8.03 - Resource Assessment for Wave Energy

Comprehensive Renewable Energy

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 11-77

  Mackay, E B L ^a  

^a DNV GL   (Norway)

Author keywords

Extremes; Variability; Wave climate; Wave measurements; Wave modeling; Wave parameters; Wave resource; Wave spectra

Indexed keywords

EID: 84957775097     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-087872-0.00803-9     Document Type: Chapter

References (191)

1. S.O. Rice (1944) The mathematical analysis of random noise. Bell Systems Technical Journal 23 282-332.
2. S.O. Rice (1945) The mathematical analysis of random noise. Bell Systems Technical Journal 24 46-156.
3. I.R. Young and G.P. van Vledder (1993) A review of the central role of nonlinear interactions in wind-wave evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A 342 505-524.
4. L.H. Holthuijsen (2007) Waves in Oceanic and Coastal Waters. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
5. Bretschneider CL (1959) Wave variability and wave spectra for wind generated gravity waves. Technical Memorandum No. 118. Washington, DC: Beach Erosion Board, US Army Corps of Engineers.
6. W.J. Pierson and L. Moskowitz (1964) A proposed spectral form for fully developed wind seas based on the similarity theory of S. A. Kitaigorodskii. Journal of Geophysical Research 69(24), 5181-5190.
7. K. Hasselmann, T.P. Barnett and E. Bouws (1973) Measurements of wind wave growth and swell decay during the Joint North Sea Wave Project (JONSWAP). Deutsche Pharmazeutische Gesellschaft A8 1-95.
8. M.K. Ochi and E.N. Hubble (1976) Six-parameter wave spectra. Proceedings of the 15th Coastal Engineering Conference Honolulu, HI: ASCE 301-328.
9. E. Bouws, H. Gunther, W. Rosenthal and C.L. Vincent (1985) Similarity of the wind wave spectrum in finite depth. Part 1: Spectral form. Journal of Geophysical Research 90(C1), 975-986.
10. I.R. Young and A.V. Babanin (2006) The form of the asymptotic depth-limited wind wave frequency spectrum. Journal of Geophysical Research 111 C06031.
11. C. Guedes Soares (1984) Representation of double-peaked sea wave spectra. Ocean Engineering 11 185-207.
12. K. Torsethaugen (1993) A two peak wave spectrum model. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering vol. 2 New York: ASME 175-180.
13. K. Torsethaugen and S. Haver (2004) Simplified double peak spectral model for ocean waves. Proceedings of the 14th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Toulon, France
14. A.V. Boukhanovsky and C. Guedes Soares (2009) Modelling of multipeaked directional wave spectra. Applied Ocean Research 31 132-141.
15. D.E. Cartwright (1963) The use of directional spectra in studying output of a wave recorder on a moving ship. Ocean Wave Spectra: Proceedings of a Conference (National Academy of Sciences) Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall 203-219. 23-28 May 2004
16. K.C. Ewans (1998) Observations of the directional spectrum of fetch-limited waves. Journal of Physical Oceanography 28 495-512.
17. P.A. Hwang, D.W. Wang, E.J. Walsh, et al. (2000) Airborne measurements of the wavenumber spectra of ocean surface waves. Part II: Directional distribution. Journal of Physical Oceanography 30(11), 2768-2787.
18. I.R. Young, L.A. Verhagen and M.L. Banner (1995) A note on the bimodal directional spreading of fetch-limited waves. Journal of Geophysical Research 100(C1), 773-778.
19. M.A. Donelan, J. Hamilton and W.H. Hui (1985) Directional spectra of wind-generated waves. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A 315 509-562.
20. D.E. Hasselmann, M. Dunckel and J.A. Ewing (1980) Directional wave spectra observed during JONSWAP 1973. Journal of Physical Oceanography 10 1264-1280.
21. H. Mitsuyasu, F. Tasai, T. Suhara, et al. (1975) Observations of the directional spectrum of ocean waves using a cloverleaf buoy. Journal of Physical Oceanography 5(4), 750-760.
22. K.C. Ewans (2001) Directional spreading in ocean swell. Proceedings of the Ocean Wave Measurement and Analysis San Francisco, CA: ASCE 517-529.
