Bacillus subtilis Spore Inner Membrane Proteome

Journal of Proteome Research

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 585-594

  Zheng, Linli ^a   Abhyankar, Wishwas ^a   Ouwerling, Natasja ^a   Dekker, Henk L ^a   Van Veen, Henk ^b   Van Der Wel, Nicole N ^b   Roseboom, Winfried ^a   De Koning, Leo J ^a   Brul, Stanley ^a   De Koster, Chris G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^b ACADEMIC MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Bacillus subtilis; mass spectrometry; proteome; spore inner membrane

Indexed keywords

ABC TRANSPORTER; MEMBRANE PROTEIN; PEPTIDOGLYCAN; PROTEINASE; PROTEOME; BACTERIAL PROTEIN;

ARTICLE; BACILLUS SUBTILIS; DNA REPAIR; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; INNER MEMBRANE; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; SPORE GERMINATION; TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY; BACTERIAL SPORE; CLASSIFICATION; METABOLISM; POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; PROCEDURES; PROTEOMICS; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

BACILLUS SUBTILIS; BACTERIAL PROTEINS; CHROMATOGRAPHY, LIQUID; ELECTROPHORESIS, POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL; MEMBRANE PROTEINS; MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON, TRANSMISSION; PROTEOME; PROTEOMICS; SPORES, BACTERIAL; TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY;

EID: 84957681733     PISSN: 15353893     EISSN: 15353907     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00976     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Nicholson, W. L.; Munakata, N.; Horneck, G.; Melosh, H. J.; Setlow, P. Resistance of Bacillus endospores to extreme terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 2000, 64 (3) 548-572 10.1128/MMBR.64.3.548-572.2000
2. Setlow, P. Spores of Bacillus subtilis: their resistance to and killing by radiation, heat and chemicals J. Appl. Microbiol. 2006, 101 (3) 514-525 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02736.x
3. McKenney, P. T.; Driks, A.; Eichenberger, P. The Bacillus subtilis endospore: assembly and functions of the multilayered coat Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2012, 11 (1) 33-44 10.1038/nrmicro2921
4. Black, S. H.; Gerhardt, P. Permeability of bacterial spores IV. Water Content, uptake, and distribution J. Bacteriol. 1962, 83 (5) 960-967
5. Henriques, A. O.; Moran, C. P., Jr. Structure, assembly, and function of the spore surface layers Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 2007, 61 (1) 555-588 10.1146/annurev.micro.61.080706.093224
6. Setlow, P. The Germination of spores of Bacillus species: what we know and don't know J. Bacteriol. 2014, 196, 1297-1305 10.1128/JB.01455-13
7. Paredes-Sabja, D.; Setlow, P.; Sarker, M. R. Germination of spores of Bacillales and Clostridiales species: mechanisms and proteins involved Trends Microbiol. 2011, 19 (2) 85-94 10.1016/j.tim.2010.10.004
8. Setlow, B.; Setlow, P. Measurements of the pH within dormant and germinated bacterial spores Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1980, 77 (5) 2474-6 10.1073/pnas.77.5.2474
9. Cowan, A. E.; Olivastro, E. M.; Koppel, D. E.; Loshon, C. A.; Setlow, B.; Setlow, P. Lipids in the inner membrane of dormant spores of Bacillus species are largely immobile Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2004, 101 (20) 7733-7738 10.1073/pnas.0306859101
10. Young, S. B.; Setlow, P. Mechanisms of killing of Bacillus subtilis spores by Decon and Oxone, two general decontaminants for biological agents J. Appl. Microbiol. 2004, 96 (2) 289-301 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2004.02159.x
11. Young, S. B.; Setlow, P. Mechanisms of Bacillus subtilis spore resistance to and killing by aqueous ozone J. Appl. Microbiol. 2004, 96 (5) 1133-42 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02236.x
12. Young, S. B.; Setlow, P. Mechanisms of killing of Bacillus subtilis spores by hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide J. Appl. Microbiol. 2003, 95 (1) 54-67 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.01960.x
