A mini review on nickel-based electrocatalysts for alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction

Nano Research

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 28-46

  Gong, Ming ^a   Wang, Di Yan ^b   Chen, Chia Chun ^b,c   Hwang, Bing Joe ^d   Dai, Hongjie ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NATIONAL TAIWAN NORMAL UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^c ACADEMIA SINICA   (Taiwan)

^d NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

alkaline electrolyzer; catalyst; hydrogen evolution reaction; nickel

Indexed keywords

ALKALINITY; CATALYSTS; COSTS; ELECTROCATALYSTS; ELECTROLYTIC CELLS; FOSSIL FUELS; HYDROGEN PRODUCTION; MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS; NICKEL; REACTION KINETICS; REGENERATIVE FUEL CELLS;

ALTERNATIVE TO FOSSIL FUELS; CHLOR-ALKALI PROCESS; ELECTROCATALYTIC ACTIVITY AND STABILITY; ELECTROLYZERS; ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLINESS; GRAVIMETRIC ENERGY DENSITIES; HYDROGEN EVOLUTION REACTIONS; OXYGEN EVOLUTION REACTION;

NICKEL ALLOYS;

EID: 84956964958     PISSN: 19980124     EISSN: 19980000     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12274-015-0965-x     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Cook, T. R.; Dogutan, D. K.; Reece, S. Y.; Surendranath, Y.; Teets, T. S.; Nocera, D. G. Solar energy supply and storage for the legacy and nonlegacy worlds. Chem. Rev.2010, 110, 6474–6502.
2. Gray, H. B. Powering the planet with solar fuel. Nat. Chem.2009, 1, 7.
3. Kudo, A.; Miseki, Y. Heterogeneous photocatalyst materials for water splitting. Chem. Soc. Rev.2009, 38, 253–278.
4. Lewis, N. S.; Nocera, D. G. Powering the planet: Chemical challenges in solar energy utilization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA2006, 103, 15729–15735.
5. Liang, Y. Y.; Li, Y. G.; Wang, H. L.; Dai, H. J. Strongly coupled inorganic/nanocarbon hybrid materials for advanced electrocatalysis. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2013, 135, 2013–2036.
6. Walter, M. G.; Warren, E. L.; McKone, J. R.; Boettcher, S. W.; Mi, Q. X.; Santori, E. A.; Lewis, N. S. Solar water splitting cells. Chem. Rev.2010, 110, 6446–6473.
7. Wang, H. L.; Dai, H. J. Strongly coupled inorganic–nanocarbon hybrid materials for energy storage. Chem. Soc. Rev.2013, 42, 3088–3113.
8. Crabtree, G. W.; Dresselhaus, M. S.; Buchanan, M. V. The hydrogen economy. Physics Today2004, 57, 39–44.
9. Dresselhaus, M. S.; Thomas, I. L. Alternative energy technologies. Nature2001, 414, 332–337.
10. Häussinger, P.; Lohmü ller, R.; Watson, A. M. Hydrogen. In Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2000.
11. Carmo, M.; Fritz, D. L.; Mergel, J.; Stolten, D. A comprehensive review on pem water electrolysis. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy2013, 38, 4901–4934.
12. Gong, M.; Dai, H. J. A mini review of nife-based materials as highly active oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalysts. Nano Res. 2015, 8, 23–39.
13. Holladay, J. D.; Hu, J.; King, D. L.; Wang, Y. An overview of hydrogen production technologies. Catal. Today2009, 139, 244–260.
14. Zeng, K.; Zhang, D. K. Recent progress in alkaline water electrolysis for hydrogen production and applications. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci.2010, 36, 307–326.
15. Lasia, A. Hydrogen evolution reaction. In Handbook of Fuel Cells; John Wiley & Sons: New York, 2010.
16. Danilovic, N.; Subbaraman, R.; Strmcnik, D.; Stamenkovic, V. R.; Markovic, N. M. Electrocatalysis of the her in acid and alkaline media. J. Serb. Chem. Soc.2013, 78, 2007–2015.
