Fetal Risks, Relative Risks, and Relatives' Risks

American Journal of Bioethics

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 3-11

  Minkoff, Howard ^a   Marshall, Mary Faith ^b  

^a MAIMONIDES MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

Author keywords

ethics; moral theory; pregnancy; relative risk

Indexed keywords

ADULT; DECISION MAKING; DRUG DEPENDENCE; ETHICAL THEORY; ETHICS; FEMALE; FETUS; HUMAN; MEDICOLEGAL ASPECT; MORALITY; MOTIVATION; PERSONAL AUTONOMY; PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATION; PREGNANT WOMAN; PSYCHOLOGY; RISK; RISK ASSESSMENT; TENNESSEE; UNITED STATES;

ADULT; CHOICE BEHAVIOR; COERCION; DECISION MAKING; ETHICAL ANALYSIS; ETHICAL THEORY; FEMALE; FETUS; HUMANS; LEGISLATION, MEDICAL; MORAL OBLIGATIONS; MOTIVATION; PERSONAL AUTONOMY; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; PREGNANT WOMEN; RISK; RISK ASSESSMENT; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; TENNESSEE; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84956697336     PISSN: 15265161     EISSN: 15360075     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2015.1120791     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. J.P.Ackerman,, T.Riggens, and M.M.Black. 2010. A review of the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure among school-aged children. Pediatrics 125(3): 554–65.
2. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 2014. AHRQ glossary of terms. Available at: http://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/index.cfm/glossary-of-terms/?pageaction=showterm&termid=57 (accessed November8, 2014).
3. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Substance Abuse. 1990. Drug-exposed infants. Pediatrics 86(4): 639–42.
4. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 2011. Committee on Healthcare for Underserved Women. ACOG Committee Opinion 473: The role of the obstetrician-gynecologist. Obstetrics and Gynecology 117:200–1.
5. American Public Health Association. 2001. Amicus curiae brief and brief amici curiae in support of petitioners, Ferguson v Charleston; Motion of the American Public Health Association.
6. American Psychiatric Association. 2001. Position statement on care of pregnant and newly delivered women addicts. Arlington, VA: APA.
7. G.Annas, 1986. Women as fetal containers. Hastings Center Report 16(6): 13–14.
8. A.Ashworth, 1989. The scope of criminal liability for omissions. Law Quarterly Review 105:424–59.
9. J.D.Cantor, 2012. Court-ordered care: A complication of pregnancy to avoid. New England Journal of Medicine 366(24): 2237–40.
10. W.Chavkin, 2001. Cocaine and pregnancy: Time to look at the evidence. Journal of the American Medical Association 285(12): 1626–28.
11. F.A.Chervenak,, and L.B.McCullough. 2011. An ethically justified, practical approach to informed consent for TOLAC delivery. Female Patient 36(11): 44–46.
12. F.A.Chervenak,, L.B.McCullough, R.L.Brent, M.I.Levene, and B.Arabin. 2013. Planned home birth: The professional responsibility response. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 208(1): 31–8.
13. P.H.Ditto,, and D.F.Lopez. 1992. Motivated skepticism: Use of differential decision criteria for preferred and nonpreferred conclusions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63(4): 568–84.
14. P.H.Ditto,, D.A.Pizarro, and D.Tannenbaum. 2009. Motivated moral reasoning. In The psychology of learning and motivation, ed. D.M.Bartels, S.W.Bauman, L.J.Skitka, and D.L.Medin, 307–338. San Diego, CA: Elsevier.
15. E.Eckholm, 2013. Case explores rights of fetus vs. pregnant woman. New York Times, October 23. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/24/us/case-explores-rights-of-fetus-versus-mother.html.
16. E.Eckholm, 2014. Specialists join call for veto of drug bill. New York Times, April 14. Available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/15/us/politics/specialists-join-call-for-veto-of-drug-bill.html?_r=0
17. L.C.Fentiman, 2006. The new ‘fetal protection’: The wrong answer to the crisis of inadequate health care for women and children. Denver University Law Review 84(2): 537–99.