13. Coleman, W. H.; Chen, D.; Li, Y.-q.; Cowan, A. E.; Setlow, P. How moist heat kills spores of Bacillus subtilis J. Bacteriol. 2007, 189 (23) 8458-8466 10.1128/JB.01242-07
14. Melly, E.; Cowan, A. E.; Setlow, P. Studies on the mechanism of killing of Bacillus subtilis spores by hydrogen peroxide J. Appl. Microbiol. 2002, 93 (2) 316-25 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01687.x
15. Hudson, K. D.; Corfe, B. M.; Kemp, E. H.; Feavers, I. M.; Coote, P. J.; Moir, A. Localization of GerAA and GerAC germination proteins in the Bacillus subtilis spore J. Bacteriol. 2001, 183 (14) 4317-4322 10.1128/JB.183.14.4317-4322.2001
16. Vepachedu, V. R.; Setlow, P. Analysis of interactions between nutrient germinant receptors and SpoVA proteins of Bacillus subtilis spores FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2007, 274 (1) 42-47 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00807.x
17. Atluri, S.; Ragkousi, K.; Cortezzo, D. E.; Setlow, P. Cooperativity between different nutrient receptors in germination of spores of Bacillus subtilis and reduction of this cooperativity by alterations in the GerB receptor J. Bacteriol. 2006, 188 (1) 28-36 10.1128/JB.188.1.28-36.2006
18. Bernhards, C. B.; Chen, Y.; Toutkoushian, H.; Popham, D. L. HtrC isinvolved in proteolysis of YpeB during germination of Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus subtilis spores J. Bacteriol. 2015, 197 (2) 326-336 10.1128/JB.02344-14
19. Abhyankar, W.; Beek, A. T.; Dekker, H.; Kort, R.; Brul, S.; de Koster, C. G. Gel-free proteomic identification of the Bacillus subtilis insoluble spore coat protein fraction Proteomics 2011, 11 (23) 4541-4550 10.1002/pmic.201100003
20. Paidhungat, M.; Setlow, P. Localization of a germinant receptor protein (GerBA) to the inner membrane of Bacillus subtilis spores J. Bacteriol. 2001, 183 (13) 3982-3990 10.1128/JB.183.13.3982-3990.2001
21. Pelczar, P. L.; Setlow, P. Localization of the germination protein GerD to the inner membrane in Bacillus subtilis spores J. Bacteriol. 2008, 190 (16) 5635-5641 10.1128/JB.00670-08
22. Vepachedu, V. R.; Setlow, P. Localization of SpoVAD to the inner membrane of spores of Bacillus subtilis J. Bacteriol. 2005, 187 (16) 5677-5682 10.1128/JB.187.16.5677-5682.2005
23. Hadžija, O. A simple method for the quantitative determination of muramic acid Anal. Biochem. 1974, 60 (2) 512-517 10.1016/0003-2697(74)90261-9
24. Martens, L.; Vandekerckhove, J.; Gevaert, K. DBToolkit: processing protein databases for peptide-centric proteomics Bioinformatics 2005, 21 (17) 3584-3585 10.1093/bioinformatics/bti588
25. Vizcaíno, J. A.; Deutsch, E. W.; Wang, R.; Csordas, A.; Reisinger, F.; Ríos, D.; Dianes, J. A.; Sun, Z.; Farrah, T.; Bandeira, N. Et al. ProteomeXchange provides globally coordinated proteomics data submission and dissemination Nat. Biotechnol. 2014, 32 (3) 223-226 10.1038/nbt.2839
26. Abhyankar, W.; Pandey, R.; Ter Beek, A.; Brul, S.; de Koning, L. J.; de Koster, C. G. Reinforcement of Bacillus subtilis spores by cross-linking of outer coat proteins during maturation Food Microbiol. 2015, 45, 54-62 10.1016/j.fm.2014.03.007
27. Buchanan, C. E.; Neyman, S. L. Correlation of penicillin-binding protein composition with different functions of two membranes in Bacillus subtilis forespores J. Bacteriol. 1986, 165 (2) 498-503
28. Setlow, P. Summer meeting 2013-when the sleepers wake: the germination of spores of Bacillus species J. Appl. Microbiol. 2013, 115 (6) 1251-1268 10.1111/jam.12343
29. Bendz, M.; Möller, M. C.; Arrigoni, G.; Wåhlander, Å.; Stella, R.; Cappadona, S.; Levander, F.; Hederstedt, L.; James, P. Quantification of membrane proteins using nonspecific proteasedigestions J. Proteome Res. 2009, 8 (12) 5666-5673 10.1021/pr900741t
30. Molloy, M. P. Isolation of bacterial cell membranes proteins using carbonate extraction. In 2D PAGE: Sample Preparation and Fractionation; Posch, A., Ed.; Humana Press: Totowa, NJ, 2008; pp 397-401.
