Structure and evolution of interannual variability of the tropical Pacific upper ocean temperature

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

Volumn 101, Issue C9, 1996, Pages 501-524

  Zhang, Rong Hua ^a,b   Levitus, Sydney ^a  

^a NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84958179590     PISSN: 21699275     EISSN: 21699291     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/96JC01805     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Barnett, T. P., and W. C. Patzert, Scales of thermal variability in the tropical Pacific, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 529-540, 1980.
2. Battisti, D. S., On the role of off-equatorial oceanic Rossby waves during ENSO, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 551-559, 1989.
3. Battisti, D. S., and A. Hirst, Interannual variability in the tropical atmosphere-ocean system: Influence of the basis state, ocean geometry and nonlinearity, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1687-1712, 1989.
4. Boulanger, J. P., and C. G. Menkes, Propagation and reflection of long equatorial waves in the Pacific Ocean during the 1992-1993 El Niño, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 25, 041-25, 059, 1995.
5. Boyer, T. P., and S. Levitus, Quality control and processing of historical oceanographic temperature, salinity and oxygen data, NOAA NESDIS Tech. Rep. 81, 64 pp., Natl. Environ. Satell. Data and Inf. Cent., Washington, D. C, 1994.
6. Cane, M. A., and S. E. Zebiak, A theory for El Niño and the Southern Oscillation, Science, 228, 1085-1087, 1985.
7. Cane, M. A., and S. E. Zebiak, A comment on "On the structure of the Southern Oscillation and evaluation of coupled ocean-atmosphere models" by Chao and Philander, TOGA Notes, 7, 17-18, 1991.
8. Chao, Y., and S. G. H. Philander, On the structure of the Southern Oscillation, J. dim., 6, 450-469, 1993.
9. Da Silva, M., C. C. Young, and S. Levitus, Atlas of Surface Marine Anomalies, vol. 2, Directly Observed Quantities, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 7, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, D. C, 1994.
10. Gill, A. E., Changes in thermal structure of the equatorial Pacific during the 1977 El Niño as revealed by bathythermography observations, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 1373-1387, 1982.
11. Graham, N. E., and W. B. White, The El Niño/Southern Oscillation as a natural oscillator of the tropical Pacific Qcean-atmosphere system, Science, 240, 1293-1302, 1988.
12. Graham, N. E., and W. B. White, Comments on "On the role of off-equatorial oceanic Rossby waves during ENSO, " J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 453-460, 1991.
13. Halpern, D., Observations of annual and El Niño thermal and flow variations at 0, 110°W and 0, 95°W during 1980-1985, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 8197-8212, 1987.
14. Hsiung, J., and R. E. Newell, The principal nonseasonal modes of variation of global sea surface temperature, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1957-1967, 1983.
15. Jin, F.-F., and J. D. Neelin, Modes of interannual tropical ocean-atmosphere interaction-A unified view, I, Numerical results, J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 3477-3503, 1993.
16. Kawamura, R., A rotated EOF analysis of global sea surface temperature variability with interannual and interdecadal scale, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 707-715, 1994.
17. Kessler, W. S., Observations of long Rossby waves in the northern tropical Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 5183-5217, 1990a.
18. Kessler, W. S., Can reflected extra-equatorial Rossby waves drive ENSO, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 444-452, 1990b.
19. Kessler, W. S., and M. J. McPhaden, Oceanic equatorial waves and the 1991-93 El Niño, J. Clim., 8, 1757-1774, 1995.
20. Latif, M., A. Sterl, E. Maier-Reimer, and M. M. Junge, Climate variability in a coupled GCM, I, The tropical Pacific, J. Clim., 6, 5-21, 1993.
21. Lau, K.-M., and P. H. Chen, Aspects of the 40-50-day oscillation during the northern winter as inferred from outgoing long wave radiation, Mon. Weather Rev., 113, 1889-1909, 1985.
22. Lau, N.-C, S. G. H. Philander, and M. J. Nath, Simulation of ENSO-like phenomena with a low resolution coupled GCM of the global ocean and atmosphere, J. Clim., 5, 284-307, 1992.
23. Levitus, S., and T. P. Boyer, World Ocean Atlas, vol. 4, Temperature, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 4, 117 pp., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, D. C, 1994.
24. Levitus, S., J. Antonov, and T. P. Boyer, Interannual variability of temperature at 125 m depth in the North Atlantic Ocean, Science, 266, 96-99, 1994a.