23. DTI (2007) Preliminary wave energy performance protocol. DTI Report 07/807. London: DTI.
24. G.H. Smith, V. Venugopal and J. Falsham (2006) Wave spectral bandwidth as a measure of available wave power. Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on OMAE 2006 Hamburg, Germany, 4-10 June
25. M.A. Kerbiriou, M. Prevosto, C. Maisondieu, et al. (2007) Influence of sea-states description on wave energy production assessment. Proceedings of the 7th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference Porto, Portugal, 11-13 September 2007
26. M.J. Tucker and E.G. Pitt (2001) Waves in Ocean Engineering. London: Elsevier Science Ltd.
27. G.Z. Forristall, S.F. Barstow, H.E. Krogstad, et al. (2004) Wave crest sensor intercomparison study: An overview of WACSIS. Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 126(1), 26-34.
28. T. Pedersen and E. Siegel (2008) Wave measurements from subsurface buoys. Proceedings of the IEEE/OES/CMTC 9th Working Conference on Current Measurement Technology Charleston, NC: IEEE 224-233.
29. Kahma K, Hauser D, Krogstad HE, et al. (2005) Measuring and analysing the directional spectra of ocean waves. EU COST Action 714, EUR 21367, 92-898-0003-8.
30. F. Collard, F. Ardhuin and B. Chapron (2005) Extraction of coastal ocean wave fields from SAR images. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 30(3), 526-533.
31. J. Schulz-Stellenfleth, T. Konig and S. Lehner (2007) An empirical approach for the retrieval of integral ocean wave parameters from synthetic aperture radar data. Journal of Geophysical Research 112 C03019. 10.1029/2006JC003970
32. J. Schulz-Stellenfleth, S. Lehner and D. Hoja (2005) A parametric scheme for the retrieval of two-dimensional ocean wave spectra from synthetic aperture radar look cross spectra. Journal of Geophysical Research 110 C05004. 10.1029/2004JC002822
33. N. Violante-Carvalho, I.S. Robinson and J. Schulz-Stellenfleth (2005) Assessment of ERS synthetic aperture radar wave spectra retrieved from the Max-Planck-Institut (MPI) scheme through intercomparisons of 1 year of directional buoy measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research 110 C07019. 10.1029/2004JC002382
34. S. Abdalla, J.R. Bidlot and P. Janssen (2006) Global validation and assimilation of Envisat ASAR wave mode spectra. Proceedings of SEASAR 2006: Advances in SAR Oceanography from Envisat and ERS Missions Frascati, Italy: European Space Agency 24-26 January 2006
35. S.K. Gulev and V. Grigorieva (2004) Last century changes in ocean wind wave height from global visual wave data. Geophysical Research Letters 31 L24302. 10.1029/2004GL021040
36. S.K. Gulev and V. Grigorieva (2006) Variability of the winter wind waves and swell in the North Atlantic and North Pacific as revealed by the voluntary observing ship data. Journal of Climate 19 5667-5685.
37. S.K. Gulev, V. Grigorieva, A. Sterl and D. Woolf (2003) Assessment of the reliability of wave observations from voluntary observing ships: Insights from the validation of a global wind wave climatology based on voluntary observing ship data. Journal of Geophysical Research 108 3236. 10.1029/2002JC001437
38. I.D. James (1986) A note on the theoretical comparison of wave staff and wave rider buoys in steep gravity waves. Ocean Engineering 13 209-214.
39. M.S. Longuet-Higgins (1986) Eulerian and Lagrangian aspects of surface waves. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 173 683-707.
40. H.P. Joosten (2006) Wave buoys and their elastic mooring. International Ocean Systems 10(3), 18-21.
41. P.J. Rademakers (1993) Waverider-wavestaff comparison. Ocean Engineering 20(2), 187-193.
42. G.Z. Forristall (2000) Wave crest distributions: Observations and second-order theory. Journal of Physical Oceanography 30(8), 1931-1943.
43. M. Prevosto, H.E. Krogstad and A. Robin (2000) Probability distributions for maximum wave and crest heights. Coastal Engineering 40 329-360.
44. D.E. Barrick, B.J. Lipa and K.E. Steele (1989) Comments on theory and application of calibration techniques for an NDBC directional wave measurements buoy: Nonlinear effects. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 14(3), 268-272.
