The duality of gaze: eyes extract and signal social information during sustained cooperative and competitive dyadic gaze

Frontiers in Psychology

Volumn 6, Issue , 2015, Pages

  Jarick, Michelle ^a   Kingstone, Alan ^b  

^a MACEWAN UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

attention; competition; cooperation; eye contact; gaze

Indexed keywords

EID: 84958096784     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16641078     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01423     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. Argyle M. Dean J. (1965). Eye-contact, distance and affiliation. Sociometry 28, 289–304. 10.2307/278602714341239
2. Argyle M. Ingham R. Alkema F. McCallin M. (1973). The different functions of gaze. Semiotica 7, 19–32. 10.1515/semi.1973.7.1.19
3. Baron-Cohen S. Wheelwright S. Jolliffe T. (1997). Is there a “language of the eyes”? Evidence from normal adults, and adults with autism or asperger syndrome. Visual Cognition, 4, 311–331.
4. Cheng J. T. Tracey J. L. Foulsham T. Kingstone A. Henrich J. (2013). Two ways to the top: evidence that dominance and prestige are distinct yet viable avenues to social rank and influence. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 104, 103–125. 10.1037/a003039823163747
5. Driver J. Davis G. Ricciardelli P. Kidd P. Maxwell E. Baron-Cohen S. (1999). Gaze perception triggers reflexive visuospatial orienting. Vis. Cogn. 6, 509–540. 10.1080/135062899394920
6. Exline R. V. Gray D. Schuette D. (1965). “Visual behaviour in a dyad as affected by interview content and sex of respondent,” in Affect, Cognition and Personality, eds Tomkins S. Izzard C. (New York: Springer Publishing).
7. Exline R. V. Gray D. Schuette D. (1965). “Visual behavior in a dyad as affected by interview context and sex of respondent,” J. Personal. Social Psychol. 1, 201–209.
8. Foulsham T. Cheng J. T. Tracey J. L. Henrich J. Kingstone A. (2010). Gaze allocation in a dynamic situation: effects of social status and speaking. Cognition 117, 319–331. 10.1016/j.cognition.2010.09.00320965502
9. Foulsham T. Walker E. Kingstone A. (2011). To where, what and when of gaze allocation in the lab and the natural environment. Vision Research, 51, 1920–1931.21784095
10. Freeth M. Foulsham T. Kingstone A. (2013). What affects social attention? Social presence, eye contact and autistic traits. PLoS ONE 8:e53286. 10.1371/journal.pone.005328623326407
11. Friesen C. K. Kingstone A. (1998). The eyes have it! Reflexive orienting is triggered by nonpredictive gaze. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 5, 490–495. 10.3758/BF03208827
12. Gallup A. C. Hale J. J. Sumpter D. J. T. Garnier S. Kacelnik A. Krebs J. R. et al. (2012). Visual attention and the acquisition of information in human crowds. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109, 7245–7250. 10.1073/pnas.111614110922529369
13. Gobel M. S. Kim H. S. Richardson D. C. (2015). The dual function of social gaze. Cognition 136, 359–364. 10.1016/j.cognition.2014.11.04025540833
14. Hietanen J. K. Leppanen J. (2003). Does facial expression affect attention orienting by gaze direction cues? J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 29, 1228–1243. 10.1037/0096-1523.29.6.122814640840
15. Ho S. Foulsham T. Kingstone A. (2015). Speaking and listening with the eyes: gaze signaling during dyadic interactions. PLoS ONE 10:e0136905. 10.1371/journal.pone.013690526309216
16. Kellerman J. Lewis J. Laird J. D. (1989). Looking and loving: the effects of mutual gaze on feelings of romantic love. J. Res. Pers. 23, 145–161. 10.1016/0092-6566(89)90020-2
17. Kingstone A. Smilek D. Eastwood J. D. (2008). Cognitive ethology: a new approach for studying human cognition. Br. J. Psychol. 99, 317–340. 10.1348/000712607X25124317977481
18. Kingstone A. Smilek D. Ristic J. Friesen C. K. Eastwood J. D. (2003). Attention, researchers! It is time to take a look at the real world. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 12, 176–180. 10.1111/1467-8721.01255
19. Kobayashi H. Kohshima S. (1997). Unique morphology of the human eye. Nature 19, 767–768. 10.1038/428429194557
20. Laidlaw K. E. W. Foulsham T. Kuhn G. Kingstone A. (2011). Social attention to a live person is critically different than looking at a video-taped person. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 5548–5553. 10.1073/pnas.101702210821436052
21. Laidlaw K. E. W. Risko E. F. Kingstone A. (in press). “Levels of complexity and the duality of gaze: how social attention changes from lab to life,” in Shared Representations: Sensorimotor Foundations of Social Life, eds Obhi S. Cross E. (Cambridge University Press).
22. Myllyneva A. Hietanen J. K. (2015). The dual nature of eye contact: to see and to be seen. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. nsv075. 1–7. 10.1093/scan/nsv07526060324
23. Ponkanen L. M. Hietanen J. K. (2012). Eye contact with neutral and smiling faces: effects on autonomic responses and frontal asymmetry. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 6:122. 10.3389/fnhum.2012.0012222586387
24. Ricciardelli P. Betta E. Pruner S. Turatto M. (2009). Is there a direct link between gaze perception and joint attention behaviours? Effects of gaze contract polarity on oculomotor behaviour. Exp. Brain Res. 194, 347–357. 10.1007/s00221-009-1706-819183970
25. Risko E. F. Laidlaw K. Freeth M. Foulsham T. Kingstone A. (2012). Social attention with real vs. reel stimuli: an empirical approach to concerns about ecological validity. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 6:143. 10.3389/fnhum.2012.0014322654747
26. Rubin A. (1970). Measurement of romantic love. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 16, 265–273. 10.1037/h00298415479131
27. Wu D. W. L. Bischof W. F. Kingstone A. (2013). Looking while eating: the importance of social context to social attention. Sci. Rep. 3, 2356. 10.1038/srep0235623912766
28. Wu D. W.-L. Bischof W. F. Kingstone A. (2014). Natural gaze signaling in a social context. Evol. Hum. Behav. 35, 211–218. 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.01.005