18. L.C.Fentiman, 2009. Pursuing the perfect mother: Why America's criminalization of maternal substance abuse is not the answer—A comparative legal analysis. Michigan Journal of Gender and Law 15:389–424.
19. J.Flavin,, and L.M.Paltrow. 2010. Punishing drug-using women: Defying law, medicine and common sense. Journal of Addictive Diseases 29(2): 231–44.
20. J.R.Givelber, 1999. Imposing duties on witnesses to child sexual abuse: A futile response to bystander indifference. Fordham Law Review 67(9): 3169–204.
21. K.Glanz,, F.M.Lewis, and B.K.Rimer. 1997. Theory at a glance: A guide for health promotion practice. Washington, DC: National Institutes of Health.
22. D.A.Grimes,, and K.F.Shulz. 2008. Making sense of odds and odds ratios. Obstetrics and Gynecology 111:423–6.
23. A.Grünebaum,, L.B.McCullough, and F.A.Chervenak. 2013. Interventions at home births. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 209(4): 325.
24. G.M.L.Gyte,, M.J.Dodwell, and A.J.Macfarlane. 2011. Home birth metaanalysis: Does it meet AJOG's reporting requirements? Obstetrics & Gynecology 204(4): e15.
25. J.Haidt, 2012. The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion. New York, NY: Pantheon Books, Random House.
26. J.Haidt,, and J.Graham. 2007. When morality opposes justice: Conservatives have moral intuitions that liberals may not recognize. Social Justice Research 20:98–116.
27. J.Haidt,, and C.Joseph. 2004. Intuitive ethics: How innately prepared intuitions generate culturally variable virtues. Daedalus 133(4): 55–66.
28. J.Haidt,, and C.Joseph. 2007. The moral mind: How five sets of innate moral intuitions guide the development of many culture-specific virtues, and perhaps even modules. In The innate mind, ed. P.Carruthers, S.Laurence, and S.Sich, Vol. 3, 367–91. New York, NY: Oxford.
29. A.Hayden, 2000. Imposing criminal and civil penalties for failing to help another: Are “Good Samaritan” laws good ideas? New England International and Comparative Law Annual 6:27–46.
30. L.Irwig,, J.Irwig, L.Trevena, and M.Sweet. 2008. Smart health choices: Making sense of health advice. London, UK: Hammersmith Press.
31. Z.Kunda, 1990. The case for motivated reasoning. Psychological Bulletin 108(3): 480–98. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.480. PMID:2270237.
32. Lancet Editor. 2010. Editorial. Home birth—Proceed with caution. Lancet 376:303.
33. M.B.Landon,, J.C.Hauth, K.J.Leveno, et al. 2004. Maternal and perinatal outcomes associated with a trial of labor after prior cesarean delivery. New England Journal of Medicine 351(25): 2581–89.
34. D.C.Lewis,, et al. 2004. Top medical doctors and scientists urge major media outlets to stop perpetuating ‘crack baby’ myth. National Advocates for Pregnant Women. Available at: advocatesforpregnantwomen.org/ScienceNotStigma/pdf (accessed March1, 2015).
35. M.A.Little, 2003. Abortion. In A companion to applied ethics, ed. R.G.Frey, and S.H.Wellman, 313–25. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
36. A.D.Lyerly,, L.M.Mitchell, E.M.Armstrong, et al. 2009. Risk and the pregnant body. Hastings Center Report 39 (6):34–42.
37. Maternal-Fetal Intervention and Fetal Care Centers. 2011. Committee opinion no. 501. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists/American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Bioethics. Obstetrics and Gynecology 118:405–10.
38. McFall v. Shimp. 1978. 10 Pa. D. & C. 3d 90 (July 26, 1978).
39. G.Mead, 1991. Contracting into crime: A theory of criminal omissions. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 11(2): 164.
40. H.Minkoff,, M.F.Marshall, and J.Liaschenko. 2014. The fetus, the “potential child,” and the ethical obligations of obstetricians. Obstetrics and Gynecology 123(5): 1100–3.
41. Minn. Stat §604A.01. 2014. Good Samaritan Law.
42. T.H.Murray, 1996. The worth of a child. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
43. National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence. 1990. Women, alcohol and other drugs, and pregnancy. Sacramento, CA: NCADD.