45. K.E. Steele, J. Lau and Y.H. Hsu (1985) Theory and application of calibration techniques for an NDBC directional wave measurements buoy. Ocean Engineering 10(4), 382-396.
46. J. Allender, T. Audunson, S.F. Barstow, et al. (1989) The WADIC project: A comprehensive field evaluation of directional wave instrumentation. Ocean Engineering 16(5-6), 505-536.
47. H.P. Joosten (2006) Directional wave buoys and their elastic mooring. International Ocean Systems 10(4), 18-21.
48. K.E. Steele (1996) Ocean current kinematic effects on pitch-roll buoy observations of mean wave direction and nondirectional spectra. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 14 278-293.
49. H.E. Krogstad, S.F. Barstow, S.E. Aasen and I. Rodriguez (1999) Some recent developments in wave buoy measurement technology. Coastal Engineering 37 309-329.
50. J. de Vries, J. Waldron and V. Cunningham (2003) Field tests of the new Datawell DWR-G GPS wave buoy. Sea Technology 44(12), 50-55.
51. G. Rodríguez, C. Guedes Soares and U. Machado (1999) Uncertainty of the sea state parameters resulting from the methods of spectral estimation. Ocean Engineering 26 991-1002.
52. S.R. Massel (2001) Wavelet analysis for processing of ocean surface wave records. Ocean Engineering 28 957-987.
53. M. Benoit, P. Frigaard and H.A. Schaffer (1997) Analysing multidirectional wave spectra: A tentative classification of available methods. Proceedings of the IAHR Seminar: Multidirectional Waves and Their Interaction with Structures, 27th IAHR Congress San Francisco, CA, USA, August
54. M.S. Longuet-Higgins, D.E. Cartwright and N.D. Smith (1963) Observations of the directional spectrum of sea waves using the motions of a floating buoy. Ocean Wave Spectra: Proceedings of a Conference (National Academy of Sciences) Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall 111-136.
55. A.J. Kuik, G.P. Van Vledder and L.H. Holthuijsen (1988) A method for the routine analysis of pitch-roll-heave buoy wave data. Journal of Physical Oceanography 18 1020-1034.
56. S.S. Pawka (1983) Island shadows in wave directional spectra. Journal of Geophysical Research 88 2579-2591.
57. J. Oltman-Shay and R.T. Guza (1984) A data-adaptive ocean wave directional-spectrum estimator for pitch-roll type measurements. Journal of Physical Oceanography 14 1800-1810.
58. H.E. Krogstad, R.L. Gordon and M.C. Miller (1988) High-resolution directional wave spectra from horizontally mounted acoustic Doppler current meters. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 5 340-352.
59. A. Lygre and H.E. Krogstad (1986) Maximum entropy estimation of the directional distribution in ocean wave spectra. Journal of Physical Oceanography 16 2052-2060.
60. K. Kobune and N. Hashimoto (1986) Estimation of directional spectra from the maximum entropy principle. Proceedings of the 5th International Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering Symposium vol. 1 Tokyo, Japan: ASME 80-85.
61. F.P. Brissette and I.K. Tsanis (1994) Estimation of wave directional spectra from pitch-roll buoy data. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering 120(1), 93-115.
62. T. Kim, L. Lin and H. Wang (1994) Application of the maximum entropy method to the real sea data. Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Coastal Engineering Kobe, Japan: American Society of Civil Engineers 340-355.
63. O.U. Nwogu, E.P.D. Mansard, M.D. Miles and M. Isaacson (1987) Estimation of directional wave spectra by the maximum entropy method. Proceedings of the 17th IAHR Seminar Lausanne, Switzerland. 1-4 September 1987
64. National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) (2003) Handbook of automated data quality control checks and procedures of the National Data Buoy Center. Technical Document 03-02. Hancock County, MS: Stennis Space Center.
65. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (2005) Second workshop report on the quality assurance of real-time ocean data. CCPO Technical Report Series No. 05-01, July 2005, Norfolk, VA, 48pp.
66. H.E. Krogstad, J. Wolf, S.P. Thompson and L.R. Wyatt (1999) Methods for intercomparison of wave data. Coastal Engineering 37 235-257.
67. M.A. Donelan and W.J. Pierson (1983) The sampling variability of estimates of spectra of wind-generated waves. Journal of Geophysical Research 88 4381-4392.
