The nature of organic carbon in density-fractionated sediments in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta (California)

Biogeosciences

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 567-582

  Wakeham, S G ^a   Canuel, E A ^b  

^a SKIDAWAY INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY   (United States)

^b VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON ISOTOPE; FATTY ACID; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATION; ORGANIC CARBON; SEDIMENT CHEMISTRY; STABLE ISOTOPE;

CALIFORNIA; SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAQUIN DELTA; UNITED STATES;

ALGAE; TRACHEOPHYTA;

EID: 84957824853     PISSN: 17264170     EISSN: 17264189     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/bg-13-567-2016     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Aalto, R., Maurice-Bourgoin, L., Dunne, T., Montgomery, D. R., Nittrouer, C. A., and Guyot, J.-L.: Episodic sediment accumulation on Amazonian flood plains influenced by El Nino/Southern Oscillation, Nature, 425, 493-497, 2003.
2. Adams, W. A.: The effect of organic matter on the bulk and true densities of some uncultivated podzolic soils, J. Soil Sci., 24, 10-17, 1973
3. Arnarson, T. S. and Keil, R. G.: Organic-mineral interactions in marine sediments studied using density fractionation and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Org. Geochem., 32, 1401-1415, 2001.
4. Arnarson, T. S. and Keil, R. G.: Changes in organic matter-mineral interactions for marine sediments with varying oxygen exposure times, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 71, 3545-3556, 2007.
5. Baisden, W. T., Amundson, R., Cook, A. C., and Brenner, D. L.: Turnover and storage of C and N in five density fractions from California annual grassland surface soils, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 1117, doi:10.1029/2001GB001822, 2002a.
6. Baisden, W. T., Amundson, R., Brenner, D. L., Cook, A. C., Kendall, C., and Harden, J. W.: A multi-isotope C and N modeling analysis of soil organic matter turnover and transport as a function of soil depth in a California annual grassland soil chronosequence, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 1135, doi:10.1029/2001GB001823, 2002b.
7. Baldock, J. A. and Skjemstad, J. O.: Role of the soil matrix and minerals in protecting natural organic materials against biological attack, Org. Geochem., 31, 697-710, 2000.
8. Bergamaschi, B. A., Tsamakis, E., Keil, R. G., and Hedges, J. I.: The effect of grain size and surface area on organic matter, lignin and carbohydrate concentration, and molecular compositions in Peru Margin sediments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 61, 1247-1260, 1997.
9. Bianchi, T. A., Galler, J. J., and Allison, M. A.: Hydrodynamic sorting and transport of terrestrially derived organic carbon in sediments of the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers, Est. Coast. Shelf Sci., 73, 211-222, 2007.
10. Blair, N. E. and Aller, R. C.: The fate of terrestrial organic carbon in the marine environment, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 4, 17.1-17.23, 2012.
11. Blair, N. E., Leithold, E. L., Ford, S. T., Peller, K. A., Holmes, J. C., and Perkey, D. W.: The persistence of memory: The fate of ancient sedimentary organic carbon in a modern sedimentary system, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 67, 63-73, 2003.
12. Bock, M. J. and Mayer, L. M.: Mesodensity organo-clay associations in a nearshore sediment, Mar. Geol., 163, 65-75, 2000.
13. Bridge, J. S. and Bennett, S. J.: A model for the entrainment and transport of sediment grains of mixed sizes, shapes, and densities, Water Resour. Res., 28, 337-363, 1992.
14. Broecker, W. S. and Walton A.: The geochemistry of C14 in freshwater systems., Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 16, 15-38, 1959.
15. Canuel, E. A.: Relations between river flow, primary production and fatty acid composition of particulate organic matter in San Francisco and Chesapeake Bays: a multivariate approach, Org. Geochem., 32, 563-583, 2001.
16. Canuel, E. A., Lerberg, E. J., Dickhut, R. M., Kuehl, S. S., Bianchi, T. S., andWakeham, S. G.: Changes in sediment and organic carbon accumulation in a highly-disturbed ecosystem: The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, (California, USA.), Mar. Pollut. Bull., 59, 154-163, 2009.
17. Castanha, C., Trumbore, S., and Amundson, R.: Methods of separating soil carbon pools affect the chemistry and turnover time of isolated fraction, Radiocarbon, 50, 83-97, 2008.
