Adrenal Crisis: Still a Deadly Event in the 21st Century

American Journal of Medicine

Volumn 129, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 339.e1-339.e9

  Puar, Troy H K ^a,b   Stikkelbroeck, Nike M M L ^a   Smans, Lisanne C C J ^c   Zelissen, Pierre M J ^c   Hermus, Ad R M M ^a  

^a RADBOUD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b CHANGI GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Singapore)

^c UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Adrenal crisis; Adrenal insufficiency; Crisis; Emergency

Indexed keywords

GLUCOCORTICOID; HYDROCORTISONE; CORTICOTROPIN; ISOTONIC SOLUTION; SODIUM CHLORIDE;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ACUTE ABDOMEN; ADRENAL CORTEX INSUFFICIENCY; ANOREXIA; CHECKLIST; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; DETERIORATION; DIARRHEA; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; EMERGENCY CARE; FATIGUE; FEVER; FLUID RESUSCITATION; GASTROENTERITIS; HUMAN; HYPOVOLEMIA; INCIDENCE; LETHARGY; MORTALITY; NAUSEA; ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION; PATHOGENESIS; PATIENT EDUCATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; TREATMENT INDICATION; VOMITING; ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY; BLOOD; DRUG SELF ADMINISTRATION; EMERGENCY;

ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY; ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE; EMERGENCIES; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; HUMANS; HYDROCORTISONE; ISOTONIC SOLUTIONS; PATIENT EDUCATION AS TOPIC; RISK FACTORS; SELF ADMINISTRATION; SODIUM CHLORIDE;