68. D.J.T. Carter and M.J. Tucker (1986) Uncertainties in environmental design criteria. Underwater Technology 12 2-8. 33
69. I.R. Young (1986) Probability distribution of spectral integrals. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering 112(4), 338-341.
70. G.Z. Forristall, J.C. Heideman, I.M. Leggett, et al. (1996) Effect of sampling variability on hindcast and measured wave heights. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering 122(5), 216-225. Discussion: Goda Y 124(4): 214
71. L.L. Fu and A. Cazenave (2001) Satellite Altimetry and Earth Sciences: A Handbook of Techniques and Applications. International Geophysics Series vol. 69 San Diego, CA: Academic Press
72. D. Chelton, E.J. Walsh and J.L. MacArthur (1989) Pulse compression and sea level tracking in satellite altimetry. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 6 407-438.
73. G.D. Quartly (1997) Achieving accurate altimetry across storms: Improved wind and wave estimates from C band. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 14(3), 705-715.
74. Y. Quilfen, J. Tournadre and B. Chapron (2006) Altimeter dual-frequency observations of surface winds, waves, and rain rate in tropical cyclone Isabel. Journal of Geophysical Research 111 C01004. 10.1029/2005JC003068
75. Y. Quilfen, B. Chapron and M. Serre (2004) Calibration/validation of an altimeter wave period model and application to TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1 altimeters. Marine Geodesy 27 535-549.
76. E.B.L. Mackay, C.H. Retzler, P.G. Challenor and C.P. Gommenginger (2008) A parametric model for ocean wave period from Ku-band altimeter data. Journal of Geophysical Research 113 C03029. 10.1029/2007JC004438
77. E.B.L. Mackay, C.H. Retzler, P.G. Challenor and A.S. Bahaj (2008) Wave energy resource assessment using satellite altimeter data. Proceedings of the ASME 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering (OMAE2008-57976) Lisbon, Portugal: ASME
78. D.J.T. Carter, P.G. Challenor and M.A. Srokosz (1992) An assessment of Geosat wave height and wind speed measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research 97(C7), 11383-11392.
79. P.G. Challenor, S. Foale and D.J. Webb (1990) Seasonal changes in the global wave climate measured by the Geosat altimeter. International Journal of Remote Sensing 11(12), 2205-2213.
80. I.R. Young and G.J. Holland (1996) Atlas of the Oceans: Wind and Wave Climate. Oxford: Pergamon Press 241pp
81. J. Tournadre (1993) Time and space scales of significant wave height. Journal of Geophysical Research 98(C3), 4727-4738.
82. S. Caires and A. Sterl (2003) Validation of ocean wind and wave data using triple collocation. Journal of Geophysical Research 108(C3), 3098.
83. Challenor PG and Cotton PD (2002) The joint calibration of altimeter and in situ wave heights. World Meteorological Organization Document Number WMO/TD-No. 1081, JCOMM Technical Report No. 13. Geneva, Switzerland: WMO.
84. J.F.R. Gower (1996) Intercalibration of wave and wind data from Topex/Poseidon and moored buoys off the west coast of Canada. Journal of Geophysical Research 101 3817-3829.
85. P.A.E.M. Janssen, S. Abdalla, H. Hersbach and J.R. Bidlot (2007) Error estimation of buoy, satellite and model wave height data. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 24 1665-1677.
86. P. Queffeulou (2004) Long-term validation of wave height measurements from altimeters. Marine Geodesy 27 495-510.
87. C.L. Cheng and J.W. Van Ness (1999) Statistical Regression with Measurement Error. London: Arnold
88. H.L. Tolman (1998) Effect of observation errors in linear regression and bin-average analyses. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 124 897-917.
89. H.E. Krogstad and S.F. Barstow (1999) Satellite wave measurements for coastal engineering applications. Coastal Engineering 37 283-307.
90. S. Barstow and H.E. Krogstad (1995) Wave climate assessment by satellite remote sensing. Proceedings of the 5th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE ’95) Hague, The Netherlands
91. P. Queffeulou and A. Bentamy (2007) Analysis of wave height variability using altimeter measurements: Application to the Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 24 2078-2092. 11-16 June 1995
92. D.K. Woolf, P.D. Cotton and P.G. Challenor (2003) Measurement of the offshore wave climate around the British Isles by satellite altimeter. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A 361 27-31.
