Ages, trans. E. F. M. Benecke (London:Swan Sonnenschein, 1895).
481. Patrick Grant, Culture, Bodies and the Political Imaginary.
482. J. H. Whitfield, 'Vergil into Dante', in D. R. Dudley (ed.), Vergil (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969), pp. 94 ff.
483. The Myth of the Magus, p. 80.
484. Clementine Recognitions, II. xiii.
485. Palmer and More, Sources, p. 18.
486. Layton, The Gnostic Scriptures, p. 454.
487. Miscellaneous Prose of Sir Philip Sidney, ed. Duncan-Jones and van Dorsten, p. 79.
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489. Ernst Robert Curtius, European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages, trans. Willard R. Trask (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1953). p. 557.
490. Miscellaneous Prose, ed. Duncan-Jones and van Dorsten, p. 78.
491. Marlowe: Dr Faustus, p. 11.
492. Tischreden (Table Talk), no. 4450.
493. Tischreden, vol. iv (1916), p. 319;.
494. Luthers Werke, ed. Otto Clemen, 8 vols. (Berlin: Walter de Grunter, 1950-9), vol. viii, pp. 347-8.
495. Palmer and More, Sources, pp. 32-4.
496. The Myth of the Magus, p. 66.
497. Annotations on the V Books of Moses (London: M. Parsons for John Bellamie, (1639), commentary on Book I, p. 14.
498. J. A. Giles in William of Malmesbury, Chronicle of the Kings of England, Book II, ch. xiii (London: Bohn's Antiquarian Library, 1847), pp. 251-2.
499. Gesta Regium Anglorum, ed. W. Stubbs, 2 vols. (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1887), vol. i, pp. 276-7.
500. Suetonius, with an English translation by J. C. Rolfe, Loeb Classical Library, 2 vols. (London: Heinemann, 1924), vol. ii, p. 104.
501. M. S. Woosnam, Eilmer, 11th Century Monk of Malmesbury: The Flight and the Comet (Malmesbury: Friends of Malmesbury Abbey, 1986), p. 8.
502. Lynn White, Medieval Religion and Technology: Collected Essays (Berkeley:University of California Press, 1978), pp. 63-4;.
503. Ahmed Zeki, 'L'Aviation chez les Arabes', Bulletin de l'Institut Égyptien, 5th ser., 4 (1910), pp. 93-5.
504. C. Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Literatur, 2nd edn. (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1943), vol. i, p. 133.
505. Medieval Religion and Technology, p. 68.
506. White cites R. Hennig, 'Beiträge zur Frügeschichte der Aeronautik', Beiträge zur Geschichte der Technik und Industrie, 8 (1918), p. 115, and 18 (1928), pp. 93-4.
507. White, Medieval Religion and Technology, p. 68.
508. Description of the World, ed A. C. Moore and P. Pelliot, with an introduction by A. C. Moule, 2 vols. (London: Routledge, 1938), vol. i, pp. 47-52.
509. De Secretis Operibus, cap. 4.
510. Opera quaedam hactenus inedita, ed. J. S. Brewer, 3 vols. (London: Rerum Britannicarum Medfii Aevi Scriptores, 1859), vol. iii, p. 533.
511. White, Medieval Religion and Technology, p. 68.
512. S. C. Easton, Roger Bacon and his Search for Universal Science (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1952), p. 111.
513. White, Medieval Religion and Technology, pp. 69 and 67;.
514. J. Wilkins Mathematicall Magick, or the Wonders that may be found by Mathematicall Geometrie (London: printed by M. F. for S. Gellibrand, 1648), p.204;.
515. John Milton, History of Britain, vi.
516. CPW, vol. v (1971), pp. 394-5.
517. Giles's translation of William of Malmesbury, Chronicle, p. 252;.
518. Gesta, ed. Stubbs, p. 277.
519. White, Medieval Religion and Technology, p. 62;.
520. Ahmad ibn al-Maqqari, History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain, Book II, ch. iii, trans. Pascual de Gayangos, 2 vols. (London: printed for the Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain, 1840-3), vol. i, p. 148.
521. Medieval Religion and Technology, p. 73.
522. Giorgio Vasari, Vite de' piu' eccellente pittori, scultori ed architetti, 16 vols. (Milan: Classici Italiani, 1807-11), vol. iv, p. 108.
523. Christopher White and Karel G. Boon, Rembrandt's Etchings: An Illustrated Catalogue, 2. vols. (Amsterdam: Van Gendt, 1969), vol. ii, p. 124.
524. Rembrandt: Eaux-fortes, Museé de Petit Palais, 6 Feb. 1986 (Paris: Dutuit, 1986), no page numbers.
525. Rembrandt's Etchings: An Illustrated Catalogue, 2 vols. (Amsterdam: Van Gendt, 1969), vol. ii, p. 104.
526. Hahn Bevers, Peter Schatborn and Barbara Weltzel, Rembrandt: The Master and his Workshop (New Haven:Yale University Press, 1991), p. 258.
527. Die Faustdarstellung vom 16 Jahrhundert bis zur Gegenwart (Amsterdam: Safaho Monographien, 1962). 111.
528. Rembrandt, p. 258.
529. Owen S. Rachleff, The Occult in Art (London: Cromwell Editions, 1990), p. 98. 4 vols. (London: Secker & Warburg), vol. iv, p. 153.
530. Theology of the Old Testament, trans. J. Baker, 2 vols. (London: SCM Press, 1985), vol. ii, p. 204.
531. Agrippa, Three Books of Occult Philosophy, III. vi, (London edn.), p. 357.
532. Henrici Cornelii Agrippae Opera, (Lyons edn.), vol. i, p. 256; ed. Popkin, vol. i, p. 321.
533. Poems and Dramas of Fulke Greville, ed. Geoffrey Bullough, 2 vols. (Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1939), vol. i, p. 144.
534. Commentary on the Gospel of John, xlix. xl. 8.
535. Migne, Patrologia Latina, vol. xxxv, p. 1750.
536. 'With dreams upon my bed...', fascicule 12, plate 11, in William Blake's Illustrations of the Book of Job, ed. David Bindman et al. (London: The William Blake Trust, 1987).