17. Nørskov, J. K.; Bligaard, T.; Logadottir, A.; Kitchin, J. R.; Chen, J. G.; Pandelov, S.; Stimming, U. Trends in the exchange current for hydrogen evolution. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2005, 152, J23–J26.
18. Greeley, J.; Jaramillo, T. F.; Bonde, J.; Chorkendorff, I.; Nø rskov, J. K. Computational high-throughput screening of electrocatalytic materials for hydrogen evolution. Nat. Mater.2006, 5, 909–913.
19. Hinnemann, B.; Moses, P. G.; Bonde, J.; Jørgensen, K. P.; Nielsen, J. H.; Horch, S.; Chorkendorff, I.; Nø rskov, J. K. Biomimetic hydrogen evolution: MoS2 nanoparticles as catalyst for hydrogen evolution. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2005, 127, 5308–5309.
20. 2 nanocatalysts. Science2007, 317, 100–102.
21. Bonde, J.; Moses, P. G.; Jaramillo, T. F.; Nørskov, J. K.; Chorkendorff, I. Hydrogen evolution on nano-particulate transition metal sulfides. Faraday Discuss.2009, 140, 219–231.
22. 2 nanoparticles grown on graphene: An advanced catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2011, 133, 7296–7299.
23. 2 nanoflakes from nanotubes for electrocatalysis. Nano Res.2013, 6, 921–928.
24. Kong, D. S.; Cha, J. J.; Wang, H. T.; Lee, H. R.; Cui, Y. First-row transition metal dichalcogenide catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction. Energy Environ. Sci.2013, 6, 3553–3558.
25. Popczun, E. J.; McKone, J. R.; Read, C. G.; Biacchi, A. J.; Wiltrout, A. M.; Lewis, N. S.; Schaak, R. E. Nanostructured nickel phosphide as an electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2013, 135, 9267–9270.
26. 2nanosheets for hydrogen evolution. Nat. Mater.2013, 12, 850–855.
27. 2 nanoflakes as a highperformance electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.2014, 53, 7860–7863.
28. 2) micro- and nanostructures. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2014, 136, 10053–10061.
29. 2, and their alloys) for highly efficient hydrogen evolution and polysulfide reduction electrocatalysis. J. Phys. Chem. C2014, 118, 21347–21356.
30. Gao, M.-R.; Cao, X.; Gao, Q.; Xu, Y.-F.; Zheng, Y.-R.; Jiang, J.; Yu, S.-H. Nitrogen-doped graphene supported CoSe2 nanobelt composite catalyst for efficient water oxidation. ACS Nano2014, 8, 3970–3978.
31. Jiang, P.; Liu, Q.; Liang, Y. H.; Tian, J. Q.; Asiri, A. M.; Sun, X. P. A cost-effective 3D hydrogen evolution cathode with high catalytic activity: FeP nanowire array as the active phase. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.2014, 53, 12855–12859.
32. Kong, D. S.; Wang, H. T.; Lu, Z. Y.; Cui, Y. CoSe2 nanoparticles grown on carbon fiber paper: An efficient and stable electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2014, 136, 4897–4900.
33. Popczun, E. J.; Read, C. G.; Roske, C. W.; Lewis, N. S.; Schaak, R. E. Highly active electrocatalysis of the hydrogen evolution reaction by cobalt phosphide nanoparticles. Angew. Chem.2014, 126, 5531–5534.
34. 2 catalysts for enhanced hydrogen evolution. Nano Res.2015, 8, 566–575.
35. Zhang, Y. J.; Gong, Q. F.; Li, L.; Yang, H. C.; Li, Y. G.; Wang, Q. B. MoSe2 porous microspheres comprising monolayer flakes with high electrocatalytic activity. Nano Res.2015, 8, 1108–1115.
36. 2nanosheets–carbon nanotubes for hydrogen evolution reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2015, 137, 1587–1592.
37. 2 from H2O. J. Phys. Chem. C2008, 112, 3655–3666.
38. Jiao, F.; Frei, H. Nanostructured cobalt and manganese oxide clusters as efficient water oxidation catalysts. Energy Environ. Sci.2010, 3, 1018–1027.