93. I.R. Young (1994) Global ocean wave statistics obtained from satellite observations. Applied Ocean Research 16 235-248.
94. DTI (2004) Atlas of UK marine renewable energy resources: Technical report. DTI Report No. R.1106. ABPmer, Met Office, Garrad Hassan and Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory. London: DTI.
95. ESB International (2005) Accessible wave energy resource atlas: Ireland. Report No. 4D404A-R2. Marine Institute/Sustainable Energy Ireland. Dublin, Ireland: Marine Institute.
96. M.W. Dingemans (1997) Water Wave Propagation over Uneven Bottoms. Part 1: Linear Wave Propagation; Part 2: Non-Linear Wave Propagation. Advanced Series on Ocean Engineering vol. 13 Singapore: World Scientific
97. G.J. Komen, L. Cavaleri, M. Donelan, et al. (1994) Dynamics and Modelling of Ocean Waves. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
98. WAMDI Group (1988) The WAM model - A third generation ocean wave prediction model. Journal of Physical Oceanography 18(12), 1775-1810.
99. H.L. Tolman, B. Balasubramaniyan, L.D. Burroughs, et al. (2002) Development and implementation of wind-generated ocean surface wave models at NCEP. Weather and Forecasting 17 311-333.
100. S. Hasselmann, P. Lionello and K. Hasselmann (1997) An optimal interpolation scheme for the assimilation of spectral data. Journal of Geophysical Research 102(C7), 15823-15836.
101. P. Lionello, H. Gunther and P.A.E.M. Janssen (1992) Assimilation of altimeter data in a global third-generation wave model. Journal of Geophysical Research 97 14453-14474.
102. I.R. Young and Y. Eldeberky (1998) Observations of triad coupling of finite depth wind waves. Coastal Engineering 33(2-3), 137-154.
103. N. Booij, R.C. Ris and L.H. Holthuijsen (1999) A third-generation wave model for coastal regions. Part 1: Model description and validation. Journal of Geophysical Research 104(C4), 7649. (98JC02622)
104. M. Benoit, F. Marcos and F. Becq (1996) Development of a third generation shallow-water wave model with unstructured spatial meshing. Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Coastal Engineering (ICCE 1996) Orlando, FL: American Society of Civil Engineers 465-478.
105. Danish Hydraulic Institute (1996) MIKE 21, Elliptic-Mild-Slope Wave Module, Release 2.6, User Guide and Reference Manual.
106. L. Cavaleri, et al. (2007) Wave modelling - The state of the art. Progress in Oceanography 75 603-674.
107. Janssen PAEM (1998) On error growth in wave models. ECMWF Technical Memo 249, p. 12. Reading, UK: ECMWF.
108. W.E. Rogers, P.A. Wittmann, D.W.C. Wang, et al. (2005) Evaluations of global wave prediction at the Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center. Weather and Forecasting 20(5), 745-760.
109. H. Feng, D. Vandemark, Y. Quilfen, et al. (2006) Assessment of wind-forcing impact on a global wind-wave model using the TOPEX altimeter. Ocean Engineering 33 1431-1461.
110. H.L. Tolman (2002) Alleviating the Garden Sprinkler Effect in wind wave models. Ocean Modelling 4 269-289.
111. S. Ponce de Leon and C. Guedes Soares (2005) On the sheltering effect of islands in ocean wave models. Journal of Geophysical Research 110 C09020. 10.1029/2004JC002682
112. H.L. Tolman (2003) Treatment of unresolved islands and ice in wind wave models. Ocean Modelling 5 219-231.
113. Tolman HL (2002) Validation of WAVEWATCH III version 1.15 for a global domain. Technical Report 213. Camp Springs, MD: NOAA National Centers for Environmental Prediction.
114. L. Cavaleri (2006) Wave modelling - Where to go in the future. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 87(2), 207-214.
115. P.C. Liu, D.J. Schwab and R.E. Jensen (2002) Has wind-wave modelling reached its limit? Ocean Engineering 29 81-98.
116. P.A.E.M. Janssen (2008) Progress in ocean wave forecasting. Journal of Computational Physics 227 3572-3594.
117. J.R. Bidlot, D.J. Holmes, P.A. Wittmann, et al. (2002) Intercomparison of the performance of operational ocean wave forecasting systems with buoy data. Weather and Forecasting 17 287-310.
