Physical exercise training for cystic fibrosis

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2015, Issue 6, 2015, Pages

  Radtke, Thomas ^a   Nolan, Sarah J ^b   Hebestreit, Helge ^c   Kriemler, Susi ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WÜRZBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLUCOSE;

AEROBIC EXERCISE; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY FAT; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DUAL ENERGY X RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; EXERCISE INTENSITY; FAT MASS; FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME; FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HEART RATE; HOMEOSTASIS MODEL ASSESSMENT; HUMAN; MAXIMAL EXPIRATORY PRESSURE; MAXIMAL INSPIRATORY PRESSURE; MUSCLE STRENGTH; ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; OXYGEN SATURATION; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RESIDUAL VOLUME; REVIEW; SKINFOLD THICKNESS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY; TREADMILL EXERCISE; WORK CAPACITY; EXERCISE TOLERANCE; KINESIOTHERAPY; META ANALYSIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC);

CYSTIC FIBROSIS; EXERCISE THERAPY; EXERCISE TOLERANCE; HUMANS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC;

EID: 84957790662     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1469493X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002768.pub3     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. Cerny FJ. Relative effects of bronchial drainage and exercise for in-hospital care of patients with cystic fibrosis. Physical Therapy 1989;69(8):633-9. [CFGD Register: PE13]
2. Hebestreit A, Kriemler S, Kieser S, Junge S, Heilmann M, Ballmann M, et al. Effects of different conditioning programmes on aerobic capacity in CF [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 2003;36(Suppl 25):329. [CFGD Register: PE145a]
3. Hebestreit H, Kieser S, Junge S, Ballmann M, Hebestreit A, Schindler C, et al. Long-term effects of a partially supervised conditioning programme in cystic fibrosis. European Respiratory Journal 2010;35(3):578-83. [CFGD Register: PE145b]
4. Hebestreit H, Schmid K, Kieser S, Junge S, Ballmann M, Roth K, et al. Quality of life is associated with physical activity and fitness in cystic fibrosis. BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2014;14:26. [CFGD Register: PE145c//PE120c]
5. Hommerding PX, Baptista RR, Makarewicz GT, Schindel CS, Donadio MVF, Pinto LA, et al. Effects of an educational intervention of physical activity for children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis: a randomized controlled study. Respiratory Care 2015;60(1):81-7. [CFGD Register: PE194b]
6. Marostica PJ, Hommerding P, Makarewicz G, Baptista R, Donadio MV. Efficacy of an educational intervention of physical activity for children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis [abstract]. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2012;11 Suppl 1:S36, Abstract no: WS16.6. [CFGD Register: PE194a]
7. Schindel CS, Hommerding PX, Melo DAS, Baptista RR, Marostica PJC, Donadio MVF. Physical exercise recommendations improve postural changes found in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Pediatrics 2015;166(3):710-6. [CFGD Register: PE194c]
8. Klijn PH, Oudshoorn A, van der Ent CK, ann der Net J, Helders PJ. Effects of anaerobic training in children with cystic fibrosis: a randomised controlled study. Chest 2004;125(4):1299-305. [CFGD Register: PE147]
9. Hebestreit H, Schmid K, Kieser S, Junge S, Ballmann M, Roth K, et al. Quality of life is associated with physical activity and fitness in cystic fibrosis. BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2014;14:26. [CFGD Register: PE145c//PE120c]
10. Kriemler S, Hebestreit A, Kieser S, Bachmann M, Hebestreit H. Six months of training improves lung function and aerobic performance in CF [abstract]. Abstracts of the 24th European Cystic Fibrosis Conference 6-9 June 2001; Vienna. 2001:P62. [CFGD Register: PE120a]