18. Cerli, C., Celi, L., Kalbitz, K., Guggenberger, G., and Kaiser, K.: Separation of light and heavy organic matter fractons in soil-Testing for proper density cut-off and dispersion level, Geoderma, 170, 403-416, 2012.
19. Cloern, J. E., Canuel, E. A., and Harris, D.: Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope composition of aquatic and terrestrial plants of the San Francisco Bay estuarine system, Limnol. Oceanogr., 47, 713-729, 2002.
20. Conomos, T. J., Smith, R. E., and Gartner, J. W.: Environmental setting of San Francisco Bay, in: Temporal Dynamics of an Estuary: San Francisco Bay, edited by: Cloern, J. E. and Nichols, F. H., Hydrobiologica, 129, 1-12, 1985.
21. Cranwell, P. A., Eglinton, G., and Robinson, N.: Lipids of aquatic organisms as potential contributors to lacustrine sediments-II, Org. Geochem., 11, 513-527, 1987.
22. Cranwell, P. A., Creighton, M. E., and Jaworski, G. H. M.: Lipids of four freshwater chrysophytes, Phytochem., 27, 1053-1059. 1988.
23. Cranwell, P. A., Jaworski, G. H. M., and Bickley, H. M.: Hydrocarbons, sterols, esters, and fatty acids in six freshwater chlorophytes, Phytochem., 29, 145-151, 1990.
24. Crow, S. E., Swanston, C. W., Lajtha, K., Brooks, J. R., and Keirstead, H.: Density fractionation of forest soils: methodological questions and interpretation of incubation results and turnover time in an ecosystem context, Biogeochem., 85, 69-90, 2007.
25. Dade, W. B. and Friend, P. F.: Grain size, sediment transport regime, and channel slope in alluvial rivers, J. Geol., 106, 661-676, 1998.
26. de Leeuw, J. W. and Largeau, C.: A review of macro-molecular organic compounds that comprise living organisms and their role in kerogen, coal, and petroleum formation, in: Organic Geochemistry, edited by: Engel, M. H. and Macko, S. A., Plenum Press, New York, 23-72, 1993.
27. Dembitsky, V. M., Rezanka, T., and Rozentsvet, O. A.: Lipid composition of three macrophytes from the Caspian Sea, Phytochem., 33, 1015-1019, 1993.
28. Derenne, S., Largeau, C., Casadevall, E., Berkaloff, C., and Rousseau, B.: Chemical evidence of kerogen formation in source rocks and oil shales via selective preservation of thin resistant outer walls of microalgae: Origin of ultralaminae, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 55, 1041-1050, 1993.
29. Dickens, A. F., Gélinas, Y., Masiello, C. A., Wakeham, S. G., and Hedges, J. I.: Reburial of fossil carbon in marine sediments, Nature, 427, 336-339, 2004.
30. Dickens, A. F., Baldock, J. A., Smernik, R. J., Wakeham, S. G., Arnarson, T. A., Gélinas, Y., and Hedges, J. I.: Solid state 13C NMR analysis of size and density fractions of marine sediments. Insights into carbon sources and preservation mechanisms, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 70, 666-686, 2006.
31. Douglas, P. M. J., Pagani, M., Eglinton, T. I., Brenner, M., Hodell, D. A., Curtis, J. H., Ma, K.F., and Breckenridge, A.: Preaged plant waxes in tropical lake sediments and their influence on the chronology of molecular paleoclimate records, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 141, 346-364, 2014.
32. Drenzek, N. J., Hughen, K. A., Montluçon, D. B., Southon, J. R., dos Santos, G. M., Druffel, E. R.M., Giosan, L., and Eglinton, T. I.: A new look at old carbon in active margin sediments, Geol., 37, 239-242, 2009.
33. Dunne, T., Mertes, L. A. K., Meade, R. H., Richey, J. E., and Frosberg, B. R.: Exchanges of sediment between the flood plain and channel of the Amazon River in Brazil, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 110, 450-467, 2003.
34. Eglinton, T. I., Benitez-Nelson, B. C., Pearson, A., McNichol, A., Bauer, J. E., and Druffel, E. R. M.: Variability in radiocarbon ages of individual organic compounds from marine sediments, Science, 277, 796-799, 1997.