118. A.T. Cox and V.R. Swail (2001) A 40-year global reanalysis of ocean waves 1958-1997 (GROW). Journal of Geophysical Research 106(C2), 2313-2329.
119. E.B.L. Mackay, A.S. Bahaj and P.G. Challenor (2010) Uncertainty in wave energy resource assessment. Part 1: Historic data. Renewable Energy 10.1016/j.renene.2009.10.026
120. A.F. Falcão (2002) Wave-power absorption by a periodic linear array of oscillating water columns. Ocean Engineering 29 1163-1186.
121. D.L. Millar, H.C.M. Smith and D.E. Reeve (2007) Modelling analysis of the sensitivity of shoreline change to a wave farm. Ocean Engineering 34 884-901.
122. E.B.L. Mackay, A.S. Bahaj and P.G. Challenor (2010) Uncertainty in wave energy resource assessment. Part 2: Variability and predictability. Renewable Energy 10.1016/j.renene.2009.10.027
123. Mackay EBL (2009) Wave Energy Resource Assessment. PhD Thesis, University of Southampton.
124. V. Monbet, P. Ailliot and M. Prevosto (2007) Survey of stochastic models for wind and sea state time series. Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics 22(2), 113-126.
125. G.A. Athanassoulis and C.N. Stefanakos (1995) A nonstationary stochastic model for long-term time series of significant wave height. Journal of Geophysical Research 100(C8), 16149-16162.
126. C. Cunha and C. Guedes Soares (1999) On the choice of data transformation for modelling time series of significant wave height. Ocean Engineering 26 489-506.
127. C. Guedes Soares and C. Cunha (2001) Bivariate autoregressive models for time series of significant wave height and mean period. Coastal Engineering 40 297-311.
128. W. Hardle, J. Horowitz and J.P. Kreiss (2003) Bootstrap methods for time series. International Statistical Review 71(2), 435-459.
129. M.C. Deo, A. Jha, A.S. Chapekar and K. Ravikant (2001) Neural network for wave forecasting. Ocean Engineering 28 889-898.
130. O. Makarynskyy (2004) Improving wave predictions with artificial neural networks. Ocean Engineering 31 709-724.
131. D.K. Woolf, P.G. Challenor and P.D. Cotton (2002) The variability and predictability of the North Atlantic wave climate. Journal of Geophysical Research 107(C10), 3145.
132. M.S. Longuet-Higgins (1952) On the statistical distribution of the heights of sea waves. Journal of Marine Research 9 245-266.
133. M.A. Tayfun (1980) Narrow-band nonlinear sea waves. Journal of Geophysical Research 85(C3), 1548-1552.
134. M.S. Longuet-Higgins (1980) On the distribution of the heights of sea waves: Some effects of nonlinearity and finite bandwidth. Journal of Geophysical Research 85 1519-1523.
135. M. Onorato, L. Cavaleri, S. Fouques, et al. (2009) Statistical properties of mechanically generated surface gravity waves: A laboratory experiment in a three-dimensional wave basin. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 627 235-257.
136. A. Toffoli, M. Benoit, M. Onorato and E.M. Bitner-Gregersen (2009) The effect of third-order nonlinearity on statistical properties of random directional waves in finite depth. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 16 131-139.
137. G.Z. Forristall (2005) Understanding rogue waves: Are new physics really necessary? Proceedings of the 14th ‘Aha Huliko’a Hawaiian Winter Workshop Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii 29-35.
138. M.A. Tayfun and F. Fedele (2007) Wave-height distributions and nonlinear effects. Ocean Engineering 34 1631-1649.
139. P. Boccotti (1981) On the highest waves in a stationary Gaussian process. Atti Accademia Ligure di Scienze e Lettere 38 271-302.
140. F. Fedele and F. Arena (2005) Weakly nonlinear statistics of high random waves. Physics of Fluids 17(2), 026601. 1-10
141. M.A. Tayfun (2006) Statistics of nonlinear wave crests and groups. Ocean Engineering 33(11-12), 1589-1622.
142. S. Coles (2001) An Introduction to the Statistical Modelling of Extreme Values. London: Springer-Verlag
143. J. Al-Humoud, M.A. Tayfun and H. Askar (2000) Distribution of nonlinear wave crests. Ocean Engineering 29 1929-1943.
