Life cycle assessment of pavements: Reviewing research challenges and opportunities

Journal of Cleaner Production

Volumn 112, Issue , 2016, Pages 2187-2197

  Azarijafari, Hessam ^a   Yahia, Ammar ^a   Ben Amor, Mourad ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE SHERBROOKE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Asphalt; Concrete; Life cycle assessment (LCA); Pavements

Indexed keywords

ASPHALT; CONCRETES; PAVEMENTS; PROJECT MANAGEMENT; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SURFACE ROUGHNESS; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;

CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERS; DIFFERENT STAGES; ENVIRONMENTAL BURDENS; INVENTORY ANALYSIS; LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA); LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT; RECYCLED MATERIALS; RESEARCH CHALLENGES; PROJECT MANAGERS;

LIFE CYCLE;

EID: 84958167948     PISSN: 09596526     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.080     Document Type: Review

References (130)

1. Adrian, W., Jobanputra, R., 2005. Influence of Pavement Reflectance on Lighting for Parking Lots. Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL.
2. 2. Clim. Change 94, 275-286.
3. Akbari, H., Matthews, H.D., Seto, D., 2012. The long-term effect of increasing the albedo of urban areas. Environ. Res. Lett. 7, 024004.
4. Akbarian, M., Moeini-Ardakani, S., Ulm, F.-J., Nazzal, M., 2012. Mechanistic approach to pavement-vehicle interaction and its impact on life-cycle assessment. Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board 2306, 171-179.
5. Althaus, H.-J., Chudacoff, M., Hischier, R., Jungbluth, N., Osses, M., Primas, A., 2007. Life Cycle Inventories of Chemicals. Final report ecoinvent data v2. 0 No 8.
6. Anthonissen, J., Van Troyen, D., Braet, J., Van den bergh, W., 2015. Using carbon dioxide emissions as a criterion to award road construction projects: a pilot case in Flanders. J. Clean. Prod. 102, 96-102.
7. Araújo, J.P.C., Oliveira, J.R.M., Silva, H.M.R.D., 2014. The importance of the use phase on the LCA of environmentally friendly solutions for asphalt road pavements. Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ. 32, 97-110.
8. Athenasmi, 2012. The Athena Impact Estimator for Highways is a Prototype LCA-based Software Package that Measures Environmental Impact of Roadway Designs.
9. Aurangzeb, Q., Al-Qadi, I.L., Ozer, H., Yang, R., 2014. Hybrid life cycle assessment for asphalt mixtures with high RAP content. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 83, 77-86.
10. AzariJafari, H., Kazemian, A., Ahmadi, B., Berenjian, J., Shekarchi, M., 2014. Studying effects of chemical admixtures on the workability retention of zeolitic Portland cement mortar. Constr. Build. Mater. 72, 262-269.
11. Bennert, T., Hanson, D., Maher, A., Vitillo, N., 2005. Influence of pavement surface type on tire/pavement generated noise. J. Test. Eval. 33, 94-100.
12. Bernal, S., Krivenko, P., Provis, J., Puertas, F., Rickard, W.A., Shi, C., van Riessen, A., 2014. Other potential applications for alkali-activated materials. In:Provis, J.L., van Deventer, J.S.J. (Eds.), Alkali Activated Materials. Springer Netherlands, pp. 339-379.
13. Blankendaal, T., Schuur, P., Voordijk, H., 2014. Reducing the environmental impact of concrete and asphalt: a scenario approach. J. Clean. Prod. 66, 27-36.
14. Burnham, A., Wang, M., Wu, Y., 2006. Development and Applications of GREET 2.7 - The Transportation Vehicle-Cyclemodel. ANL.
15. Butt, A.A., Mirzadeh, I., Toller, S., Birgisson, B., 2012. Life cycle assessment framework for asphalt pavements: methods to calculate and allocate energy of binder and additives. Int. J. Pavement Eng. 15, 290-302.
16. Butt, A.A., Toller, S., Birgisson, B., 2015. Life cycle assessment for the green procurement of roads: a way forward. J. Clean. Prod. 90, 163-170.
17. Calwell, C., January 2003. California State Fuel-Efficient Tire Report, vol. II. California Energy Commission.
18. Cass, D., Mukherjee, A., 2011. Calculation of greenhouse gas emissions for highway construction operations by using a hybrid life-cycle assessment approach: case study for pavement operations. J. Constr. Eng. Manag. 137, 1015-1025.