11. 1 in cystic fibrosis: A randomised controlled trial. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2013;12(6):714-20. [CFGD Register: PE120b]
12. Michel SH, Darbee JC, Pequignot E. Exercise, body composition and strength in cystic fibrosis [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 1989;Suppl 4:116. [CFGD Register: PE40]
13. Dodd ME, Moorcroft AJ, Webb AK. Improved fitness and decreased symptoms of muscle fatigue for upper and lower body following an individualised unsupervised home exercise training programme in adults with cystic fibrosis [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 1998;Suppl 17:347. [CFGD Register: PE97a]
14. Moorcroft AJ, Dodd ME, Morris J, Webb AK. Individualised unsupervised exercise training in adults with cystic fibrosis: a 1 year randomised controlled trial. Thorax 2004;59(12):1074-80. [CFGD Register: PE97c]
15. Moorcroft AJ, Dodd ME, Webb AK. Individualised home exercise training in CF - a one-year trial [abstract]. Proceedings of the XIIIth International Cystic Fibrosis Congress; 2000 June 4-8; Stockholm, Sweden. 2000:153. [CFGD Register: PE97b]
16. Rovedder PM, Flores J, Ziegler B, Casarotto F, Jaques P, Baretto SS, et al. Exercise programme in patients with cystic fibrosis: A randomized controlled trial. Respiratory Medicine 2014;108(8):1134-40. [CFGD Register: PE214]
17. Santana-Sosa E, Groeneveld IF, Gonzalez-Saiz L, Lopez-Mojares LM, Villa-Asensi JR, Barrio Gonzalez MI, et al. Intrahospital weight and aerobic training in children with cystic fibrosis: a randomized controlled trial. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2012;44(1):2-11. [CFGD Register: PE191]
18. Santana-Sosa E, Gonzalez-Saiz L, Groeneveld IF, Villa-Asensi JR, Barrio Gomez de Aguero MI, Fleck SJ, et al. Benefits of combining inspiratory muscle with 'whole muscle' training in children with cystic fibrosis: a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2014;48(20):1513-7. [CENTRAL: 874806; CFGD Register: PE201; CRS: 5500125000000097; PUBMED: 23681502]
19. Reisman JJ, Schneiderman-Walker J, Corey M, Wilkes D, Pedder L, Levison H, et al. The role of an organized exercise program in cystic fibrosis - A three year study [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 1995;Suppl 12:261. [CENTRAL: 291537; CFGD Register: PE58a; CRS: 5500100000001555]
20. Schneiderman-Walker J, Pollock SL, Corey M, Wilkes DD, Canny G, Pedder L, et al. A randomised controlled trial of a 3-year home exercise program in cystic fibrosis. Journal of Pediatrics 2000;136(3):304-10. [CFGD Register: PE58b]
21. Selvadurai HC, Blimkie CJ, Meyers N, MellisCM, Cooper PJ, Van Asperen PP. Randomized controlled study of in-hospital exercise training programs in children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatric Pulmonology 2002;33(3):194-200. [CFGD Register: PE107b]
22. Selvadurai HC, Van Asperen PP, Cooper PJ, Mellis CM, Blimkie CJ. A randomised controlled study of in-hospital exercise training programs in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 1999;Suppl 19:287-8. [CFGD Register: PE107a]
23. Turchetta A, Bella S, Calzolari A, Castro M, Ciuffetti C, Drago F, et al. Effect of controlled physical activity on lung function test of cystic fibrosis children [abstract]. Proceedings of the 17th European Cystic Fibrosis Conference; 1991 June 18-21; Copenhagen. 1991:134. [CFGD Register: PE45]
24. Alarie N, Chan R, Thomas L, Marasco J, Amelie P, Nan W, et al. Cardiorespiratory responses to Nintendo Wii in children with cystic fibrosis: a pilot study [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 2012;47(S35):367, Abstract no: 399. [CFGD Register: PE196]
25. Albinni S, Rath R, Renner S, Eichler I. Additional inspiratory muscle training intensifies the beneficial effects of cycle ergometer training in patients with cystic fibrosis [abstract]. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2004;3(Suppl 1):S63.
26. Eichler I, Renner S, Albinni S, Nachbaur E, Rath R. Inspiratory muscle training adds beneficial effects to cycle ergometer training in patients with cystic fibrosis [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 2005;40(Suppl 28):320.