31. Cordwell, S. J.; Thingholm, T. E. Technologies for plasma membrane proteomics Proteomics 2010, 10 (4) 611-627 10.1002/pmic.200900521
32. Emanuelsson, O.; Brunak, S.; von Heijne, G.; Nielsen, H. Locating proteins in the cell using TargetP, SignalP and related tools Nat. Protoc. 2007, 2 (4) 953-971 10.1038/nprot.2007.131
33. Bagos, P. G.; Tsirigos, K. D.; Liakopoulos, T. D.; Hamodrakas, S. J. Prediction of lipoprotein signal peptides in Gram-positive bacteria with a Hidden Markov Model J. Proteome Res. 2008, 7 (12) 5082-5093 10.1021/pr800162c
34. Yu, N. Y.; Wagner, J. R.; Laird, M. R.; Melli, G.; Rey, S.; Lo, R.; Dao, P.; Sahinalp, S. C.; Ester, M.; Foster, L. J.; Brinkman, F. S. L. PSORTb 3.0: improved protein subcellular localization prediction with refined localization subcategories and predictive capabilities for all prokaryotes Bioinformatics 2010, 26 (13) 1608-1615 10.1093/bioinformatics/btq249
35. Zhou, M.; Boekhorst, J.; Francke, C.; Siezen, R. J. LocateP: Genome-scale subcellular-location predictor for bacterial proteins BMC Bioinf. 2008, 9 (1) 173 10.1186/1471-2105-9-173
36. Berven, F. S.; Flikka, K.; Jensen, H. B.; Eidhammer, I. BOMP: a program to predict integral β-barrel outer membrane proteins encoded within genomes of Gram-negative bacteria Nucleic Acids Res. 2004, 32, W394-W399 10.1093/nar/gkh351
37. Heuck, A. P.; Moe, P. C.; Johnson, B. B. Thecholesterol-dependent cytolysin family of Gram-positive bacterial toxins. In Cholesterol Binding and Cholesterol Transport Proteins: Structure and Function in Health and Disease; Harris, J. R., Ed.; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2010; pp 551-577.