19. Celauro, C., Corriere, F., Guerrieri, M., Lo Casto, B., 2015. Environmentally appraising different pavement and construction scenarios: a comparative analysis for a typical local road. Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ. 34, 41-51.
20. Chatti, K., Zaabar, I., 2012. Estimating the Effects of Pavement Condition on Vehicle Operating Costs. Transportation Research Board.
21. Chen, F., Zhu, H., Yu, B., Wang, H., 2015. Environmental burdens of regular and long-term pavement designs: a life cycle view. Int. J. Pavement Eng. 1-14.
22. Chiu, C.-T., Hsu, T.-H., Yang, W.-F., 2008. Life cycle assessment on using recycled materials for rehabilitating asphalt pavements. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 52, 545-556.
23. CMU, 2013. Economic InputeOutput Life Cycle Assessment (EIO-LCA), US 2002 Industry Benchmark Model. Carnegie Mellon University Green Design Institute.
24. Collins, F., 2010. Inclusion of carbonation during the life cycle of built and recycled concrete: influence on their carbon footprint. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 15, 549-556.
25. Conciatori, D., Laferrière, F., Brühwiler, E., 2010. Comprehensive modeling of chloride ion and water ingress into concrete considering thermal and carbonation state for real climate. Cem. Concr. Res. 40, 109-118.
26. Cucurachi, S., Heijungs, R., Ohlau, K., 2012. Towards a general framework for including noise impacts in LCA. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 17, 471-487.
27. Dale, B.E., Kim, S., 2014. Can the predictions of consequential life cycle assessment be tested in the real world? Comment on "using attributional life cycle assessment to estimate climate-change mitigation...". J. Ind. Ecol. 18, 466-467.
28. de Haes, H.A.U., Kotaji, S., Schuurmans, A., Edwards, S., 2002. Life-Cycle Impact Assessment: Striving towards Best Practice. SETAC Foundation for.
29. de Lima, R., Júnior, E., Prata, B., Weissmann, J., 2013. Distribution of materials in road earthmoving and paving: mathematical programming approach. J. Constr. Eng. Manag. 139, 1046-1054.
30. Doka, G., 2003. Life Cycle Inventories of Waste Treatment Services. Ecoinvent report no. 13. Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
31. Dones, R., Bauer, C., Bolliger, R., Burger, B., Faist Emmenegger, M., Frischknecht, R., Heck, T., Jungbluth, N., Röder, A., Tuchschmid, M., 2007. Life Cycle Inventories of Energy Systems: Results for Current Systems in Switzerland and Other UCTE Countries. Ecoinvent report 5.
32. ECMT, 1998. Transport infrastructure in ECMT countries profiles and prospects (monographs). In: The European Conference of Ministers of Transport Paris, France.
33. Ecoinvent Centre, 2010. Ecoinvent data and reports v2.2. Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dubendorf, Switzerland.
34. Ecoinvent, 2011. EcoInvent. Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dubendorf, Switzerland.
35. Ecoinvent website, 2014. http://www.ecoinvent.org/database/ecoinvent-version-3/system-models/allocation-cut-off-by-classification/ (accessed by: 10/2014.).
36. EEA, E., 2009. EEA Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook - 2009. European Environment Agency (EEA), Copenhagen.
37. EIA, U., 2012. State Electricity Profiles 2010. U.S. Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC.
38. Ekvall, T., Weidema, B., 2004. System boundaries and input data in consequential life cycle inventory analysis. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 9, 161-171.
39. EPA, U., 2004. Mineral products industry, 11.1 (Chapter 11). Stationary Point and Area Sources. In: AP-42: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, vol. 1.
40. EPA, 2012. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2012. Annex 3 Methodological Descriptions for Additional Source or Sink Categories. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington.
41. Eurobitume, 2011. Life Cycle Inventory: Bitumen.
42. Evans, L., MacIsaac Jr., J., Harris, J., Yates, K., Dudek, W., Holmes, J., Popio, J., Rice, D., Salaani, M., 2009. NHTSA Tire Fuel Efficiency Consumer Information Program Development: Phase 2 - Effects of Tire Rolling Resistance Levels on Traction, Treadwear, and Vehicle Fuel Economy. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC.