44. National Perinatal Association. 2011. Substance abuse among pregnant women. NPA position paper. Available at: www.nationalperinatal.org/advocacy/pdf/Substance-Abuse-in-Pregnancy.pdf (accessed March1, 2015).
45. L.J.Nelson,, and M.F.Marshall. 1998. An ethical and legal policy analysis of state compelled loss of liberty as an intervention to manage the hard of prenatal substance abuse and drug addiction. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Substance Abuse Policy Research Program Report.
46. L.M.Paltrow,, and J.Flavin. 2013. Arrests of and forced interventions on pregnant women in the United States, 1973–2005: Implications for women's legal status and public health. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 38(2): 299–343.
47. Pemberton v. Tallahassee Memorial Regional Medical Center, Inc. 1999. United States District Court, ND Florida, Tallahassee Division. October 13, 1999.
48. B.Phillips, 2014. Knocked up and locked up? State bills address issue of pregnant women who abuse narcotics. Available at: http://www.memphisflyer.com/memphis/knocked-up-and-locked-up/Content?oid=3635981 (accessed March20, 2014).
49. T.Pyszczynski,, and J.Greenberg. 1987. Toward an integration of cognitive and motivational perspectives on social inference: A biased hypothesis-testing model. Advances in Experimental and Social Psychology 20:297–340.
50. Report of the American Medical Association Board of Trustees, 264. 1990. Legal interventions during pregnancy. Treatment versus criminalization: Physician role in drug addiction during pregnancy. Resolution 131. Journal of the American Medical Association 2663:267.
51. N.K.Rhoden, 1986. The judge in the delivery room: The emergence of court-ordered cesareans. California Law Review 74:1951
52. N.K.Rhoden, 1987. Cesareans and Samaritans. Law, Medicine & Health Care 15(3): 118–25.
53. R.I.Gen. Laws § 11.56-1. 2014. Duty to Render Assistance.
54. Samantha Burton v. State of Florida. 2010. District Court of Appeals, First District, State of Florida, Case No. 1D09-1958. Opinion filed August 12. John C. Cooper, Judge.
55. Schmerber v. California. 1966. 384 U.S. 757, 86 S. Ct. 1826, 16 L. Ed. 2d 908 (1966).
56. M.R.Scordato, 2008. Understanding the absence of a duty to reasonably rescue in American tort law. Tulane Law Review 82(4): 1447–504.
57. 60 Minutes. 1998. The Bad Samaritan? David Cash faces hostility from public for not taking action to prevent the rape and murder of Sherrice Iverson by his friend Jeremy Strohmeyer. CBS television broadcast, September 27.
58. G.C.S.Smith,, J.P.Pell, D.Pasupathy, and R.Dobbie. 2004. Factors predisposing to perinatal death related to uterine rupture during attempted vaginal birth after caesarean section: Retrospective cohort study. British Medical Journal 329:375.
59. J.F.Stephen, 1883. History of criminal law of England (Vol. 11). London, UK: Macmillan and Company.
60. P.H.Stewart,, W.S.Agin, and S.P.Douglas. 2013 What does the law say to Good Samaritans?: A review of Good Samaritan statutes in 50 states and on US airlines. Chest 143(96): 1774–83.
61. Tennessee House Bill 1295 (and HB 1519)—Criminalizing pregnant women, drug use, and addiction [1]. xmsg://10/#14543358f95865d1__ftn1
62. J.J.Thomson, 1971. A defense of abortion. Philosophy and Public Affairs 1(1):47–66.
63. J.C.Tilburt,, K.M.James, S.M.Jenkins, R.M.Antiel, F.A.Curlin, and K.A.Rasinski. 2013. “Righteous minds” in health care: Measurement and explanatory value of social intuitionism in accounting for the moral judgments in a sample of U.S. physicians. PLoS ONE 4.8(9): e73379. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073379.
64. VT Stat. Ann Tit. 12§519
65. S.P.Walker,, E.A.McCarthy, A.Ugoni, A.Lee, S.Lim, and M.Permezel. 2007. Cesarean delivery or vaginal birth: A survey of patient and clinician thresholds. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 109(1): 67–72.
66. J.R.Wax,, F.L.Lucas, M.Lamont, et al. 2010. Maternal and newborn outcomes in planned home birth vs planned hospital births: A metaanalysis. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 203(243): e1–8.
67. V.L.Winston, 1985. 470 U.S. 753, 105 S. Ct. 1611, 84 L. Ed. 2d 662 (1985).
68. Yania v. Bigan. 1959. 397 PA 316, 155 A2d 343 (1959).