39. Bediako, D. K.; Lassalle-Kaiser, B.; Surendranath, Y.; Yano, J.; Yachandra, V. K.; Nocera, D. G. Structure–activity correlations in a nickel-borate oxygen evolution catalyst. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2012, 134, 6801–6809.
40. Trotochaud, L.; Ranney, J. K.; Williams, K. N.; Boettcher, S. W. Solution-cast metal oxide thin film electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2012, 134, 17253–17261.
41. Gong, M.; Li, Y. G.; Wang, H. L.; Liang, Y. Y.; Wu, J. Z.; Zhou, J. G.; Wang, J.; Regier, T.; Wei, F.; Dai, H. J. An advanced Ni–Fe layered double hydroxide electrocatalyst for water oxidation. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2013, 135, 8452–8455.
42. Louie, M. W.; Bell, A. T. An investigation of thin-film Ni–Fe oxide catalysts for the electrochemical evolution of oxygen. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2013, 135, 12329–12337.
43. McCrory, C. C. L.; Jung, S.; Peters, J. C.; Jaramillo, T. F. Benchmarking heterogeneous electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2013, 135, 16977–16987.
44. 4 as an electrocatalyst for water oxidation. Nano Res.2013, 6, 47–54.
45. Lu, Z. Y.; Wang, H. T.; Kong, D.; Yan, K.; Hsu, P.-C.; Zheng, G. Y.; Yao, H. B.; Liang, Z.; Sun, X. M.; Cui, Y. Electrochemical tuning of layered lithium transition metal oxides for improvement of oxygen evolution reaction. Nat. Commun.2014, 5, 4345.
46. Song, F.; Hu, X. L. Exfoliation of layered double hydroxides for enhanced oxygen evolution catalysis. Nat. Commun.2014, 5, 4477.
47. Davis, J. R. Nickel, Cobalt, and Their Alloys; ASM international: Materials Park, OH, 2000.
48. Stoney, G. G. The tension of metallic films deposited by electrolysis. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A1909, 82, 172–175.
49. Fournier, J.; Brossard, L.; Tilquin, J. Y.; Coté, R.; Dodelet, J. P.; Guay, D.; Mé nard, H. Hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline solution: Catalytic influence of pt supported on graphite vs. Pt inclusions in graphite. J. Electrochem. Soc.1996, 143, 919–926.
50. Sheng, W. C.; Gasteiger, H. A.; Shao-Horn, Y. Hydrogen oxidation and evolution reaction kinetics on platinum: Acid vs. alkaline electrolytes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2010, 157, B1529–B1536.
51. Devanathan, M. A. V.; Selvaratnam, M. Mechanism of the hydrogen-evolution reaction on nickel in alkaline solutions by the determination of the degree of coverage. Trans. Faraday Soc.1960, 56, 1820–1831.
52. Miles, M.; Kissel, G.; Lu, P. W. T.; Srinivasan, S. Effect of temperature on electrode kinetic parameters for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions on nickel electrodes in alkaline solutions. J. Electrochem. Soc.1976, 123, 332–336.
53. Krstajic, N.; Popovic, M.; Grgur, B.; Vojnović, M.; Šepa, D. On the kinetics of the hydrogen evolution reaction on nickel in alkaline solution: Part I. The mechanism. J. Electroanal. Chem.2001, 512, 16–26.
54. Diard, J.-P.; LeGorrec, B.; Maximovitch, S. Etude de l’activation du degagement d’hydrogene sur electrode d’oxyde de nickel par spectroscopie d’impedance. Electrochim. Acta1990, 35, 1099–1108.
55. Kreysa, G.; Hakansson, B.; Ekdunge, P. Kinetic and thermodynamic analysis of hydrogen evolution at nickel electrodes. Electrochim. Acta1988, 33, 1351–1357.
56. LeRoy, R. L.; Janjua, M. B. I.; Renaud, R.; Leuenberger, U. Analysis of time-variation effects in water electrolyzers. J. Electrochem. Soc.1979, 126, 1674–1682.