35. Ewing, S. A., Sanderman, J., Baisden, T.W., Wang, Y., and Amundson, R.: Role of large-scale soil structure in organic carbon turnover; evidence from California grassland soils, J. Geophys. Res., 111, nGO3012, doi:10.1029/2006JG000174, 2006.
36. Galy, V. and Eglinton, T.: Protracted storage of biospheric carbon in the Ganges-Brahmaputra basin, Nature Geosci., 4, 843-847, 2011.
37. Galy, V., France-Lanord, C., and Lartiges B.: Loading and fate of particulate organic carbon from the Himalaya to the Ganga-Bramaputra delta, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 72, 1767-1787, 2008.
38. Galy, V., Peucker-Ehrenbrink, B., and Eglinton, T.: Global carbon export from the terrestrial biosphere controlled by erosion, Nature, 521, 204-207, 2015.
39. Golchin, A., Oades, J. M., Skjemstad, J. O., and Clarke, P.: Study of free and occluded particulate organic-matter in soils by solid state 13C Cp/MAS NMR pectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, Aust. Soil Res., 32, 285-309, 1994.
40. Gomez, B., Brackley, H. L., Hicks, D. M., Neff, H., and Rogers, K. M.: Organic carbon in floodplain alluvium: Signature of historic variations in erosion processes associated with deforestation, Waipaoa River basin, New Zealand, J. Geophys. Res., 109, F04011, doi:10.1029/2004JF000154, 2004.
41. Gordon, E. S. and Goni, M. A.: Sources and distributions of terrigenous organic matter delivered by the Atchafalaya River to sediments in the northern Gulf of Mexico, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 67, 2359-2375, 2003.
42. Gordon, E. S. and Goni, M. A.: Controls on the distribution and accumulation of terrigenous organic matter in sediments from the Mississippi and Atchafalaya River margin, Mar. Chem., 92, 331-352, 2004.
43. Griffith, D. R., Martin, W. T., and Eglinton, T. I.: The radiocarbon age of organic carbon in marine surface sediments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 74, 6788-6800, 2010.
44. Hassanzadeh, Y.: Hydraulics of Sediment Transport, Hydrodynamics-Theory and Model, edited by: Zheng, J.-H., ISBN: 978-953-51-0130-7, InTech, available at: http://www.intechopen.com/books/hydrodynamics-Theory-And-model/hydraulics-of-sediment-transport, 2012.
45. Hayes, J. M.: Fractionation of the isotopes of carbon and hydrogen in biosynthetic processes, in: Stable Isotope Geochemistry, edited by: Valley, J.W. and Cole, D. R., Rev. Mineral. Geochem., 43, 225-278, 2001.
46. Hedges, J. I. and Keil, R. G.: Sedimentary organic matter preservation: an assessment and speculative synthesis, Mar. Chem., 49, 81-115, 1995.
47. Hedges, J. I. and Oades, M.: A comparative study of marine and soil geochemistry, Org. Geochem., 27, 319-361, 1997.
48. Herbold, B. and Moyle, P. B.: The ecology of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta: a community profile, US Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 85, xi C 106 pp., 1989.
49. Hodson, M. E., Langan, S. J., and Meriau, S.: Determination of mineral surface area in relation to the calculation of weathering rates, Geoderma, 83, 35-54, 1998.
50. Hoffmann, T., Glatzel, S., and Dikau, R.: A carbon storage perspective on alluvial sediment storage in the Rhine catchment, Geomorphol., 108, 127-137, 2009.
51. Horowitz, A. J. and Elrick, K. A.: The relation of stream sediment surface area, grain size and composition to trace element chemistry, Appl. Geochem., 2, 437-451, 1987.
52. Jassby, A. D. and Cloern, J. E.: Organic matter sources and rehabilitation of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (California, USA), Aquat. Conserv., 10, 323-352, 2000.
53. Jepson, R., Roberts, J., and Lick, W.: Effects of bulk density on sediment erosion rates, Water Air Soil Pollut., 99, 21-31, 1997.
54. Kaiser, M. and Berhe, A. A.: How does sonication affect the mineral and organic constituents of soil aggregates-A review, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci., 177, 479-475, 2014.