25. Levitus, S., T. P. Boyer, and J. Antonov, World Ocean Atlas, vol. 5, Interannual Variability of Upper Ocean Thermal Structure, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 5, 176 pp., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, D. C, 1994b.
26. Levitus, S., R. Gelfeld, T. Boyer, and D. Johnson, Results of the NODC oceanographic data archaeology and rescue project, in Key to Oceanographic Records Documentation, Rep. 19, 73 pp., Natl. Oceanogr. Data Cent., Washington, D. C, 1994c.
27. McCreary, J. P., A model of the tropical ocean-atmosphere interactions, Mon. Weather Rev., 111, 370-387, 1983.
28. McPhaden, M. J., S. P. Hayes, L. J. Mangum, and J. M. Toole, Variability in the western equatorial Pacific during the 1986-87 El Niño/ Southern Oscillation event, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 190-208, 1990.
29. Munnich, M., M. A. Cane, and S. E. Zebiak, A study of self-excited oscillations of the tropical ocean atmosphere system, II, Nonlinear cases, J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1238-1248, 1991.
30. Nagai, T., T. Tokioka, M. Endoh, and Y. Kitamura, El Niño-Southern Oscillation simulated in an MRI atmosphere-ocean coupled general circulation model, J. Clim., 5, 1202-1233, 1992.
31. Neelin, J. D., A hybrid coupled general circulation model for El Niño studies, J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 674-693, 1990.
32. Neelin, J. D., et al., Tropical air-sea interaction in general circulation models, Clim. Dyn., 7, 73-104, 1992.
33. Nitta, T., and S. Yamada, Recent warming of tropical sea surface temperature and its relationship to the Northern Hemisphere circulation, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 67, 375-383, 1989.
34. North, G. R., T. L. Bell, R. F. Cahalan, and F. J. Moeng, Sampling errors in the estimation of empirical orthogonal functions, Mon. Weather Rev., 110, 699-706, 1982.
35. Philander, S. G. H., N.-C. Lau, R. C. Pacanowski, and M. J. Nath, Two different simulations of Southern Oscillation and El Niño with coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models, Philos. Trans. R Soc. London, Ser. A, 329, 167-178, 1989.
36. Philander, S. G. H., N.-C. Lau, R. C. Pacanowski, and M. J. Nath, Simulation of ENSO with a global atmospheric GCM coupled to a high-resolution, tropical Pacific Ocean GCM, J. Clim., 5, 308-329, 1992.
37. Picaut, J., and T. Delcroix, Equatorial wave sequence associated with warm pool displacements during the 1986-1989 El Niño-La Nina, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 18, 393-18, 408, 1995.
38. Rasmusson, E. M., and T. H. Carpenter, Variations in tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind stress associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Niño, Mon. Weather Rev., 110, 354-384, 1982.
39. Schopf, P. S., and M. J. Suarez, Vacillations in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 549-566, 1988.
40. Springer, S. R., M. J. McPhaden, and A. J. Busalacchi, Oceanic heat content variability in the tropical Pacific during the 1982-1983 El Niño, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 22, 089-22, 101, 1990.
41. Wakata, Y., and E. S. Sarachik, On the role of equatorial ocean modes in the ENSO cycle, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 434-443, 1991.
42. Wang, B., The vertical structure and development of the ENSO anomaly mode during 1979-1989, J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 698-712, 1992.
43. Weare, B. C, and J. S. Nasstrom, Examples of extended empirical orthogonal function analyses, Man. Weather Rev., 110, 481-485, 1982.
44. Weare, B. C, A. R. Navato, and R. E. Newell, Empirical orthogonal function analysis of Pacific sea surface temperatures, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 6, 671-678, 1976.
45. White, W. B., Slow El Niño-Southern Oscillation boundary waves, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 22, 737-22, 751, 1994.
46. White, W. B., Y. He, and S. E. Pazan, Off-equatorial westward propagating waves in the tropical Pacific during the 1982-83 and 1986-87 ENSO events, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 1397-1406, 1989.
47. Wyrtki, K., El Niño-The dynamic response of the equatorial Pacific Ocean to atmospheric forcing, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 5, 572-584, 1975.
48. Wyrtki, K., Water displacements in the pacific and the genesis of El Niño cycle, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 7129-7132, 1985.
49. Zebiak, S. E., Ocean content variability and El Niño cycles, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 475-486, 1989.
50. Zhang, R.-H., and M. Endoh, Simulation of the 1986-87 El Niño and 1988 La Nina events with a free surface tropical Pacific Ocean general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 7743-7759, 1994.