43. Fawer, M., Postlethwaite, D., Klüppel, H.-J., 1998. Life cycle inventory for the production of zeolite a for detergents. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 3, 71-74.
44. FHWA, 2013. Status of the Nation's Highways, Bridges, and Transit: Conditions & Performance. U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration.
45. Freitas, E., Mendonça, C., Santos, J.A., Murteira, C., Ferreira, J.P., 2012. Traffic noise abatement: how different pavements, vehicle speeds and traffic densities affect annoyance levels. Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ. 17, 321-326.
46. 2 by concrete carbonation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, 3181-3186.
47. García-Segura, T., Yepes, V., Alcalá, J., 2014. Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of blended cement concrete including carbonation and durability. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 19, 3-12.
48. Gołebiewski, R., Makarewicz, R., Nowak, M., Preis, A., 2003. Traffic noise reduction due to the porous road surface. Appl. Acoust. 64, 481-494.
49. GREET, 2013. GREET life-cycle model user guide. Center for Transportation Research, Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois.
50. Häkkinen, T., Mäkelä, K., 1996. Environmental Adaption of Concrete: Environmental Impact of Concrete and Asphalt Pavements, 1235-0605. Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT Tiedotteita, Meddelanden.
51. Harvey, J., Kendall, A., Lee, I., Santero, N., Van Dam, T.,Wang, T., 2010. Pavement Life Cycle Assessment Workshop: Discussion Summary and Guidelines (Technical Memorandum: UCPRC-TM-2010-03). Available from: University of California Pavement Research Center. http://www.ucprc.ucdavis.edu/PublicationsPage.aspx.
52. IGGA, 2009. Conserving Fuel when Rehabilitating Concrete Roads. International Grooving & Grinding Association, West Coxsackie.
53. ISO, 2006a. ISO 14040: Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment - Principles and Framework. International Organization for Standardization.
54. ISO, 2006b. ISO 14044: Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment - Requirements and Guidelines. International Standards Organization.
55. Janoff, M., Nick, J., Davit, P., Hayhoe, G., 1985. National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 275: Pavement Roughness and Rideability. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC.
56. Jiménez, C., Barra, M., Josa, A., Valls, S., 2015. LCA of recycled and conventional concretes designed using the equivalent mortar volume and classic methods. Constr. Build. Mater. 84, 245-252.
57. JRC, D., 2008. Environment. European Reference Life Cycle Database, Version 2.0. Institute for Environment and Sustainability of the Joint Research Center, European Commission, Ispra, Italy.
58. Jullien, A., Proust, C., Martaud, T., Rayssac, E., Ropert, C., 2012. Variability in the environmental impacts of aggregate production. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 62, 1-13.
59. Kang, S., Yang, R., Ozer, H., Al-Qadi, I.L., 2014. Life-Cycle Greenhouse Gases and Energy Consumption for Material and Construction Phases of Pavement with Traffic Delay. Transportation Research Board 93rd Annual Meeting.
60. Keoleian, G., Kendall, A., Dettling, J., Smith, V., Chandler, R., Lepech, M., Li, V., 2005. Life cycle modeling of concrete bridge design: comparison of engineered cementitious composite link slabs and conventional steel expansion joints. J. Infrastruct. Syst. 11, 51-60.
61. Klöpffer, W., 2014. Background and Future Prospects in Life Cycle Assessment. Springer.
62. Krivenko, P., 2002. Alkaline cements: from research to application. In:Lukey, G.C. (Ed.), Geopolymers 2002. Turn Potential into Profit. Melbourne, Australia.
63. Lagerblad, B., 2005. Carbon Dioxide Uptake during Concrete Life Cycle - State of the Art. Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute - CBI.
64. Levasseur, A., Lesage, P., Margni, M., Deschênes, L., Samson, R., 2010. Considering time in LCA: dynamic LCA and its application to global warming impact assessments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, 3169-3174.
65. Liu, R., Smartz, B.W., Descheneaux, B., 2014. LCCA and environmental LCA for highway pavement selection in Colorado. Int. J. Sustain. Eng. 1-9.
66. Loijos, A., Santero, N., Ochsendorf, J., 2013. Life cycle climate impacts of the US concrete pavement network. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 72, 76-83.