55. Karlen, I., Olsson, I. U., Kallburg, P.-And Kilici, S.: Absolute determination of the activity of two 14C dating standards, Arkiv Geofysik, 4, 465-471, 1964.
56. Keil, R. G. and Mayer, L. M.: Mineral matrices and organic matter, in: Treatise on Geochemistry, edited by: Falkowski, P. G. and Freeman, K. H., Elsevier, 12, 337-359, 2014.
57. Keil, R. G., Tsamakis, E., Fuh, C. B., Giddings, J. C., and Hedges, J. I.: Mineralogical and textural controls on the organic composition of coastal marine sediments: hydrodynamic separation using SPLITT-fractionation, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 54, 879-893, 1994a.
58. Keil, R. G., Montluçon, D. B., Prahl, F. G., and Hedges, J. I.: Sorptive preservation of labile organic matter in marine sediments, Nature, 370, 549-552, 1994b.
59. Keil, R. G., Mayer, L. M., Quay, P. D., Richey, J. E., and Hedges, J. I.: Loss of organic matter from riverine particles in deltas, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 61, 1507-1511, 1997.
60. Keil, R. G., Tsamakis, E., Giddings, and J. C., Hedges, J. I.: Biochemical distributions (amino acids, neutral sugars, and lignin phenols) among size-classes of modern marine sediments from the Washington Margin, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 62, 1347-1364, 1998.
61. Leithold, E. L., Blair, N. E., and Perkey, D. W.: Geomorphologic controls on the age of particulate organic carbon from small mountainous and upland rivers, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 20, GB3022, doi:10.1029/2005GB002677, 2006.
62. Lu, Y. H., Bauer, J. E., Canuel, E. A., Chambers, R. M., Yamashita, Y., Jaffé, R., and Barrett, A.: Effects of land use on sources and ages of inorganic and organic carbon in temperate headwater streams, Biogeochemistry, 119, 275-292, 2014.
63. Masiello, C. A.: New directions in black carbon organic geochemistry, Mar. Chem., 92, 201-213, 2004.
64. Masiello, C. A. and Druffel, E. R. M.: Carbon isotope geochemistry of the Santa Clara River, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 15, 407-416, 2001.
65. Mayer, L. M.: Relationships between mineral surfaces and organic carbon concentrations in soils and sediments, Chem. Geol., 114, 347-363, 1994a.
66. Mayer, L. M.: Surface area control of organic carbon accumulation in continental shelf sediments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 58, 1271-1284, 1994b.
67. Mayer, L. M.: Extent of coverage of mineral surfaces by organic matter in marine sediments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 63, 207-215, 1999.
68. Mayer, L. M., Jumars, P. A., Taghon, G. L., Macko, S. A., and Trumbore, S.: Low-density particles as potential nitrogenous foods for benthos, J. Mar. Res., 51, 373-389, 1993.
69. Mayer, L. M., Schick, L. L., Hardy, K. R., Wagai, R., and McCarthy, J.: Organic matter in small mesopores in sediments and soils, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 68, 3863-3872, 2004.
70. McIntosch, H. A., McNichol, A. P., Xu, L., and Canuel, E. A.: Source-Age dynamics of estuarine particulate organic matter using fatty acid 13C and 114C composition, Limnol. Oceanogr., 60, 611-628, 2015.
71. McNichol, A.P., Osborne, E.A., Gagnon, A. R., Fry, B., and Jones, G. A.: TIC, TOC, DIC, DOC, PIC, POC-unique aspects in the preparation of oceanographic samples for 14CAMS, Nucl. Instrum. Methods, B, 92, 162-165, 1994.
72. Megens, L., van der Plicht, J., and de Leeuw, J. W.: Temporal variations in 13C and 14C concentrations in particulate organic matter from the southern North Sea, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 65, 2899-2911, 2001.
73. Megens, L., van der Plicht, J., de Leeuw, J. W., and Smedes, F.: Stable carbon and radiocarbon isotope compositions of particle size fractions to determine origins of sedimentary organic matter in an estuary, Org. Geochem., 33, 945-952, 2002.