57. Soares, D. M.; Teschke, O.; Torriani, I. Hydride effect on the kinetics of the hydrogen evolution reaction on nickel cathodes in alkaline media. J. Electrochem. Soc.1992, 139, 98–105.
58. Bernardini, M.; Comisso, N.; Davolio, G.; Mengoli, G. Formation of nickel hydrides by hydrogen evolution in alkaline media. J. Electroanal. Chem.1998, 442, 125–135.
59. Weininger, J. L.; Breiter, M. W. Hydrogen evolution and surface oxidation of nickel electrodes in alkaline solution. J. Electrochem. Soc.1964, 111, 707–712.
60. Raveendran, P.; Fu, J.; Wallen, S. L. Completely “green” synthesis and stabilization of metal nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc.2003, 125, 13940–13941.
61. Grzelczak, M.; Pé rez-Juste, J.; Mulvaney, P.; Liz-Marzá n, L. M. Shape control in gold nanoparticle synthesis. Chem. Soc. Rev.2008, 37, 1783–1791.
62. Ghosh Chaudhuri, R.; Paria, S. Core/shell nanoparticles: Classes, properties, synthesis mechanisms, characterization, and applications. Chem. Rev.2012, 112, 2373–2433.
63. Lin, Y.-Y.; Wang, D.-Y.; Yen, H.-C.; Chen, H.-L.; Chen, C.-C.; Chen, C.-M.; Tang, C.-Y.; Chen, C.-W. Extended red light harvesting in a poly(3-hexylthiophene)/iron disulfide nanocrystal hybrid solar cell. Nanotechnology2009, 20, 405207.
64. 2 nanocrystals for the fabrication of heterojunction photodiodes with visible to nir photodetection. Adv. Mater.2012, 24, 3415–3420.
65. 2 nanocrystal ink as a catalytic electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.2013, 52, 6694–6698.
66. Chen, D.-H.; Wu, S.-H. Synthesis of nickel nanoparticles in water-in-oil microemulsions. Chem. Mater.2000, 12, 1354–1360.
67. Wu, S.-H.; Chen, D.-H. Synthesis and characterization of nickel nanoparticles by hydrazine reduction in ethylene glycol. J. Colloid Interf. Sci.2003, 259, 282–286.
68. Sahiner, N.; Ozay, H.; Ozay, O.; Aktas, N. New catalytic route: Hydrogels as templates and reactors for in situ Ni nanoparticle synthesis and usage in the reduction of 2- and 4-nitrophenols. Appl. Catal. A: Gen.2010, 385, 201–207.
69. Zhang, H. G.; Yu, X. D.; Braun, P. V. Three-dimensional bicontinuous ultrafast-charge and -discharge bulk battery electrodes. Nat. Nanotechnol.2011, 6, 277–281.
70. Gong, M.; Li, Y. G.; Zhang, H. B.; Zhang, B.; Zhou, W.; Feng, J.; Wang, H. L.; Liang, Y. Y.; Fan, Z. J.; Liu, J. et al. Ultrafast high-capacity NiZn battery with NiAlCo-layered double hydroxide. Energy Environ Sci2014, 7, 2025–2032.
71. Zhou, H. H.; Peng, C. Y.; Jiao, S. Q.; Zeng, W.; Chen, J. H.; Kuang, Y. F. Electrodeposition of nanoscaled nickel in a reverse microemulsion. Electrochem. Commun.2006, 8, 1142–1146.
72. Hang, T.; Hu, A. M.; Ling, H. Q.; Li, M.; Mao, D. L. Super-hydrophobic nickel films with micro-nano hierarchical structure prepared by electrodeposition. Appl. Surf. Sci.2010, 256, 2400–2404.
73. Ahn, S. H.; Hwang, S. J.; Yoo, S. J.; Choi, I.; Kim, H.-J.; Jang, J. H.; Nam, S. W.; Lim, T.-H.; Lim, T.; Kim, S.-K. et al. Electrodeposited Ni dendrites with high activity and durability for hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline water electrolysis. J. Mater. Chem.2012, 22, 15153–15159.