38. Yamashita, D.; Sugawara, T.; Takeshita, M.; Kaneko, J.; Kamio, Y.; Tanaka, I.; Tanaka, Y.; Yao, M. Molecular basis of transmembrane beta-barrel formation of staphylococcal pore-forming toxins Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 4897 10.1038/ncomms5897
39. Mitchell, A.; Chang, H.-Y.; Daugherty, L.; Fraser, M.; Hunter, S.; Lopez, R.; McAnulla, C.; McMenamin, C.; Nuka, G.; Pesseat, S.; Sangrador-Vegas, A.; Scheremetjew, M.; Rato, C.; Yong, S.-Y.; Bateman, A.; Punta, M.; Attwood, T. K.; Sigrist, C. J. A.; Redaschi, N.; Rivoire, C.; Xenarios, I.; Kahn, D.; Guyot, D.; Bork, P.; Letunic, I.; Gough, J.; Oates, M.; Haft, D.; Huang, H.; Natale, D. A.; Wu, C. H.; Orengo, C.; Sillitoe, I.; Mi, H.; Thomas, P. D.; Finn, R. D. The InterPro protein families database: the classification resource after 15 years Nucleic Acids Res. 2015, 43 (D1) D213-D221 10.1093/nar/gku1243
40. Lai, E.-M.; Phadke, N. D.; Kachman, M. T.; Giorno, R.; Vazquez, S.; Vazquez, J. A.; Maddock, J. R.; Driks, A. Proteomic analysis of the sporecoats of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus anthracis J. Bacteriol. 2003, 185 (4) 1443-1454 10.1128/JB.185.4.1443-1454.2003
41. Kuwana, R.; Kasahara, Y.; Fujibayashi, M.; Takamatsu, H.; Ogasawara, N.; Watabe, K. Proteomics characterization of novel spore proteins of Bacillus subtilis Microbiology 2002, 148 (12) 3971-3982 10.1099/00221287-148-12-3971
42. Mao, L.; Jiang, S.; Wang, B.; Chen, L.; Yao, Q.; Chen, K. Protein profile of Bacillus subtilis spore Curr. Microbiol. 2011, 63 (2) 198-205 10.1007/s00284-011-9967-4
43. Becher, D.; Büttner, K.; Moche, M.; Heßling, B.; Hecker, M. From the genome sequence to the protein inventory of Bacillus subtilis Proteomics 2011, 11 (15) 2971-2980 10.1002/pmic.201100090
44. Dreisbach, A.; Otto, A.; Becher, D.; Hammer, E.; Teumer, A.; Gouw, J. W.; Hecker, M.; Völker, U. Monitoring of changes in the membrane proteome during stationary phase adaptation of Bacillus subtilis using in vivo labeling techniques Proteomics 2008, 8 (10) 2062-2076 10.1002/pmic.200701081
45. Hahne, H.; Wolff, S.; Hecker, M.; Becher, D. From complementarity to comprehensiveness-targeting the membrane proteome of growing Bacillus subtilis by divergent approaches Proteomics 2008, 8 (19) 4123-4136 10.1002/pmic.200800258
46. Michna, R. H.; Commichau, F. M.; Todter, D.; Zschiedrich, C. P.; Stulke, J. SubtiWiki - A database for the model organism Bacillus subtilis that links pathway, interaction and expression information Nucleic Acids Res. 2014, 42 (D1) D692-D698 10.1093/nar/gkt1002
47. Méndez, M. B.; Orsaria, L. M.; Philippe, V.; Pedrido, M. E.; Grau, R. R. Novel roles of the master transcription factors Spo0A and σB for survival and sporulation of Bacillus subtilis at low growth temperature J. Bacteriol. 2004, 186 (4) 989-1000 10.1128/JB.186.4.989-1000.2004
48. Hahne, H.; Mader, U.; Otto, A.; Bonn, F.; Steil, L.; Bremer, E.; Hecker, M.; Becher, D. A comprehensive proteomics and transcriptomics analysis of Bacillus subtilis salt stress adaptation J. Bacteriol. 2010, 192 (3) 870-882 10.1128/JB.01106-09
49. Ross, C.; Abel-Santos, E. The Ger receptor family from sporulating bacteria Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2010, 12 (3) 147-158
50. Stewart, K. A. V.; Setlow, P. Numbers of inividual ntrient grminant rceptors and oher grmination poteins in sores of Bacillus subtilis J. Bacteriol. 2013, 195 (16) 3575-3582 10.1128/JB.00377-13