67. Louhghalam, A., Akbarian, M., Ulm, F., 2014. Pavement Infrastructures Footprint: the Impact of Pavement Properties on Vehicle Fuel Consumption. Concrete Sustainability Hub, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
68. Maeder, U., Gaelli, R., Ochs, M., 2004. The Impact of Concrete Admixtures on the Environment. Construction Chemicals, SIKA Technologies AG, BMG Engineering AG, Schlieren, Switzerland.
69. Magnusson, S., Lundberg, K., Svedberg, B., Knutsson, S., 2015. Sustainable management of excavated soil and rock in urban areas e a literature review. J. Clean. Prod. 93, 18-25.
70. Manneh, R., Margni, M., Deschënes, L., 2012. Evaluating the relevance of seasonal differentiation of human health intake fractions in life cycle assessment. Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag. 8, 749-759.
71. Marceau, M., Nisbet, M.A., Van Geem, M.G., 2006. Life Cycle Inventory of Portland Cement Manufacture. Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL.
72. Marceau, M., Nisbet, M.A., Van Geem, M.G., Association, P.C., 2007. Life Cycle Inventory of Portland Cement Concrete. Portland Cement Association.
73. Mauro, R., 2015. Traffic and Random Processes, an Introduction. Springer International Publishing.
74. McGlade, J., Vidic, S., 2013. EMEP/EEA Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook 2009: Technical Guidance to Prepare National Emission Inventories. Technical report 9/2009. EEA, Copenhagen, Denmark.
75. Mehta, P.K., Monteiro, P.J.M., 2006. Concrete. Structure, Properties and Materials. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
76. Meil, J., 2006. A Life Cycle Perspective on Concrete and Asphalt Roadways: Embodied Primary Energy and Global Warming Potential. Athena Research Institute.
77. Meinshausen, I., 2013. ecoEditor for Ecoinvent Version 3.
78. Mladenovič, A., Turk, J., Kovač, J., Mauko, A., Cotič, Z., 2015. Environmental evaluation of two scenarios for the selection of materials for asphalt wearing courses. J. Clean. Prod. 87, 683-691.
79. 2-emission equivalence of changes in land surface albedo in life cycle assessment. Methodology and case study on greenhouse agriculture. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 15, 672-681.
80. Muntean, A., Böhm, M., Kropp, J., 2011. Moving carbonation fronts in concrete: a moving-sharp-interface approach. Chem. Eng. Sci. 66, 538-547.
81. Noland, R.B., Hanson, C.S., 2015. Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions associated with a highway reconstruction: a New Jersey case study. J. Clean. Prod.
82. Noshadravan, A., Wildnauer, M., Gregory, J., Kirchain, R., 2013. Comparative pavement life cycle assessment with parameter uncertainty. Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ. 25, 131-138.
83. NREL, 2012. US Life Cycle Inventory Database. N. R. E. Laboratory.
84. PaLaTE, 2007. Pavement Life-Cycle Assessment Tool for Environmental and Economic Effects (PaLATE). Consortium on Green Design and Manufacturing, University of California, Berkeley, California.
85. PCA, 2002. Environmental Life Cycle Inventory of Portland Cement Concrete. Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Illinois.
86. PCA, 2010. Cement Plant Profiles. Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Illinois.
87. Pesonen, H.-L., Ekvall, T., Fleischer, G., Huppes, G., Jahn, C., Klos, Z., Rebitzer, G., Sonnemann, G., Tintinelli, A., Weidema, B., Wenzel, H., 2000. Framework for scenario development in LCA. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 5, 21-30.
88. Petek Gursel, A., Masanet, E., Horvath, A., Stadel, A., 2014. Life-cycle inventory analysis of concrete production: a critical review. Cem. Concr. Compos. 51, 38-48.
89. Pinsonnault, A., Lesage, P., Levasseur, A., Samson, R., 2014. Temporal differentiation of background systems in LCA: relevance of adding temporal information in LCI databases. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 19, 1843-1853.
90. Potting, J., Schöpp, W., Blok, K., Hauschild, M., 1998. Site-dependent life-cycle impact assessment of acidification. J. Ind. Ecol. 2, 63-87.