27. Amelina E, Cherniak A, Chikina S, Krasovsky S, Appaeva A. Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) in cystic fibrosis adults [abstract]. Proceedings of European Respiratory Society Annual Congress; 2006 Sep 2-6; Munich, Germany. 2006:Abstract no: P4112. [CFGD Register: PE177]
28. Andreasson B, Jonson B, Kornfalt R, Nordmark E, Sandstrom S. Long-term effects of physical exercise on working capacity and pulmonary function in cystic fibrosis. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 1987;76(1):70-5.
29. Aquino A, Balestri E, Dall Ara S, Lami I, Gobb F, Ambroni M, Miano A. Efficacy of physical exercise playing a video game for mucus clearance in patients with CF [abstract]. Jounal of Cystic Fibrosis 2006;5(Suppl):S83.
30. Asher M, Pardy R, Coates A, Thomas E, Macklem PT. The effects of inspiratory muscle training in patients with cystic fibrosis [abstract]. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 1983;13:204. [CFGD Register: PE127a]
31. Asher MI, Pardy RL, Coates AL, Thomas E, Macklem PT. The effects of inspiratory muscle training in patients with cystic fibrosis. American Review of Respiratory Disease 1982;126(5):855-9. [CFGD Register: PE127b]
32. Balestri E, Ambroni M, dall'Ara S, Miano A. Efficacy of physical exercise for mucus clearance in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 2004;38(S27):316.
33. Balfour Lynn IM, Prasad SA, Laverty A, Whitehead BF, Dinwiddie R. A step in the right direction: assessing exercise tolerance in cystic fibrosis. Pediatric Pulmonology 1998;25(4):278-84. [CENTRAL: 462732; CFGD Register: PE69b; CRS: 5500100000002462]
34. Balfour-Lynn IM, Prasad SA, Laverty A, Whitehead BF, Dinwiddie R. Step-test vs 6-minute walk: Assessing exercise tolerance in children with cystic fibrosis [abstract]. Pediatric pulmonology 1996;Suppl 13:305. [CFGD Register: PE69a]
35. Barry S, Dodd J, Jensma M, Gallagher C. Benefits of high intensity strength training in adults with cystic fibrosis [abstract]. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2001;163(5 Suppl):A968. [CFGD Register: PE133b]
36. Barry S, Dodd J, Jensma M, Gallagher C. High intensity strength training improves fitness levels in adults with cystic fibrosis [abstract]. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2002;165(8 Suppl):A507. [CFGD Register: PE133a]
37. Bilton D, Dodd M, Webb AK. The benefits of exercise combined with physiotherapy in cystic fibrosis [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 1990;9(Suppl 5):238. [CFGD Register: PE41a]
38. Bilton D, Dodd ME, Abbot JV, Webb AK. The benefits of exercise combined with physiotherapy in the treatment of adults with cystic fibrosis. Respiratory Medicine 1992;86(6):507-11. [CFGD Register: PE41b]
39. Chatham K, Ionescu A, Davis C, Baldwin J, Enright S, Shale DJ. Through range computer generated inspiratory muscle training in cystic fibrosis [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 1997;23(Suppl 14):299. [CFGD Register: PE90]
40. de Jong W, Grevink RG, Roorda RJ, Kaptein AA, van der Schans CP. Effect of a home exercise training program in patients with cystic fibrosis. Chest 1994;105(2):463-8.