51. Vepachedu, V. R.; Setlow, P. Role of SpoVA proteins in release of dipicolinic acid during germination of Bacillus subtilis spores triggered by dodecylamine or lysozyme J. Bacteriol. 2007, 189 (5) 1565-1572 10.1128/JB.01613-06
52. Li, Y.; Davis, A.; Korza, G.; Zhang, P.; Li, Y. q.; Setlow, B.; Setlow, P.; Hao, B. Role of a SpoVA protein in dipicolinic acid uptake into developing spores of Bacillus subtilis J. Bacteriol. 2012, 194 (8) 1875-1884 10.1128/JB.00062-12
53. Perez-Valdespino, A.; Li, Y.; Setlow, B.; Ghosh, S.; Pan, D.; Korza, G.; Feeherry, F. E.; Doona, C. J.; Li, Y.-Q.; Hao, B.; Setlow, P. Function of the SpoVAEa and SpoVAF proteins of Bacillus subtilis spores J. Bacteriol. 2014, 196 (11) 2077-2088 10.1128/JB.01546-14
54. Alberto, F. o.; Botella, L.; Carlin, F. d.; Nguyen-the, C.; Broussolle, V. r. The Clostridium botulinum GerAB germination protein is located in the inner membrane of spores FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2005, 253 (2) 231-235 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.09.037
55. Banawas, S.; Paredes-Sabja, D.; Korza, G.; Li, Y.; Hao, B.; Setlow, P.; Sarker, M. R. The Clostridium perfringens germinant receptor protein GerKC is located in the spore inner membrane and is crucial for spore germination J. Bacteriol. 2013, 195 (22) 5084-5091 10.1128/JB.00901-13
56. Mongkolthanaruk, W.; Robinson, C.; Moir, A. Localization of the GerD spore germination protein in the Bacillus subtilis spore Microbiology (London, U. K.) 2009, 155, 1146-1151 10.1099/mic.0.023853-0
57. Korza, G.; Setlow, P. Topology and accessibility of germination proteins in the Bacillus subtilis spore inner membrane J. Bacteriol. 2013, 195 (7) 1484-1491 10.1128/JB.02262-12
58. Bagyan, I.; Noback, M.; Bron, S.; Paidhungat, M.; Setlow, P. Characterization of yhcN, a new forespore-specific gene of Bacillus subtilis Gene 1998, 212 (2) 179-188 10.1016/S0378-1119(98)00172-3
59. Shah, I. M.; Laaberki, M.-H.; Popham, D. L.; Dworkin, J. A eukaryotic-like Ser/Thr kinase signals bacteria to exit dormancy in response to peptidoglycan fragments Cell 2008, 135 (3) 486-496 10.1016/j.cell.2008.08.039
60. Xiao, Y.; Francke, C.; Abee, T.; Wells-Bennik, M. H. J. Clostridial spore germination versus bacilli: Genome mining and current insights Food Microbiol. 2011, 28 (2) 266-274 10.1016/j.fm.2010.03.016
61. Nicolas, P.; Mäder, U.; Dervyn, E.; Rochat, T.; Leduc, A.; Pigeonneau, N.; Bidnenko, E.; Marchadier, E.; Hoebeke, M.; Aymerich, S.; Becher, D.; Bisicchia, P.; Botella, E.; Delumeau, O.; Doherty, G.; Denham, E. L.; Fogg, M. J.; Fromion, V.; Goelzer, A.; Hansen, A.; Härtig, E.; Harwood, C. R.; Homuth, G.; Jarmer, H.; Jules, M.; Klipp, E.; Le Chat, L.; Lecointe, F.; Lewis, P.; Liebermeister, W.; March, A.; Mars, R. A. T.; Nannapaneni, P.; Noone, D.; Pohl, S.; Rinn, B.; Rügheimer, F.; Sappa, P. K.; Samson, F.; Schaffer, M.; Schwikowski, B.; Steil, L.; Stülke, J.; Wiegert, T.; Devine, K. M.; Wilkinson, A. J.; van Dijl, J. M.; Hecker, M.; Völker, U.; Bessières, P.; Noirot, P. Condition-dependent transcriptome reveals high-level regulatory architecture in Bacillus subtilis Science 2012, 335 (6072) 1103-1106 10.1126/science.1206848
62. Garcia-Patrone, M. Bacitracin increases size of parasporal crystals and spores in Bacillus thuringiensis Mol. Cell. Biochem. 1985, 68 (2) 131-137 10.1007/BF00219377
63. Wilson, M. K.; Abergel, R. J.; Arceneaux, J. E.; Raymond, K. N.; Byers, B. R. Temporal production of the two Bacillus anthracis siderophores, petrobactin and bacillibactin BioMetals 2010, 23 (1) 129-34 10.1007/s10534-009-9272-x