74. Milliman, J. D. and Farnsworth, K. L.: River Discharge to the Coastal Ocean, Cambridge Univ. Press., 384 pp., 2011.
75. Mitra, S., Bianchi, T. S., McKee, B. A., and Sutula, M.: Black carbon from the Mississippi River: quantities, sources, and potential implications for the global carbon cycle, Environ, . Sci. Technol., 36, 2296-2302, 2002.
76. Nilsen, E. B. and Delaney, M. L.: Factors influencing the biogeochemistry of sedimentary carbon and phosphorus in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, Estuaries, 28, 653-663, 2005.
77. Oana, S. and Deevey, E. S.: Carbon 13 in lake waters, and its possible bearing on paleolimnology, Am. J. Sci. A, 258, 253-272, 1960.
78. Pearson, A.: Pathways of carbon assimilation and their impact on organic matter values of 13C, edited by: Timmis, K., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 143-156, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-77587-49, 2010.
79. Philippsen, B.: The freshwater reservoir effect in radiocarbon dating, Heritage Sci., 1, 24, doi:10.1186/2050-7445-1-24, 2013.
80. Prahl, F. G.: Chemical evidence of differential particle dispersal in the southern Washington coastal environment, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 49, 2533-2539, 1985.
81. Ransom, B., Kim, D., Kastner, M., and Wainwright, S.: Organic matter preservation on continental slopes: importance of mineralogy and surface area, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 62, 1329-1345, 1998.
82. Raymond, P. A. and Bauer, J. E.: Riverine export of aged terrestrial organic matter to the North Atlantic Ocean, Nature, 409, 497-500, 2001a.
83. Raymond, P. A. and Bauer J. E.: Use of 14C and 13C natural abundances for evaluating riverine, estuarine and coastal DOC and POC sources and cycling: a review and synthesis, Org. Geochem., 32, 469-485, 2001b.
84. Reed, D. J.: Understanding tidal marsh sedimentation in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, California, J. Coast. Res., 36, 605-611, 2002.
85. Reneau, S. L. and Dietrich, W. E.: Erosion rates in the southern Oregon Coast Range: Evidence for an equilibrium between hillslope erosion and sediment yield, Earth Surf. Proc. Landforms, 16, 307-322, 1991.
86. Richter, D. D., Markewitz, D., Trumbore, S. E., and Wells, G. G.: Rapid accumulation and turnover of soil carbon in a reestablishing forest, Nature, 400, 56-58, 1999.
87. Rosenheim, B. E., Roe, K. M., Roberts, B. J., Kolker, A. S., Allison, M. A., and Johannesson, K. H.: River discharge influences on particulate organic carbon age structure in the Mississippi/Atchafalaya River System, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 27, 154-166, 2013.
88. Rozentsvet, O. A., Dembitsky, and N. M., and Zhuicova, V. S.: Lipids from macrophytes of the middle Volga, Phytochem., 38, 1209-1213, 1995.
89. Rozentsvet, O. A., Saksonov, S. V., and Dembitsky, V. M.: Hydrocarbons, fatty acids, and lipids of freshwater grasses of the Potamogetonaceae family, Biochemistry-USSRC, 67, 422-429, 2002.
90. Rühlmann J., Körschens, M., and Greafe, J.: A new approach to calculate the particle density of soils considering properties of the soil organic matter and the mineral matrix, Geoderma, 130, 272-283, 2006.
91. Rullkötter, J. and Michaelis, W.: The structure of kerogen and related materials. A review of recent progress and future trends, Org. Geochem., 16, 829-852, 1990.
92. Sampere, T. P., Bianchi, T. S., Wakeham, S. G., and Allison, M. A.: Sources of organic matter in surface sediments of the Louisiana continental margin: effects of primary depositional/transport pathways and Hurricane Ivan, Cont. Shelf Res., 28, 2472-2487, 2008.
93. Schoellhamer, D. H., Wright, S. A., and Drexler, J. Z.: Conceptual model of sedimentation in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, San Francisco Estuary Watershed Sci., 10, 1-25, 2012.
94. Schoellhamer, D. H., Wright, S. A., and Drexler, J. Z.: Adjustment of the San Francisco estuary and watershed to decreasing sediment supply in the 20th century, Mar. Geol., 345, 63-71, 2013.