41. del Corral Nunez-Flores T, Percegona J, Seborga M, Trujillo N, Hernandez L, Rejas A, et al. Exercise physiologic response during three different video games in cystic fibrosis [abstract]. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2011;10 Suppl 1:S64, Abstract no: 253. [CFGD Register: PE190a]
42. del Corral Nunez-Flores T, Percegona J, Seborga M, Trujillo N, Hernandez L, Rejas A, et al. Exercise physiologic response during three different video games in cystic fibrosis [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 2011;46(S34):353, Abstract no: 389. [CFGD Register: PE190b]
43. del Corral T, Percegona J, Seborga M, Rabinovich RA, Vilaro J. Physiological response during activity programs using Wii-based video games in patients with cystic fibrosis. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2014;13(6):706-711. [CFGD Register: PE190c]
44. Dwyer T, Alison J, McKeough Z, Daviskas E, Bye P. Exercise aids airway clearance by increasing respiratory flow rates and decreasing mucus viscoelasticity in CF [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 2008;43 Suppl 31:386, Abstract no: 513. [CFGD Register: PE188]
45. Adams TD, Edland LL, French RW, Herbst JJ, Ruttenberg HD, Ruhling RO. Effects of a swimming program on children with cystic fibrosis [abstract]. International Journal of Sports Medicine 1984;5:156. [CFGD Register: PE154a]
46. Edlund LD, French RW, Herbst JJ, Ruttenburg HD, Ruhling RO, Adams TD. Effects of a swimming program on children with cystic fibrosis. American Journal of Diseases of Children 1986;140(1):80-3. [CFGD Register: PE154b]
47. Falk M, Kelstrup M, Andersen JB, Pedersen SS, Rossing I, Dirksen H. PEP treatment or physical exercise - Effects on secretions expectorated and indices of central and peripheral airway function. A controlled study [abstract]. Excerpta Medica, Asia Pacific Congress Series 1988;74:35. [CFGD Register: PE36]
48. Gruet M, Mely L, Brisswalter J, Vallier J-M. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation in cystic fibrosis [abstract]. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2012;11 Suppl 1:S109, Abstract no: 208. [CFGD Register: PE195]
49. Heijerman HGM, Bakker W, Sterk PJ, Dijkman JH. Long-term effects of exercise training and hyperlimentation in adult cystic fibrosis patients with severe pulmonary dysfunction. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research 1992;15(3):252-7.
50. Irons JY, Kenny D, Chang AB. Let's sing out!: The effect of singing on quality of life and lung function of children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis. www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ID=83944 (accessed 10 September 2009). [CFGD Register: PE185a]
51. Irons JY, Kenny DT, McElrea M, Chang AB. Singing therapy for young people with cystic fibrosis: a randomized controlled pilot study. Music and Medicine 2012;4(3):136-45. [CENTRAL: 861294; CFGD Register: PE185b; CRS: 5500100000007892]
52. Hall K, Peasey M, Wood M, Cobb R, Bell SC, Kuys S. The effects of Nintendo Wii exercise training in adults with cystic fibrosis [abstract]. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2010;9(Suppl 1):A275. [CFGD Register: PE184a]
53. Kuys SS, Hall K, Peasey M, Wood M, Cobb R//Bell SC. Gaming console exercise and cycle or treadmill exercise provide similar cardiovascular demand in adults with cystic fibrosis: a randomised cross-over trial. Journal of Physiotherapy 2011;57(1):35-40. [CFGD Register: PE184b]
54. Lannefors L, Wollmer P. Mucus clearance in cystic fibrosis (CF) - a comparison between postural drainage, PEP-mask and physical exercise [abstract]. Proceedings of the 11th International Cystic Fibrosis Congress. 1992:AHP31. [CFGD Register: PE46a]
55. Lannefors L, Wollmerr P. Mucus clearance with three chest physiotherapy regimes in CF: a comparison between postural drainage, PEP and physical exercise. European Respiratory Journal 1992;5(6):748-53. [CFGD Register: PE46b]
56. Lima CA, De Andrade ADFD, Campos SL, Brandao DC, Fregonezi, Mourato IP, et al. Effects of noninvasive ventilation on treadmill 6-min walking distance and regional chest wall volumes in cystic fibrosis: randomized controlled trial. Respiratory Medicine 2014;108(10):1460-8. [CFGD Register: PE216]