91. Qian, S.Z., Li, V.C., Zhang, H., Keoleian, G.A., 2013. Life cycle analysis of pavement overlays made with engineered cementitious composites. Cem. Concr. Compos. 35, 78-88.
92. Québec, C.d.t., 2014. The Québec Infrastructure Plan, 2014-2024.
93. Ramezanianpour, A.A., Kazemian, A., Moghaddam, M.A., Moodi, F., Ramezanianpour, A.M., 2015. Studying effects of low-reactivity GGBFS on chloride resistance of conventional and high strength concretes. Mater. Struct. 1-13.
94. Ramezanianpour, A.A., Kazemian, A., Radaei, E., AzariJafari, H., Moghaddam, M.A., 2014. Influence of Iranian low-reactivity GGBFS on the properties of mortars and concretes by Taguchi method. Comput. Concr. 13, 423-436.
95. Reap, J., Roman, F., Duncan, S., Bras, B., 2008. A survey of unresolved problems in life cycle assessment, part I: goal and scope and inventory analysis. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 13, 290-300.
96. Reiner, M.B., 2007. Technology, Environment, Resource and Policy Assessment of Sustainable Concrete in Urban Infrastructure. University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center.
97. Reza, B., Sadiq, R., Hewage, K., 2013. Emergy-based life cycle assessment (Em-LCA) for sustainability appraisal of infrastructure systems: a case study on paved roads. Clean Technol. Environ. Policy 16, 251-266.
98. Rossick, K.M., 2014. The Effect of Carbonation after Demolition on the Life Cycle Assessment of Pavements. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
99. Sandberg, U., Ejsmont, J., 2002. Tyre/road reference book. Noise Control Eng. J. 51, 348.
100. Santamouris, M., 2013. Using cool pavements as a mitigation strategy to fight urban heat island - a review of the actual developments. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 26, 224-240.
101. Santero, N.J., Masanet, E., Horvath, A., 2011a. Life-cycle assessment of pavements. Part II: filling the research gaps. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 55, 810-818.
102. Santero, N.J., Masanet, E., Horvath, A., 2011b. Life-cycle assessment of pavements. Part I: critical review. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 55, 801-809.
103. Santero, N., Loijos, A., Ochsendorf, J., 2013. Greenhouse gas emissions reduction opportunities for concrete pavements. J. Ind. Ecol. 17, 859-868.
104. Santos, J., Bryce, J., Flintsch, G., Ferreira, A., Diefenderfer, B., 2014a. A life cycle assessment of in-place recycling and conventional pavement construction and maintenance practices. Struct. Infrastruct. Eng. 1-19.
105. Santos, J., Ferreira, A., Flintsch, G., 2014b. A life cycle assessment model for pavement management: road pavement construction and management in Portugal. Int. J. Pavement Eng. 16, 315-336.
106. Sayagh, S., Ventura, A., Hoang, T., François, D., Jullien, A., 2010. Sensitivity of the LCA allocation procedure for BFS recycled into pavement structures. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 54, 348-358.
107. Scopus, 2015, Access: http://www.scopus.com/results/results.url?sort=plff&src=s&st1=%22life+cycle+assessment%22+%22pavement%22&nlo=&nlr=&nls=&sid=8EBA70AA193A6DEEADF3ADACCEB70324.aqHV0EoE4xlIF3hgVWgA%3a690&sot=b&sdt=cl&cluster=scosubtype%2c%22cr%22%2cf%2bscopubyr%2c%222015%22%2ct%2c%222014%22%2ct%2c%222013%22%2ct%2c%222012%22%2ct%2c%222011%22%2ct%2c%222010%22%2ct&sl=49&s=TITLE-ABS-KEY%28%22life+cycle+assessment%22+%22pavement%22%29&origin=resultslist&zone=leftSideBar&editSaveSearch=&txGid=8EBA70AA193A6DEEADF3ADACCEB70324.aqHV0EoE4xlIF3hgVWgA%3a69.
108. Sonnemann, G., Vigon, B., Broadbent, C., Curran, M., Finkbeiner, M., Frischknecht, R., Inaba, A., Schanssema, A., Stevenson, M., Ugaya, C., Wang, H., Wolf, M.-A., Valdivia, S., 2011. Process on "global guidance for LCA databases". Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 16, 95-97.