144. J.A. Ferreira and C. Guedes Soares (1999) Modelling the long-term distribution of significant wave height with the Beta and Gamma models. Ocean Engineering 26 713-725.
145. M. Mathiesen, Y. Goda, P. Hawkes, et al. (1994) Recommended practice for extreme wave analysis. Journal of Hydraulic Research 32(6), 803-814.
146. C. Guedes Soares and M.G. Scotto (2004) Application of the r largest-order statistics for long-term predictions of significant wave height. Coastal Engineering 51(5-6), 387-394.
147. R. Sobey and L. Orloff (1995) Triple annual maximum series in wave climate analyses. Coastal Engineering 26 135-151.
148. G. Van Vledder, Y. Goda, P. Hawkes, et al. (1993) Case studies of extreme wave analysis: A comparative analysis. O.T. Magoon, J.M. Hemsley (Eds) Ocean Wave Measurement and Analysis New York: American Society of Civil Engineers 978-992.
149. C. Guedes Soares and M.G. Scotto (2001) Modelling uncertainty of long-term predictions of significant wave height. Ocean Engineering 28 329-342.
150. Y. Goda, P. Hawkes, E. Mansard, et al. (1993) Intercomparison of extremal wave analysis methods using numerically simulated data. O.T. Magoon, J.M. Hemsley (Eds) Ocean Wave Measurement and Analysis New York: American Society of Civil Engineers 963-977.
151. C. Elsinghorst, P. Groeneboom, P. Jonathan, et al. (1998) Extreme value analysis of North Sea storm severity. Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 120(3), 177-183.
152. J.A. Ferreira and C. Guedes Soares (1998) An application of the peaks over threshold method to predict extremes of significant wave height. Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 120(3), 165-176.
153. A. Naess (1998) Statistical extrapolation of extreme value data based on the peaks over threshold method. Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 120 91-96.
154. P.H. Taylor and J.Y.K. Goh (2000) Extrapolation of long-term storm statistics, the POT method and data transformation. Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering (OMAE00-6127) ASME. New Orleans, 14-17 February 2000
155. C. Guedes Soares, R.G. Ferreira and M.G. Scotto (2003) On the prediction of extreme values of significant wave heights. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering (OMAE2003-37478) Cancun, Mexico, 8-13 June 2003
156. S. Caires and A. Sterl (2005) 100-Year return value estimates for ocean wind speed and significant wave height from the ERA-40 data. Journal of Climate 18(7), 1032-1048.
157. I.D. Morton, J. Bowers and G. Mould (1997) Estimating return period wave heights and wind speeds using a seasonal point process model. Coastal Engineering 31 305-326.
158. C.W. Anderson, D.J.T. Carter and P.D. Cotton (2001) Wave climate variability and impact on offshore design extremes. http://info.ogp.org.uk/metocean/JIPweek/att/WCEReport_2sided.pdf (accessed 23 December 2011) Report for Shell International and the Organization of Oil & Gas Producers, 90pp
159. M.R. Leadbetter, G. Lindgren and H. Rootzen (1983) Extremes and Related Properties of Random Sequences and Processes. New York: Springer-Verlag
160. J.A. Tawn (1988) An extreme-value theory model for dependent observations. Journal of Hydrology 101 227-250.
161. P.S. Tromans and L. Vanderschuren (1995) Response based design conditions in the North Sea: Application of a new method. Proceedings of the 27th Offshore Technology Conference (OTC 7683) Houston, TX, 1-4 May 1995
162. C.N. Stefanakos and G.A. Athanassoulis (2006) Extreme value predictions based on nonstationary time series of wave data. Environmetrics 17(1), 25-46.
163. P. de Zea Bermudez and S. Kotz (2009) Parameter estimation of the generalized Pareto distribution - Parts I and II. Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 10.1016/j.jspi.2008.11.019 and doi:10.1016/j.jspi.2008.11.020
164. J.R.M. Hosking and J.R. Wallis (1987) Parameter and quantile estimation for the generalized Pareto distribution. Technometrics 29 339-349.
165. D.J. Dupuis and M. Tsao (1998) A hybrid estimator for generalized Pareto and extreme-value distributions. Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods 27 925-941.
166. E.B.L. Mackay, P.G. Challenor and A.S. Bahaj (2010) A comparison of estimators for the generalised Pareto distribution. Ocean Engineering 38(11-12), 1338-1346.