57. Lowman JD, Britton LJ, Lee LS, Phillips AL, Hoover WC. Comprehensive exercise training during hospitalization for an acute CF exacerbation: a randomized controlled trial [abstract]. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2012;11 Suppl 1:S23, Abstract no: WS10.5. [CFGD Register: PE192]
58. Orenstein DM, Franklin BA, Doershuk CF, Hellerstein HK, Germann KJ, Horowitz JG, et al. Exercise conditioning and cardiopulmonary fitness in CF. The effects of a three-month supervised running program. Chest 1981;80(4):392-8. [CFGD Register: PE92]
59. Orenstein DM, Hovell MF, Mulvihill M, Keating KK, Hofstetter CR, Kelsey S, et al. Strength vs aerobic training in children with cystic fibrosis: a randomised controlled trial. Chest 2004;126(4):1204-14. [CFGD Register: PE165]
60. Petrovic M, Kaluza I, Pohl W. Effects of individualised aerobic exercise training in adults with cystic fibrosis: A 4 year controlled trial [abstract]. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2013;12 Suppl 1:S28, Abstract no: WS14.4. [CENTRAL: 875002; CFGD Register: PE204; CRS: 5500100000011658]
61. Rand S, Hill L, Prasad SA, Main E. Development of an incremental field exercise test for children with cystic fibrosis [abstract]. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2012;11 Suppl 1:S36, Abstract no: WS16.7. [CFGD Register: PE193]
62. Reix P, Aubert F, Kassai B, Bige V, Bellon G. Better satisfaction of cystic fibrosis paediatric patients with autogenic drainage associated to exercise compared to conventional chest physiotherapy [abstract]. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2009;8 suppl 2:S73, Abstract no: 293. [CFGD Register: PE183a]
63. Reix P, Aubert F, Werck-Gallois MC, Toutain A, Mazzocchi C, Moreux N, et al. Exercise with incorporated expiratory manoeuvres was as effective as breathing techniques for airway clearance in children with cystic fibrosis: a randomised crossover trial. Journal of Physiotherapy 2012;58(4):241-7. [CENTRAL: 841658; CFGD Register: PE183b; CRS: 5500125000000095; PUBMED: 23177226]
64. Salh W, Bilton D, Dodd M, Webb AK. Effect of exercise and physiotherapy in aiding sputum expectoration in adults with cystic fibrosis. Thorax 1989;44(12):1006-8. [CFGD Register: PE63]
65. Salonini E, Gambazza S, Tridello G, Sanguanini M, Cazzarolli C. Kinect active video game in cystic fibrosis: Exercise or fun? [abstract]. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2013;12 Suppl 1:S108, Abstract no: 233. [CENTRAL: 875196; CFGD Register: PE207; CRS: 5500100000011679]
66. Stanghelle JK, Hjeltnes N, Bangstad HJ, Michalsen H. Effect of daily short bouts of trampoline exercise during 8 weeks on the pulmonary function and the maximal oxygen uptake of children with cystic fibrosis. International Journal of Sports Medicine 1988;9 Suppl 1:32-6. [CENTRAL: 568629; CFGD Register: PE155; CRS: 5500100000002860; PUBMED: 3360541]
67. Tuzin BJ, Mulvihill MM, Kilbourn KM, Bertran DA, Buono M, Hovell MF, et al. Increasing physical activity of children with cystic fibrosis: A home based family intervention. Pediatric Exercise Science 1998;10(1):57-68.
68. Vivodtzev I, Decorte N, Wuyam B, Gonnet N, Durieu I, Levy P, et al. Benefits of neuromuscular electrical stimulation prior to endurance training in patients with cystic fibrosis and severe pulmonary dysfunction. Chest 2013;143(2):485-93. [CENTRAL: 906021; CFGD Register: PE201a; CRS: 5500050000000005; EMBASE: 22911373; PUBMED: 22911373]
69. Vivodtzev I, Decorte N, Wuyam B, Gonnet N, Durieu I, Levy P, et al. Online supplement to "Benefits of neuromuscular electrical stimulation prior to endurance training in patients with cystic fibrosis and severe pulmonary dysfunction" [online]. Chest 2013;143(2):485-93 online. [CENTRAL: 980643; CFGD Register: PE201b; CRS: 5500125000000610]
70. Almajan-Guta B, Avram C, Almajan-Guta V, Rusu A, Ciuca I, Cluci O, et al. High motivation for playing sports in cystic fibrosis - what we play is life [abstract]. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2011;10 Suppl 1:S64, Abstract no: 254. [CFGD Register: PE189]
71. Phillips AL, Lee L, Britton LJ, Hoover W, Lowman JD. Efficacy of a standardised exercise protocol in inpatient care of patients with cystic fibrosis [abstract]. Pediatric Pulmonology 2008;43(Suppl 31):385, Abstract 510. [CFGD Register: PE182]
72. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing prescription. 8th Edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Williams, 2010.