109. Steyn, W., Nokes, W., Du Plessis, L., Agacer, R., Burmas, N., Holland, T., Popescu, L., 2014. Selected road condition, vehicle and freight considerations in pavement life cycle assessment. In: International Symposium on Pavement Life Cycle Assessment, Davis, California.
110. Stripple, H., 1998. Life Cycle Assessment of Road (Swedish). Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL), Stockholm, Sweden.
111. Stripple, H., 2001. Life Cycle Assessment of Road. A Pilot Study for Inventory Analysis. Report from the IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute 96, 2nd revised ed.
112. Susca, T., 2012. Enhancement of life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology to include the effect of surface albedo on climate change: comparing black and white roofs. Environ. Pollut. 163, 48-54.
113. Swanson, M., Hobbs, A., 2014. Urban heat island effect: comparing thermal and radiation effects of asphalt and concrete pavements on adjacent buildings using CFD methods. Contact Urticaria Syndr. 33.
114. Tam, V.W.Y., Wang, K., Tam, C.M., 2008. Assessing relationships among properties of demolished concrete, recycled aggregate and recycled aggregate concrete using regression analysis. J. Hazard. Mater. 152, 703-714.
115. Taylor, G., Patten, J., 2002. Effects of Pavement Structure on Vehicle Fuel Consumption.
116. Turk, J., Mladenović, A., Knez, F., Bras, V., Šajna, A., Čopar, A., Slanc, K., 2014. Tarcontaining reclaimed asphalt - environmental and cost assessments for two treatment scenarios. J. Clean. Prod. 81, 201-210.
117. US EIA. U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2013. Petroleum Supply Annual, vol. 1, 2005-2011.
118. Vasconcellos, E.A., 2014. Urban Transport Environment and Equity: the Case for Developing Countries. Routledge, New York, USA.
119. Vidal, R., Moliner, E., Martínez, G., Rubio, M.C., 2013. Life cycle assessment of hot mix asphalt and zeolite-based warm mix asphalt with reclaimed asphalt pavement. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 74, 101-114.
120. Wang, T., Lee, I.-S., Kendall, A., Harvey, J., Lee, E.-B., Kim, C., 2012. Life cycle energy consumption and GHG emission from pavement rehabilitation with different rolling resistance. J. Clean. Prod. 33, 86-96.
121. Wang, X., Duan, Z., Wu, L., Yang, D., 2014. Estimation of carbon dioxide emission in highway construction: a case study in southwest region of China. J. Clean. Prod.
122. Wassermann, R., Katz, A., Bentur, A., 2009. Minimum cement content requirements: a must or a myth? Mater. Struct. 42, 973-982.
123. Weidema, B.P., Bauer, C., Hischier, R., Mutel, C., Nemecek, T., Reinhard, J., Vadenbo, C., Wernet, G., 2013. Overview and Methodology: Data Quality Guideline for the Ecoinvent Database Version 3. Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories.
124. Wu, Y.G., Cai, L.C., Fu, Y.W., 2011. Durability of green high performance alkaliactivated slag pavement concrete. Appl. Mech. Mater. 99, 158-161.
125. Yu, B., Lu, Q., 2014. Estimation of albedo effect in pavement life cycle assessment. J. Clean. Prod. 64, 306-309.
126. Yuan, C., Wang, E., Zhai, Q., Yang, F., 2015. Temporal discounting in life cycle assessment: a critical review and theoretical framework. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 51, 23-31.
127. Zapata, P., Gambatese, J., 2005. Energy consumption of asphalt and reinforced concrete pavement materials and construction. J. Infrastruct. Syst. 11, 9-20.
128. Zhang, W., Zhang, S., Wan, C., Yue, D., Ye, Y., Wang, X., 2008. Source diagnostics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban road runoff, dust, rain and canopy throughfall. Environ. Pollut. 153, 594-601.
129. Zhang, H., Lepech, M., Keoleian, G., Qian, S., Li, V., 2010. Dynamic life-cycle modeling of pavement overlay systems: capturing the impacts of users, construction, and roadway deterioration. J. Infrastruct. Syst. 16, 299-309.
130. Zhang, H., Keoleian, G., Lepech, M., 2013. Network-level pavement asset management system integrated with life-cycle analysis and life-cycle optimization. J. Infrastruct. Syst. 19, 99-107.