74. McArthur, M. A.; Jorge, L.; Coulombe, S.; Omanovic, S. Synthesis and characterization of 3D Ni nanoparticle/carbon nanotube cathodes for hydrogen evolution in alkaline electrolyte. J. Power Sources2014, 266, 365–373.
75. Brown, D. E.; Mahmood, M. N.; Man, M. C. M.; Turner, A. K. Preparation and characterization of low overvoltage transition metal alloy electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution in alkaline solutions. Electrochim. Acta1984, 29, 1551–1556.
76. Raj, I. A.; Vasu, K. I. Transition metal-based hydrogen electrodes in alkaline solution—Electrocatalysis on nickel based binary alloy coatings. J. Appl. Electrochem.1990, 20, 32–38.
77. Raj, I. A.; Vasu, K. I. Transition metal-based cathodes for hydrogen evolution in alkaline solution: Electrocatalysis on nickel-based ternary electrolytic codeposits. J. Appl. Electrochem.1992, 22, 471–477.
78. Angelo, A. C. D.; Lasia, A. Surface effects in the hydrogen evolution reaction on Ni–Zn alloy electrodes in alkaline solutions. J. Electrochem. Soc.1995, 142, 3313–3319.
79. Lupi, C.; Dell’Era, A.; Pasquali, M. Nickel–cobalt electrodeposited alloys for hydrogen evolution in alkaline media. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy2009, 34, 2101–2106.
80. Dong, H. X.; Lei, T.; He, Y. H.; Xu, N. P.; Huang, B. Y.; Liu, C. T. Electrochemical performance of porous Ni3Al electrodes for hydrogen evolution reaction. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy2011, 36, 12112–12120.
81. McKone, J. R.; Sadtler, B. F.; Werlang, C. A.; Lewis, N. S.; Gray, H. B. Ni–Mo nanopowders for efficient electrochemical hydrogen evolution. ACS Catal.2013, 3, 166–169.
82. Campbell, J. A.; Whiteker, R. A. A periodic table based on potential–pH diagrams. J. Chem. Educ.1969, 46, 90.
83. Luo, J.; Im, J.-H.; Mayer, M. T.; Schreier, M.; Nazeeruddin, M. K.; Park, N.-G.; Tilley, S. D.; Fan, H. J.; Grä tzel, M. Water photolysis at 12.3% efficiency via perovskite photovoltaics and earth-abundant catalysts. Science2014, 345, 1593–1596.
84. Wang, H. T.; Lee, H.-W.; Deng, Y.; Lu, Z. Y.; Hsu, P.-C.; Liu, Y. Y.; Lin, D. C.; Cui, Y. Bifunctional non-noble metal oxide nanoparticle electrocatalysts through lithium-induced conversion for overall water splitting. Nat. Commun.2015, 6, 7261.
85. Chen, W. F.; Sasaki, K.; Ma, C.; Frenkel, A. I.; Marinkovic, N.; Muckerman, J. T.; Zhu, Y. M.; Adzic, R. R. Hydrogenevolution catalysts based on non-noble metal nickel–molybdenum nitride nanosheets. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.2012, 51, 6131–6135.
86. Han, Q.; Liu, K. R.; Chen, J. S.; Wei, X. J. A study on the electrodeposited Ni–S alloys as hydrogen evolution reaction cathodes. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy2003, 28, 1207–1212.
87. Paseka, I. Evolution of hydrogen and its sorption on remarkable active amorphous smooth Ni–P(x) electrodes. Electrochim. Acta1995, 40, 1633–1640.
88. Burchardt, T. Hydrogen evolution on NiPx alloys: The influence of sorbed hydrogen. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy2001, 26, 1193–1198.
89. Feng, L. G.; Vrubel, H.; Bensimon, M.; Hu, X. L. Easilyprepared dinickel phosphide (Ni2P) nanoparticles as an efficient and robust electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.2014, 16, 5917–5921.