EID: 84958078700     PISSN: 00029343     EISSN: 15557162     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.08.021     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. P.M. Bishop The history of the discovery of Addison's disease Proc R Soc Med 43 1 1950 35 42
2. W. Arlt, and B. Allolio Adrenal insufficiency Lancet 361 9372 2003 1881 1893
3. W. Oelkers Adrenal insufficiency N Engl J Med 335 16 1996 1206 1212
4. A. Lutz, M. Stojkovic, M. Schmidt, and et al. Adrenocortical function in patients with macrometastases of the adrenal gland Eur J Endocrinol 143 1 2000 91 97
5. D. Dunlop Eighty-six cases of Addison's disease Br Med J 2 5362 1963 887 891
6. A.S. Mason, T.W. Meade, J.A. Lee, and J.N. Morris Epidemiological and clinical picture of Addison's disease Lancet 2 7571 1968 744 747
7. R. Bouillon Acute adrenal insufficiency Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 35 4 2006 767 775 ix
8. T. Rosen, and B.A. Bengtsson Premature mortality due to cardiovascular disease in hypopituitarism Lancet 336 8710 1990 285 288
9. J.W. Tomlinson, N. Holden, R.K. Hills, and et al. Association between premature mortality and hypopituitarism. West Midlands Prospective Hypopituitary Study Group Lancet 357 9254 2001 425 431
10. S. Bensing, L. Brandt, F. Tabaroj, and et al. Increased death risk and altered cancer incidence pattern in patients with isolated or combined autoimmune primary adrenocortical insufficiency Clin Endocrinol 69 5 2008 697 704
11. R. Bergthorsdottir, M. Leonsson-Zachrisson, A. Oden, and G. Johannsson Premature mortality in patients with Addison's disease: a population-based study J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91 12 2006 4849 4853
12. P. Burman, A.F. Mattsson, G. Johannsson, and et al. Deaths among adult patients with hypopituitarism: hypocortisolism during acute stress, and de novo malignant brain tumors contribute to an increased mortality J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98 4 2013 1466 1475
13. J.L. Mills, L.B. Schonberger, D.K. Wysowski, and et al. Long-term mortality in the United States cohort of pituitary-derived growth hormone recipients J Pediatr 144 4 2004 430 436
14. M.M. Erichsen, K. Lovas, K.J. Fougner, and et al. Normal overall mortality rate in Addison's disease, but young patients are at risk of premature death Eur J Endocrinol 160 2 2009 233 237
15. K. Omori, K. Nomura, S. Shimizu, and et al. Risk factors for adrenal crisis in patients with adrenal insufficiency Endocr J 50 6 2003 745 752
16. S. Hahner, M. Loeffler, B. Bleicken, and et al. Epidemiology of adrenal crisis in chronic adrenal insufficiency: the need for new prevention strategies Eur J Endocrinol 162 3 2010 597 602
17. K. White, and W. Arlt Adrenal crisis in treated Addison's disease: a predictable but under-managed event Eur J Endocrinol 162 1 2010 115 120
18. S. Hahner, C. Spinnler, M. Fassnacht, and et al. High incidence of adrenal crisis in educated patients with chronic adrenal insufficiency: a prospective study J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100 2 2015 407 416
19. P.M. Zelissen Addison Patients in the Netherlands: Medical Report of the Survey 1994 Dutch Addison Society The Hague, The Netherlands
20. B. Allolio, W. Ehses, H.M. Steffen, and R. Muller Reduced lymphocyte beta 2-adrenoceptor density and impaired diastolic left ventricular function in patients with glucocorticoid deficiency Clin Endocrinol 40 6 1994 769 775
21. J.G. Verbalis, S.R. Goldsmith, A. Greenberg, and et al. Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of hyponatremia: expert panel recommendations Am J Med 126 10 Suppl 1 2013 S1 S42
22. S. Dinsen, B. Baslund, M. Klose, and et al. Why glucocorticoid withdrawal may sometimes be as dangerous as the treatment itself Eur J Intern Med 24 8 2013 714 720
23. S. Robati, M.K. Shahid, A. Vella, and S. Rang Importance of a thorough drug history in presurgical patients BMJ Case Rep 2014 2014 10.1136/bcr-2013-202667
24. R.L. Hopkins, and M.C. Leinung Exogenous Cushing's syndrome and glucocorticoid withdrawal Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 34 2 2005 371 384 ix
25. M.J. Bolland, W. Bagg, M.G. Thomas, and et al. Cushing's syndrome due to interaction between inhaled corticosteroids and itraconazole Ann Pharmacother 38 1 2004 46 49
26. K. St Clair, and J.D. Maguire Role of fluconazole in a case of rapid onset ritonavir and inhaled fluticasone-associated secondary adrenal insufficiency Int J STD AIDS 23 5 2012 371 372
27. L.H. Broersen, A.M. Pereira, J.O. Jorgensen, and O.M. Dekkers Adrenal insufficiency in corticosteroids use: systematic review and meta-analysis J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100 6 2015 2171 2180
28. S. Shibata, M. Kami, Y. Kanda, and et al. Acute adrenal failure associated with fluconazole after administration of high-dose cyclophosphamide Am J Hematol 66 4 2001 303 305
29. L. Graves 3rd, R.M. Klein, and A.D. Walling Addisonian crisis precipitated by thyroxine therapy: a complication of type 2 autoimmune polyglandular syndrome South Med J 96 8 2003 824 827
30. S.R. Bornstein Predisposing factors for adrenal insufficiency N Engl J Med 360 22 2009 2328 2339
31. J. Yadav, A.K. Satapathy, and V. Jain Addisonian crisis due to antitubercular therapy Indian J Pediatr 82 9 2015 860
32. R. Kazlauskaite, A.T. Evans, C.V. Villabona, and et al. Corticotropin tests for hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal insufficiency: a metaanalysis J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93 11 2008 4245 4253
33. E.S. Husebye, B. Allolio, W. Arlt, and et al. Consensus statement on the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients with primary adrenal insufficiency J Intern Med 275 2 2014 104 115
34. D.B. Coursin, and K.E. Wood Corticosteroid supplementation for adrenal insufficiency JAMA 287 2 2002 236 240
35. M. Salem, R.E. Tainsh Jr., J. Bromberg, and et al. Perioperative glucocorticoid coverage. A reassessment 42 years after emergence of a problem Ann Surg 219 4 1994 416 425
36. R. Udelsman, J.A. Norton, S.E. Jelenich, and et al. Responses of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and renin-angiotensin axes and the sympathetic system during controlled surgical and anesthetic stress J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64 5 1987 986 994
37. M. Oppert, A. Reinicke, K.J. Graf, and et al. Plasma cortisol levels before and during "low-dose" hydrocortisone therapy and their relationship to hemodynamic improvement in patients with septic shock Intensive Care Med 26 12 2000 1747 1755
38. K. Aso, M. Izawa, A. Higuchi, S. Kotoh, and Y. Hasegawa Stress doses of glucocorticoids cannot prevent progression of all adrenal crises Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 18 1 2009 23 27
39. A.S. Krasner Glucocorticoid-induced adrenal insufficiency JAMA 282 7 1999 671 676
40. H.J. Repping-Wuts, N.M. Stikkelbroeck, A. Noordzij, and et al. A glucocorticoid education group meeting: an effective strategy for improving self-management to prevent adrenal crisis Eur J Endocrinol 169 1 2013 17 22
41. T.G. Flemming, and L.O. Kristensen Quality of self-care in patients on replacement therapy with hydrocortisone J Intern Med 246 5 1999 497 501
42. S. Hahner, S. Burger-Stritt, and B. Allolio Subcutaneous hydrocortisone administration for emergency use in adrenal insufficiency Eur J Endocrinol 169 2 2013 147 154
43. B. Allolio Extensive expertise in endocrinology. Adrenal crisis Eur J Endocrinol 172 3 2015 R115 R124
44. S.R. Peacey, R.M. Pope, K.S. Naik, and et al. Corticosteroid therapy and intercurrent illness: the need for continuing patient education Postgrad Med J 69 810 1993 282 284
45. S. Hahner, N. Hemmelmann, M. Quinkler, and et al. Timelines in the management of adrenal crisis - targets, limits and reality Clin Endocrinol 82 4 2015 497 502
46. A. Grossman, G. Johannsson, M. Quinkler, and P. Zelissen Therapy of endocrine disease: perspectives on the management of adrenal insufficiency: clinical insights from across Europe Eur J Endocrinol 169 6 2013 R165 R175
47. J.A. Wass, and W. Arlt How to avoid precipitating an acute adrenal crisis BMJ 345 2012 e6333
48. N. Kluger, N. Matikainen, H. Sintonen, and et al. Impaired health-related quality of life in Addison's disease - impact of replacement therapy, comorbidities and socio-economic factors Clin Endocrinol 81 4 2014 511 518
49. National Adrenal Disease Foundation. Web site home page. Available at: http://www.nadf.us/. Accessed July 31, 2015.
50. Dutch Adrenal Society. What is an Addison crisis? Available at: https://www.youtube.com/user/adrenalchannel. Accessed July 31, 2015.