95. Schreiner, K. M., Bianchi, T. S., Eglinton, T. I., Allison, M. A., and Hanna, A. J.: Sources of terrigenous inputs to surface sediments of the Colville River Delta and Simpson's Lagoon, Beaufort Sea, Alaska, J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeo., 118, 808-824, 2013.
96. Shang, C. and Tiessen, H.: Sequential versus parallel density fractionation of silt-sized organomineral complexes of tropical soils using metatungstate, Soil Biol. Biochem., 33, 259-262, 2001.
97. Sollins, P., Swanston, C., Kleber, M., Filley, T. Kramer, M., Crow, S., Caldwell, B. A., Lajtha, K., and Bowden, R.: Organic C and N stabilization in a forest oil: Evidence from sequential density fractionation, Soil. Biol Biochem., 38, 3313-3324, 2006.
98. Stankiewicz, B. A., Briggs, D. E. G., Michels, R., Collinson, M.E., Flannery, M. B., and Evershed, R. P.: Alternative origin of aliphatic polymer in kerogen, Geology, 28, 559-562, 2000.
99. Stuiver, M.: Workshop on 14C data reporting, Radiocarbon, 22, 964-966, 1980.
100. Stuiver M. and Polach, H. A.: Discussion: Reporting of 14C data, Radiocarbon, 19, 355-363, 1997.
101. Trumbore, S. E.: Radiocarbon and soil carbon dynamics, Annu. Rev. Earth Pl. Sc., 37, 47-66, 2009.
102. Trumbore, S. E., Vogel, and J. S., and Southon, J. R.: AMS 14C measurements of fractionated soil organic matter: An approach to deciphering the soil carbon cycle, Radiocarbon, 31, 644-654, 1989.
103. Veilleux, M.-H., Dickens, A. F., Brandes, J., and Gélinas Y.: Density separation of combustion-derived soot and petrogenic graphitic black carbon: Quantification and isotopic characterization, in: From Deep-Sea to Coastal Zones: Methods and Techniques For Studying Paleoenvironments, IOP Conf. Series, Earth and Environ. Sci., 5, 1-9, 2010.
104. Volkman, J. K.: Lipid markers for marine organic matter, in: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol. 2, Reactions and Processes, Part N, Marine Organic Matter: Biomarkers, Isotopes and DNA, edited by: Hutzinger, O. and Volkman, J. K., Springer, Berlin, 27-70, 2006.
105. Volkman, J. K., Barrett, S. M., Blackburn, S. I., Mansouri, M. P., Sikes, E. L., and Gelin, F.: Microalgal biomarkers: A review of recent research developments, Org. Geochem., 29, 1163-1169, 1998.
106. von Reden, K. F., Schneider, R. F., McNichol, A. P., and Pearson, A. 14C-AMS measurements of 100 g samples with a highcurrent system Radiocarbon, 40, 247-253, 1998
107. Wakeham, S. G., Lee, C, Hedges, J. I., Hernes, P. J., and Peterson, M. L.: Molecular indicators of diagenetic status in marine organic matter, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 61, 5363-5369, 1997.
108. Wakeham, S. G., McNichol, A. P., Kostka, J., and Pease, T. K.: Natural abundance radiocarbon as a tracer of assimilation of petroleum carbon by bacteria in salt marsh sediments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 70, 1761-1771, 2006.
109. Wakeham, S. G., Canuel, E. A., Lerberg, E. J., Mason, P., Sampere, T., and Bianchi T.: Partitioning of organic matter in continental margin sediments among density fractions, Mar. Chem., 115, 211-225, 2009.
110. Waterson, E. J. and Canuel, E. A.: Sources of sedimentary organic matter in the Mississippi River and adjacent Gulf of Mexico as revealed by lipid biomarker and 13CTOC analyses, Org. Geochem., 39, 422-439, 2008.
111. Weiler, R. R. and Mills, A. A.: Surface properties and pore structure of marine sediments, Deep-Sea Res., 12, 511-529, 1965.
112. Wright, S. A., and Schoellhamer, D. H.: Trends in the sediment yield of the Sacramento River, California, 1957-2001, San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science, 2, 1-14, 2004.
113. Wright, S. A. and Schoellhamer, D. H.: Estimating sediment budgets at the interface between rivers and estuaries with application to the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, Water Resour. Res., 41, W09428, doi:10.1029/2004WR003753, 2005