90. Jin, Z. Y.; Li, P. P.; Huang, X.; Zeng, G. F.; Jin, Y.; Zheng, B. Z.; Xiao, D. Three-dimensional amorphous tungsten-doped nickel phosphide microsphere as an efficient electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution. J. Mater. Chem. A2014, 2, 18593–18599.
91. Subbaraman, R.; Tripkovic, D.; Strmcnik, D.; Chang, K.-C.; Uchimura, M.; Paulikas, A. P.; Stamenkovic, V.; Markovic, N. M. Enhancing hydrogen evolution activity in water splitting by tailoring Li+–Ni(OH)2–Pt interfaces. Science2011, 334, 1256–1260.
92. Danilovic, N.; Subbaraman, R.; Strmcnik, D.; Chang, K. C.; Paulikas, A. P.; Stamenkovic, V. R.; Markovic, N. M. Enhancing the alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction activity through the bifunctionality of Ni(OH)2/metal catalysts. Angew. Chem.2012, 124, 12663–12666.
93. Gong, M.; Zhou, W.; Tsai, M.-C.; Zhou, J. G.; Guan, M. Y.; Lin, M.-C.; Zhang, B.; Hu, Y. F.; Wang, D.-Y.; Yang, J. et al. Nanoscale nickel oxide/nickel heterostructures for active hydrogen evolution electrocatalysis. Nat. Commun.2014, 5, 4695.
94. Gong, M.; Zhou, W.; Kenney, M. J.; Kapusta, R.; Cowley, S.; Wu, Y. P.; Lu, B. G.; Lin, M. C.; Wang, D. Y.; Yang, J. et al. Blending Cr2O3 into a NiO–Ni electrocatalyst for sustained water splitting. Angew. Chem.2015, 127, 12157–12161.
95. Duby, P. The history of progress in dimensionally stable anodes. JOM1993, 45, 41–43.
96. Yoshida, N.; Morimoto, T. A new low hydrogen overvoltage cathode for chlor–alkali electrolysis cell. Electrochim. Acta1994, 39, 1733–1737.
97. Pilla, A. S.; Cobo, E. O.; Duarte, M. M. E.; Salinas, D. R. Evaluation of anode deactivation in chlor–alkali cells. J. Appl. Electrochem.1997, 27, 1283–1289.
98. Jiang, N.; Meng, H.-M.; Song, L.-J.; Yu, H.-Y. Study on Ni–Fe–C cathode for hydrogen evolution from seawater electrolysis. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy2010, 35, 8056–8062.
99. Kenney, M. J.; Gong, M.; Li, Y.; Wu, J. Z.; Feng, J.; Lanza, M.; Dai, H. High-performance silicon photoanodes passivated with ultrathin nickel films for water oxidation. Science2013, 342, 836–840.
100. Feng, J.; Gong, M.; Kenney, M. J.; Wu, J. Z.; Zhang, B.; Li, Y. G.; Dai, H. J. Nickel-coated silicon photocathode for water splitting in alkaline electrolytes. Nano Res.2015, 8, 1577–1583.
101. McKone, J. R.; Warren, E. L.; Bierman, M. J.; Boettcher, S. W.; Brunschwig, B. S.; Lewis, N. S.; Gray, H. B. Evaluation of Pt, Ni, and Ni–Mo electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution on crystalline Si electrodes. Energy Environ. Sci.2011, 4, 3573–3583.
102. Rozendal, R. A.; Hamelers, H. V. M.; Euverink, G. J. W.; Metz, S. J.; Buisman, C. J. N. Principle and perspectives of hydrogen production through biocatalyzed electrolysis. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy2006, 31, 1632–1640.
103. Logan, B. E.; Call, D.; Cheng, S. A.; Hamelers, H. V. M.; Sleutels, T. H. J. A.; Jeremiasse, A. W.; Rozendal, R. A. Microbial electrolysis cells for high yield hydrogen gas production from organic matter. Environ. Sci. Technol.2008, 42, 8630–8640.
104. Selembo, P. A.; Merrill, M. D.; Logan, B. E. Hydrogen production with nickel powder cathode catalysts in microbial electrolysis cells. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy2010, 35, 428–437.