167. J. Zhang (2007) Likelihood moment estimation for the generalised Pareto distribution. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics 49(1), 69-77.
168. B. Efron and R.J. Tibshirani (1993) An Introduction to the Bootstrap. New York: Chapman & Hall
169. E.J. Gumbel (1958) Statistics of Extremes. New York: Columbia University Press 375pp
170. C. Cunnane (1978) Unbiased plotting positions - A review. Journal of Hydrology 37(3-4), 205-222.
171. P. Jonathan and K.C. Ewans (2007) The effect of directionality on extreme wave design criteria. Ocean Engineering 34 1977-1994.
172. P. Jonathan and K.C. Ewans (2008) Modelling the seasonality of extreme waves in the Gulf of Mexico. Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering (OMAE2008-57131) Estoril, Portugal, 15-20 June
173. P. Jonathan, K. Ewans and G. Forristall (2008) Statistical estimation of extreme ocean environments: The requirement for modelling directionality and other covariate effects. Ocean Engineering 35 1211-1225.
174. E.B.L. Mackay, P.G. Challenor and A.S. Bahaj (2010) On the use of discrete seasonal and directional models for the estimation of extreme wave conditions. Ocean Engineering 37 425-442.
175. V.J. Cardone, R.E. Jensen, D.T. Resio, et al. (1996) Evaluation of contemporary ocean wave models in rare extreme events: The “Halloween Storm” of October 1991 and the “Storm of the Century” of March 1993. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 13 198-230.
176. R.E. Jensen, V.J. Cardone and A.T. Cox (2006) Performance of third generation wave models in extreme hurricanes. Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Wave Hindcasting and Forecasting Victoria, BC, Canada, 24-29 September
177. D.C. Brooker, G.K. Cole and J.D. McConochie (2004) The influence of hindcast modelling uncertainty on the prediction of high return period wave conditions. Proceedings of the 23th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering Vancouver, BC, Canada, 20-25 June
178. E.B.L. Mackay (2011) Correction for bias in return values of wave heights caused by hindcast uncertainty. Proceedings of the ASME 30th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering (OMAE2011-49409) Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 20-23 June 2011
179. D.J.T. Carter and P.G. Challenor (1990) Metocean Parameters - Wave Parameters. Part 2: Estimation of Extreme Waves. London: HMSO UK Department of Energy, OTH89-300
180. G.Z. Forristall (2008) How should we combine long and short term wave height distributions? Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering (OMAE2008-58012) Estoril, Portugal, 15-20 June
181. Battjes JA (1970) Long-term wave height distribution at seven stations around the British Isles. National Institute of Oceanography, Internal Report No. A44, 31pp.
182. M.J. Tucker (1989) Improved ‘Battjes’ method for predicting the probability of extreme waves. Applied Ocean Research 11(4), 212-218.
183. H.E. Krogstad (1985) Height and period distributions of extreme waves. Applied Ocean Research 7 158-165.
184. F. Arena and D. Pavone (2006) The return period of non-linear high wave crests. Journal of Geophysical Research 111 C08004.
185. F. Arena and D. Pavone (2009) A generalized approach for long-term modelling of extreme crest-to-trough wave heights. Ocean Modelling 26 217-225.
186. P. Boccotti (2000) Wave Mechanics for Ocean Engineering. Oxford: Elsevier Science
187. H.E. Krogstad and S.F. Barstow (2004) Analysis and applications of second-order models for maximum crest height. Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 126 66-71.
188. L.E. Borgman (1973) Probabilities for highest wave in hurricane. Journal of the Waterways, Harbors and Coastal Engineering Division 99(WW2), 185-207.
189. F. Fedele and F. Arena (2010) Long-term statistics and extreme waves of sea storms. Journal of Physical Oceanography 40(5), 1106-1117.
190. J.-B. Saulnier, A.H. Clément, O. Falcão AF de, et al. (2011) Wave groupiness and spectral bandwidth as relevant parameters for the performance assessment of wave energy converters. Ocean Engineering 38 130-147.
191. P.D. Cotton and D.J.T. Carter (1994) Cross calibration of TOPEX, ERS-1, and Geosat wave heights. Journal of Geophysical Research 99(C12), 25025-25033.