64. Cortezzo, D. E.; Setlow, B.; Setlow, P. Analysis of the action of compounds that inhibit the germination of spores of Bacillus species J. Appl. Microbiol. 2004, 96 (4) 725-741 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02196.x
65. Boschwitz, H.; Milner, Y.; Keynan, A.; Halvorson, H. O.; Troll, W. Effect of inhibitors of trypsin-like proteolytic enzymes Bacillus cereus T spore germination J. Bacteriol. 1983, 153 (2) 700-708
66. Üstok, F. I.; Chirgadze, D. Y.; Christie, G. Crystal structure of the PepSY-containing domain of the YpeB protein involved in germination of bacillus spores Proteins: Struct., Funct., Genet. 2015, 83 (10) 1914-1921 10.1002/prot.24868
67. Traag, B. A.; Pugliese, A.; Setlow, B.; Setlow, P.; Losick, R. A conserved ClpP-like protease involved in spore outgrowth in Bacillus subtilis Mol. Microbiol. 2013, 90 (1) 160-166 10.1111/mmi.12355
68. Plomp, M.; Leighton, T. J.; Wheeler, K. E.; Hill, H. D.; Malkin, A. J. In vitro high-resolution structural dynamics of single germinating bacterial spores Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2007, 104 (23) 9644-9649 10.1073/pnas.0610626104
69. Kuwana, R.; Okuda, N.; Takamatsu, H.; Watabe, K. Modification of GerQ reveals a functional relationship between Tgl and YabG in the coat of Bacillus subtilis spores J. Biochem. 2006, 139 (5) 887-901 10.1093/jb/mvj096
70. Abhyankar, W.; de Koning, L. J.; Brul, S.; de Koster, C. G. Spore proteomics: the past, present and the future FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2014, 358 (2) 137-144 10.1111/1574-6968.12568
71. Keijser, B. J. F.; Ter Beek, A.; Rauwerda, H.; Schuren, F.; Montijn, R.; van der Spek, H.; Brul, S. Analysis of temporal gene expression during Bacillus subtilis spore germination and outgrowth J. Bacteriol. 2007, 189 (9) 3624-3634 10.1128/JB.01736-06
72. Bergman, N. H.; Anderson, E. C.; Swenson, E. E.; Niemeyer, M. M.; Miyoshi, A. D.; Hanna, P. C. Transcriptional profiling of the Bacillus anthracis life cycle in vitro and an implied model for regulation of spore formation J. Bacteriol. 2006, 188 (17) 6092-6100 10.1128/JB.00723-06
73. Egorov, N.; Loriia, Z.; Vybornykh, S.; Khamrun, R. [Effect of bacitracin on the sporulation of Bacillus licheniformis 28 KA] Nauchnye Doki. Vyss. Shkoly Biol. Nauki 1984, 89-91
74. Ellermeier, C. D.; Hobbs, E. C.; Gonzalez-Pastor, J. E.; Losick, R. A three-protein signaling pathway governing immunity to a bacterial cannibalism toxin Cell 2006, 124 (3) 549-59 10.1016/j.cell.2005.11.041
75. Sinai, L.; Rosenberg, A.; Smith, Y.; Segev, E.; Ben-Yehuda, S. The molecular timeline of a reviving bacterial spore Mol. Cell 2015, 57 (4) 695-707 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.12.019
76. Setlow, B.; Setlow, P. Most of the coenzyme A in dormant spores of Bacillus megaterium is in disulfide linkage to protein Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1977, 75 (1) 45-50 10.1016/0006-291X(77)91286-4
77. Setlow, B.; Setlow, P. Levels of acetyl coenzyme A, reduced and oxidized coenzyme A, and coenzyme A in disulfide linkage to protein in dormant and germinated spores and growing and sporulating cells of Bacillus megaterium J. Bacteriol. 1977, 132 (2) 444-452
78. Setlow, P.; Kornberg, A. Biochemical studies of bacterial sporulation and germination. XXII. Energy metabolism in early stages of germination of Bacillus megaterium spores J. Biol. Chem. 1970, 245 (14) 3637-3644