73. Casaburi R. Principles of exercise training. Chest 1992;101(Suppl 5):263S-7S.
74. Cerny F. Exercise and cystic fibrosis (CF) 2.0. Pediatric Exercise Science 2013;25(4):616-23.
75. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. Patient Registry: Annual Data Report. Patient Registry: Annual Data Report. [Bethesda, Maryland], 2002.
76. Cystic Fibrosis Trust. Living with Cystic Fibrosis: Annual Review. Cystic Fibrosis Trust, 2010.
77. Dwyer TJ, Alison JA, McKeough ZJ, Daviskas E, Bye PT. Effects of exercise on respiratory flow and sputum properties in patients with cystic fibrosis. Chest 2011;139(4):870-7.
78. Elbourne DR, Altman DG, Higgins JP, Curtin F, Worthington HV, Vail A. Meta-analyses involving cross-over trials: methodological issues. International Journal of Epidemiology 2002;31(1):140-9.
79. Ellis, PD The Essential Guide to Effect Sizes: An Introduction to Statistical Power, Meta-Analysis and the Interpretation of Research Results. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
80. Farrell PM. The prevalence of cystic fibrosis in the European Union. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2008;7(5):450-3.
81. Galassetti P, Riddell MC. Exercise and type 1 diabetes (T1DM). Comprehensive Physiology 2013;3(3):1309-36.
82. Hebestreit A, Kersting U, Basler B, Jeschke R, Hebestreit H. Exercise inhibits epithelial sodium channels in patients with cystic fibrosis. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2001;164(3):443-6.
83. Hebestreit H, Schmid K, Kieser S, Junge S, Ballmann M, Roth K, et al. Quality of life is associated with physical activity and fitness in cystic fibrosis. BMC Pulmonary Medicine 2014;14:26.
84. Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003;327(7414):557-60.
85. Higgins JPT, Altman DG (editors). Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
86. Hopewell S, Loudon K, Clarke MJ, Oxman AD, Dickersin K. Publication bias in clinical trials due to statistical significance or direction of trial results. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2009, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.MR000006.pub3]
87. Houston BW, Mills N, Solis-Moya A. Inspiratory muscle training for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 11. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006112.pub3]
88. Nixon PA, Orenstein DM, Kelsey SF, Doerschuk CF. The prognostic value of exercise testing in patients with cystic fibrosis. New England Journal of Medicine 1992;327(25):1785-8.
89. O'Neill PA, Dodds M, Phillips B, Poole J, Webb AK. Regular exercise and reduction of breathlessness in patients with cystic fibrosis. British Journal of Diseases of the Chest 1987;81(1):62-9.
90. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
91. Ruf K, Winkler B, Hebestreit A, Gruber W, Hebestreit H. Risks associated with exercise testing and sports participation in cystic fibrosis. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2010;9(5):339-45.
92. Schneiderman JE, Wilkes DL, Atenafu EG, Nguyen T, Wells GD, Alarie N, et al. Longitudinal relationship between physical activity and lung health in patients with cystic fibrosis. European Respiratory Journal 2014;43(3):817-23.
93. Shephard RJ. Aerobic Fitness and Health. Leeds, England: Human Kinetic Publishers, 1994.
94. Tejero García S, Giráldez Sánchez MA, Cejudo P, Quintana Gallego E, Dapena J, García Jiménez R, et al. Bone health, daily physical activity, and exercise tolerance in patients with cystic fibrosis. Chest 2011;140(2):475-81.
95. Bradley JM, Moran F. Physical training for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2002, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002768]
96. Bradley JM, Moran F. Physical training for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002768.pub2]